Investigation of the Effect of COVID-19 Fear and Prenatal Stress on COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance in Pregnant Women

Year 2024, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 1 - 13, 29.06.2024

Sena Kaplan Acar Koç Esma Atasoy Cemile Alaca Esra Altun Özlem Öztürk

https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.1382397

Abstract

Aim: The study was conducted to examine the effect of fear of COVID-19 and prenatal distress levels on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic period in Türkiye. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional type descriptive study was conducted with 363 pregnant women at a university hospital in Ankara between January and May 2022. Data were collected face to face with an individual information form, Prenatal Distress Scale, COVID-19 Fear Scale, Vaccine Hesitancy Scale in Pandemics. In addition, the participants' anxiety levels about getting the COVID-19 vaccine before and during pregnancy were evaluated with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Results: It was determined that the participants' mean score for fear of COVID-19 (19.39 ± 6.90) and the mean score for the vaccine hesitancy scale in pandemics (27.01 ± 6.27) were moderate. It was determined that the prenatal distress level of the pregnant women who participated in the study during the pandemic period was at a moderate level (p <.05). A positive relationship was detected between VAS values before pregnancy and during pregnancy and fear of COVID-19 and vaccine hesitancy scale scores in pandemics (p<.001). A positive relationship was detected between VAS value during pregnancy and prenatal distress scale scores (p<.001). As VAS values increase, levels of fear of COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy and prenatal distress increase. Conclusion: During the pandemic period, not knowing the risks of the vaccine in pregnant women and creating uncertainties in the process cause an increase in the level of prenatal distress and vaccine hesitancy. It is recommended to conduct studies examining the effects of the vaccine on the newborns and mothers in the long term after birth.

Keywords

COVİD-19 vaccine,, COVİD-19 pandemic,, pregnancy,, vaccine hesitancy

Gebe Kadınlarda COVID-19 Korkusu ve Prenatal Stresin COVID-19 Aşı Kabulü Üzerine Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Amaç: Çalışma Türkiye’de COVID-19 pandemisi döneminde gebe kadınlarda COVID-19 korkusu ve prenatal distres düzeylerinin COVID-19 aşı kabulüne etkisini incelemek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Örneklem ve Yöntem: Kesitsel tipte tanımlayıcı çalışma, Ankara ilinde Ocak-Mayıs 2022 tarihleri arasında bir üniversite hastanesinde 363 gebe ile yapılmıştır. Veriler bireysel bilgi formu, Prenatal Distres Ölçeği, COVID-19 Korku Ölçeği, Pandemilerde Aşı Tereddüt Ölçeği ile yüz yüze toplanmıştır. Ayrıca, katılımcıların gebelik öncesi ve gebelik döneminde COVID-19 aşısı yaptırma endişe düzeyleri Görsel Analog Skalası (VAS) ile değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Katılımcıların COVID-19 korkusu puan ortalaması (19.39 ±6.90) ve pandemilerde aşı tereddüt ölçek puanı ortalamasının (27.01 ± 6.27) orta düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Pandemi döneminde çalışmaya katılan gebelerin prenatal distres düzeyinin orta düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<.05). Gebelik öncesi ve gebelik döneminde VAS değeri ile COVID-19 korkusu ve pandemilerde aşı tereddüt ölçek puanları arasında pozitif ilişki tespit edilmiştir (p<.001). Gebelik döneminde VAS değeri ile prenatal distres ölçeği puanları arasında pozitif ilişki tespit edilmiştir (p<.001). VAS değerleri arttıkça, COVID-19 korkusu, aşı tereddütü ve prenatal distres düzeyleri artmaktadır. Sonuç: Pandemi döneminde gebe kadınlarda aşının getireceği risklerin bilinmemesi, süreçte belirsizliklerin oluşması, prenatal distres düzeyinde artışa ve aşı tereddütüne neden olmaktadır. Doğum sonu uzun dönem yeni doğan ve anne üzerindeki aşı etkileri inceleyen çalışmaların yapılması önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Aşı kabulü, aşı teredütü, COVID-19 aşısı, COVID-19 pandemisi, gebelik

