Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Myastenia Gravis Hastalarında Beslenme Yönetimi: Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 52 - 62, 25.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.1697769

Abstract

Bu derlemede Myastenia Gravis (MG) hastalarının beslenme ile ilgili karşılaştıkları sorunlar değerlendirilerek çözüm önerileri sunulması ve bu konuda farkındalık oluşturmak amaçlanmıştır. MG, kaslarda yorgunluk ve güçsüzlükle seyreden otoimmün bir hastalıktır. Özellikle boyun kaslarındaki güçsüzlük ve yorgunluk nedeniyle, hastalarda dizartri, disfaji, nazal konuşma ve çiğneme güçlüğü gibi bulber semptomlar gelişebilir. Bu semptomlar, oral besin ve sıvı alımını kısıtlayarak bireyin beslenme durumunu olumsuz yönde etkileyebilir. MG’li bireylerde yetersiz besin tüketimi sonucunda malnütrisyon, vitamin ve mineral yetersizlikleri gelişebilir. Bu da hastalığın seyrini kötüleştirebilecek komplikasyonlara yol açabilir. Bu nedenle beslenme yönetimi, MG hastalarının yaşam kalitesinin artırılmasında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu süreçte hekim, diyetisyen ve fizyoterapist gibi uzmanların birlikte yer aldığı multidisipliner bir yaklaşım, beslenmeye bağlı sorunların çözümünde etkili olabilir. MG’li hastalarda yutma güçlüğü ve beslenme sorunlarını önlemek amacıyla yiyeceklerin kıvamı hastaya uygun şekilde ayarlanmalı, az ve sık öğünlerle beslenme planı uygulanmalı, besin destekleri (özellikle vitamin ve mineraller) gerektiğinde kullanılmalıdır. MG tedavisinde yaygın olarak kullanılan kortikosteroidlerin, kalsiyum metabolizması üzerinde olumsuz etkileri göz önünde bulundurularak günlük 1000-1500 mg kalsiyum ve 400-800 IU D vitamini desteği önerilmektedir. Ayrıca, azatiyoprin, siklosporin, prednizon gibi immunosüpresif ilaçlar; tat alma bozuklukları, bulantı, kusma, ağız kuruluğu ve mide boşalmasında gecikme gibi yan etkilerle besin tüketimini olumsuz yönde etkileyebilir. İstenmeyen vücut ağırlığı artışını önlemek ve ağırlık kaybını destelemek amacıyla, proteinden zengin, rafine karbonhidrat ve sodyum içeriği düşük, düşük yağlı bir diyet önerilir. Buna eşlik eden aşamalı olarak artırılan fiziksel aktivite ile enerji dengesi sağlanabilir. Malnütrisyonu önlemek için bireyin yeme kapasitesine uygun, yormayan, sık aralıkla beslenmeyi hedefleyen bireyselleştirilmiş planlar oluşturulmalıdır. Son olarak, bazı hayvan çalışmaları, probiyotiklerin MG üzerindeki etkilerine dair olumlu sonuçlar göstermektedir.