References

• Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and İnitial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20(3), 1537-1545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00270-8.
• Albayrak, S. (2006). Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, Asil Yayın Dağıtım.
• Altınçelep, F. (2011). Gebelerdeki prenatal distres düzeyinin belirlenmesi. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi], İstanbul Bilim Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul. http://acikerisim.demiroglu.bilim.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11446/121
• Anadolu Ajansı. (01.02.2022). Koronavirüs bilim kurulu üyesi Prof. Dr. Şener’den hamilelere aşı çağrısı. https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/koronavirus/koronavirus-bilim-kurulu-uyesi-senerden-kovid-19-asisi-cagrisi/2490706.
• Battarbee, A. N., Stockwell, M. S., Varner, M., Newes-Adeyi, G., Daugherty, M., Gyamfi-Bannerman, C., Tita, A. T., Vorwaller, K., Vargas, C., Subramaniam, A., Reichle, L., Galang, R. R., Powers, E., Lucca-Susana, M., Parks, M., Chen, T. J., Razzaghi, H., & Dawood, F. S. (2021). Attitudes toward COVID-19 illness and COVID-19 vaccination among pregnant women: a cross-sectional multicenter study during August–December 2020. American Journal of Perinatology, 39(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1735878
• Beins, B. C. (2017). Research method: A tool for life. (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
• Butt, A. A., Chemaitelly, H., Al Khal, A., Coyle, P. V., Saleh, H., Kaleeckal, A. H., Latif, A. N., Bertollini, R., Abou-Samra, A. B., & Abu-Raddad, L. J. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in preventing confirmed infection in pregnant women. The Journal of clinical investigation, 131(23), e153662. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci153662
• Carbone, L., Mappa, I., Sirico, A., Di Girolamo, R., Saccone, G., Di Mascio, D., Donadono, V., Cuomo, L., Gabrielli, O., Migliorini, S., Luviso, M., D'antonio, F., Rizzo, G., & Maruotti, G. M. (2021). Pregnant women's perspectives on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccine. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 3(4), 100352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100352
• Chan, J. F. W., Yuan, S., Kok, K. H., To, K. K. W., Chu, H., Yang, J., Xing, F., Liu, J., Yip, C. C., Poon, R. W., Tsoi, H. W., Lo, S. K., Chan, K. H., Poon, V. K., Chan, W. M., Ip, J. D., Cai, J. P., Cheng, V. C., Chen, H., Hui, C. K., & Yuen, K. Y. (2020). A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The lancet, 395(10223), 514-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30154-9
• Çapar, H., & Çınar, F. (2021). Vaccine hesitancy scale in pandemics: Turkish validity and reliability study. Gevher Nesibe Journal IESDR, 6(12), 40-45. https://doi.org/10.46648/gnj.198
• Descamps, A., Launay, O., Bonnet, C., & Blondel, B. (2020). Seasonal influenza vaccine uptake and vaccine refusal among pregnant women in France: results from a national survey. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, 16(5), 1093-1100. https://doi.org/10.1080/21645515.2019.1688035
• Durmuş, M., Öztürk, Z., Şener, N., & Eren, S.Y. (2022). The Relationship between the fear of Covid-19, depression, and spiritual well-being in pregnant women. Journal of Religion and Health, 61(1), 798-810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-021-01448-7
• Dymecka, J., Gerymski, R., Iszczuk, A., & Bidzan, M. (2021). Fear of coronavirus, stress and fear of childbirth in polish pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 18(24):13111 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413111
• Ercan, A., Şenol, E., & Firat, A. (2022). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in pregnancy: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Obstet Gynecol, 32(1), 7-12. https://doi:10.5336/jcog.2021-86957
• Fan, H. S. L., Choi, E. P. H., Ko, R. W. T., Kwok, J. Y. Y., Wong, J. Y. H., Fong, D. Y. T., Shek, N. W. M., Ngan, H. Y. S., Li, J., Huang, Y. Y., Ouyang, Y. Q., & Lok, K. Y. W. (2022). COVID‐19 related fear and depression of pregnant women and new mothers. Public Health Nursing, 39(3), 562-571. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.13035
• Gencer, H., Özkan, S., Vardar, O., & Serçekuş, P. (2022). The effects of the COVID 19 pandemic on vaccine decisions in pregnant women. Women and Birth, 35(3), 317-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wombi.2021.05.003
• Gill, L., & Jones, C.W. (2021). Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) antibodies in neonatal cord blood after vaccination in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol, 137(5), 894-896. https://doi.org/10.1097/aog.0000000000004367
• Goncu, Ayhan, S., Oluklu, D., Atalay, A., Beser, Menekse, D., Tanacan, A., Moraloglu, Tekin, O., & Sahin, D. (2021). COVID‐19 vaccine acceptance in pregnant women Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet, 154 (2), 291-296. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijgo.13713
• Gurol-Urganci, I., Jardine, J. E., Carroll, F., Draycott, T., Dunn, G., Fremeaux, A., Harris, T., Hawdon, J., Morris, E., Muller, P., Waite, L., Webster, K., van der Meulen, J., & Khalil, A. (2021). Maternal and perinatal outcomes of pregnant women with SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of birth in England: national cohort study. American journal of obstetrics and gynecology, 225(5), 522-e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.05.016 Jamieson, D.J., & Rasmussen, S.A. (2022). An update on COVID-19 and pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 226(2), 177-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2021.08.054
• Karasek, D., Baer, R. J., McLemore, M. R., Bell, A. J., Blebu, B. E., Casey, J. A., Coleman-Phox, K., Costello, J. M., Felder, J. N., Flowers, E., Fuchs, J. D., Gomez, A. M., Karvonen, K., Kuppermann, M., Liang, L., McKenzie-Sampson, S., McCulloch, C. E., Oltman, S. P., Pantell, M. S., Piao, X., … & Jelliffe-Pawlowski, L. L. (2021). The association of COVID-19 infection in pregnancy with preterm birth: A retrospective cohort study in California. The Lancet Regional Health–Americas, 2,100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2021.100027
• Kiefer, M. K., Mehl, R., Costantine, M. M., Johnson, A., Cohen, J., Summerfield, T. L., Landon, M. B., Rood, K. M., & Venkatesh, K. K. (2022). Characteristics and perceptions associated with COVID19 vaccination hesitancy among pregnant and postpartum individuals: a crosssectional study. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 129(8), 1342-1351. https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.17110
• Larson, H. J., Jarrett, C., Schulz, W. S., Chaudhuri, M., Zhou, Y., Dube, E., Schuster, M., MacDonald, N. E., Wilson, R., & SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy (2015). Measuring vaccine hesitancy: the development of a survey tool. Vaccine, 33(34), 4165-4175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.037
• Levy, A. T., Singh, S., Riley, L. E., & Prabhu, M. (2021). Acceptance of COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy: a survey study. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology MFM, 3(5), 100399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajogmf.2021.100399
• Lobel, M. (2008). The Stony Brook pregnancy project: Revised Prenatal Distres Questionnaire (NUPDQ): 17-Item Version, NUPDQ2.DOC.
• Liu, C.H., Hyun, S., Erdei, C., & Mittal, L. (2021). Prenatal distres during the COVID-19 pandemic: clinical and research implications. Arch Gynecol Obstet, 30, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00404-021-06286-2 Mercadante, A.R. & Law, A.V. (2021). “Will they, or won't they? Examining patients' vaccine ıntention for flu and covıd-19 using the health belief model”. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, 17(9), 1596-1605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2020.12.012
• Mohan, S., Reagu, S., Lindow, S., & Alabdulla, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy in perinatal women: a cross sectional survey. Journal of Perinatal Medicine, 49(6), 678-685. https://doi.org/10.1515/jpm-2021-0069
• Muhidin, S., Moghadam, Z.B., & Vizheh, M. (2020). Analysis of maternal coronavirus ınfections and neonates born to mothers with 2019-ncov; a systematic review. Arch. Acad. Emerg. Med, 8(1), e49. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/pmc7211430/
• Naghizadeh, S., & Mirghafourvand, M. (2021). Relationship of fear of COVID-19 and pregnancy-related quality of life during the COVID-19 pandemic. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 35(4), 364-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2021.05.006
• Nguyen, H.T, Do, B.N, Pham, K.M, Kim, G.B, Dam, H.T.B, Nguyen, T.T, Nguyen, T.T.P, Nguyen, Y.H, Sorensen, K, Pleasant, A. & Duong, T.V. (2020). “Fear of COVID-19 Scale- Associations of ıts scores with health literacy and health-related behaviors among medical students”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114164
• Pınar, Ş. E., Arslan, Ş., Polat, K., Çiftçi, D., Cesur, B. & Dağlar, G. (2014). Gebelerde uyku kalitesi ile algılanan stres arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 7(3), 171-177. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/deuhfed/issue/46807/586970
• Polat, G., Sağlam, Aybikem, Z, Polat, İ., & Yücel, B. (2022). Gebelikte COVID-19 aşılamasını etkileyen hasta faktörleri: bir anket çalışması. İKSSTD, 14(2), 170-175. https://jag.journalagent.com/z4/download_fulltext.asp?pdir=cm&plng=eng&un=IKSST-31644
• Riad, A., Jouzová, A., Üstün, B., Lagová, E., Hruban, L., Janků, P., Pokorná, A., Klugarová, J., Koščík, M., & Klugar, M. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine acceptance of pregnant and lactating women (PLW) in Czechia: an analytical cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(24), 13373. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182413373
• Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. (2021). COVID-19 vaccines, pregnancy and breastfeeding. (Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2023). https://www.rcog.org.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-pregnancy-and-women-s-health/vaccination/covid-19-vaccines-pregnancy-and-breastfeeding-faqs/
• Satici, B., Gocet-Tekin, E., Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2020). Adaptation of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Its association with psychological distres and life satisfaction in Turkey. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19(6),1980-1988. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00294-0
• Tarus, Arslan, H., Ölmez, Yalazı, R., Öz, T., & Demirci, N. (2022). Effects of Covid-19 fear on the attitudes toward Covid-19 vaccination in reproductive women. Health Care for Women International, 43(4), 398-412. https://doi.org/10.1080/07399332.2021.2004148 T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. İnaktif Pandemik Covid-19 Aşısı Uygulama Kuralları. (Erişim Tarihi: 24.10.2023) https://covid19asi.saglik.gov.tr
• Tunçel, N. T., & Kahyaoğlu Süt, H. (2019). Gebelikte yaşanan anksiyete, depresyon ve prenatal distres düzeyinin doğum öncesi bebeğe bağlanmaya etkisi. Jinekoloji-Obstetrik ve Neonatoloji Tıp Dergisi, 16(1), 9-17. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/931888
• Vignesh, R., Shankar, E.M., Velu, V., & Thyagarajan, S.P. (2020). Is Herd İmmunity Against SARS-Cov-2a Silver Lining? Front İmmunol, 11, 586781. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.586781
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2020). Q&A: pregnancy, childbirth and COVID-19. (Erişim tarihi: 23.10.2023). https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/question-and-answers-hub/q-a-detail/q-a-on-covid-19-pregnancy-and-childbirth
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Ten threats to global health in 2019. (Erişim tarihi: 25.10.2023). https://www.who.int/news-room/spotlight/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019.
• Yali, A.M., & Lobel, M. (1999). Coping and distres in pregnancy: an investigation of medically high risk women. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol, 20(1), 39-52. https://doi.org/10.3109/01674829909075575
• Yüksel, F., Akın, S., & Durna, Z. (2011). Prenatal Distres Ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması ve faktör analizi. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma Dergisi, 8(3), 43-51. https://jag.journalagent.com/z4/download_fulltext.asp?pdir=jern&plng=eng&un=JERN-70299