References

  • Akkaş, İ., Toptaş, O., & Özan, F. (2014). Ağız kuruluğu. Acta Odontologica Turcica, 31(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.17214/aot.69986
  • AlManea, S. M., AlHadlaq, M. A., AlBuqmi, N. M., & AlGomaiz, S. S. (2022). The dental management of pediatric patient diagnosed with myasthenia gravis: A case report. European Journal of Dentistry, 16(3), 710. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1745773
  • Audag, N., Toussaint, M., Liistro, G., Vandervelde, L., Cugy, E., & Reychler, G. (2022). European survey: Dysphagia management in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Dysphagia, 37(5), 1279–1287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-021-10392-3
  • Assery, M. K. A. (2019). Efficacy of artificial salivary substitutes in treatment of xerostomia: A systematic review. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 11(Suppl 1), S1–S12. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_220_18
  • Baltacı, P., Alp, A. G., & Yavuzer, H. (2022). Yaşlılık döneminde gastointestinal hastalıklar ve beslenme. In Sağlık & Bilim (pp. 95–114). Efe Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Bretón, I. (2010). Nörolojik hastalıklarda nütrisyon desteği. ESPEN LLL Programme, Modül 25.
  • Brimhall, J., Jhaveri, M. A., & Yepes, J. F. (2013). Efficacy of cevimeline vs. pilocarpine in the secretion of saliva: A pilot study. Special Care in Dentistry, 33(3), 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/scd.12010
  • Bubuioc, A. M., Kudebayeva, A., Turuspekova, S., Lisnic, V., & Leone, M. A. (2021). The epidemiology of myasthenia gravis. Journal of Medicine and Life, 14(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2020-0145
  • Burgos, R., Bretón, I., Cereda, E., Desport, J. C., Dziewas, R., Genton, L., ... & Bischoff, S. C. (2018). ESPEN guideline clinical nutrition in neurology. Clinical Nutrition, 37(1), 354–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.003
  • Clarke, G., O’Mahony, S. M., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014). Priming for health: Gut microbiota acquired in early life regulates physiology, brain and behaviour. Acta Paediatrica, 103(8), 812–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12674
  • Dresser, L., Wlodarski, R., Rezania, K., & Soliven, B. (2021). Myasthenia gravis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(11), 2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112235
  • Eglseer, D., Halfens, R. J. G., Schols, J. M. G. A., & Lohrmann, C. (2018). Dysphagia in hospitalized older patients: Associated factors and nutritional interventions. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 22, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-017-0928-x
  • Golfinopoulou, R., Papageorgiou, L., Efthimiadou, A., Bacopoulou, F., Chrousos, G. P., Eliopoulos, E., & Vlachakis, D. (2021). Clinical genomic, phenotype and epigenetic insights into the pathology, autoimmunity and weight management of patients with myasthenia gravis. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12151
  • Huang, Y., Wang, W. K., Zheng, X. M., Yang, L., Wang, L. H., Qiu, X. H., ... & Lin, C. Q. (2022). Decreased salivary α-amylase activity responding to citric acid stimulation in myasthenia gravis with malnutrition. PLOS ONE, 17(6), e0269621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269621
  • Inan, B., Ozturk, B., Ata, N., Ulgu, M. M., Birinci, S., Sonkaya, R., Eroglu, E., Karadas, O., Tan, E., & Odabasi, Z. (2024). A nationwide epidemiological study of myasthenia gravis in Turkey. Journal of Neurology, 272(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-024-12781-8
  • International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI). (2019). Complete IDDSI framework [PDF]. Erişim: https://iddsi.org/IDDSI/media/images/Complete_IDDSI_Framework_Final_31July2019.pdf (09.06.2025).
  • Juel, V. C., & Massey, J. M. (2007). Myasthenia gravis. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 2, 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-2-44
  • Kaur, A., Anand, C., Singh, T. G., Dhiman, S., & Babbar, R. (2019). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Milestone to treat neurological disorders. Plant Archives, 19, 1347–1359.
  • Keskin, A. Y., & Taşcı, S. (2019). Ağız kuruluğu semptomunun yönteminde kullanılan tamamlayıcı ve bütünleşik yöntemler. ERÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 32–41.
  • Kim, P., Arnold, M., & Gunti, J. (2021). Five-month trial of whole-food plant-based diet in a patient with coexisting myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 15(3), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827621993748
  • Kıskaç, N., Rashidi, M., & Karaman, F. (2023). Beslenme bozuklukları ve beslenme yöntemleri. In C. Açıl (Ed.), Sağlık Bilimleri Araştırmaları: Hemşirelik & Ebelik-II (ss. 1–12). Özgür Yayınları. https://doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub126.c522
  • Lederberg, J., & McCray, A. T. (2001). Ome sweetomics: A genealogical treasury of words. The Scientist, 15(7), 8.
  • Losen, M., Martinez-Martinez, P., Molenaar, P. C., Lazaridis, K., Tzartos, S., Brenner, T., & Kusner, J. (2015). Standardization of the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) model by immunization of rats with torpedo californica acetylcholine receptors—Recommendations for methods and experimental designs. Experimental Neurology, 270, 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.010
  • Manzel, A., Müller, D. N., Hafler, D. A., Erdman, S. E., Linker, R. A., & Kleinewietfeld, M. (2014). Role of “western diet” in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 14, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-013-0404-6
  • Melzer, N., Ruck, T., Fuhr, P., Gold, R., Hohlfeld, R., Marx, A., … & Wiendl, H. (2016). Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of myasthenia gravis: A supplement to the guidelines of the German Neurological Society. Journal of Neurology, 263, 1473–1494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-016-8045-z
  • Mese, H., & Matsuo, R. (2007). Salivary secretion, taste and hyposalivation. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 34(10), 711–723. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01794.x
  • Namasivayam-MacDonald, A. M., Morrison, J. M., Steele, C. M., & Keller, H. (2017). How swallow pressures and dysphagia affect malnutrition and mealtime outcomes in long-term care. Dysphagia, 32, 785–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-017-9825-z
  • O’Keeffe, S. T., Leslie, P., Lazenby-Paterson, T., McCurtin, A., Collins, L., Murray, A., … & SPARC (Swallow Perspectives, Advocacy and Research Collective). (2023). Informed or misinformed consent and use of modified texture diets in dysphagia. BMC Medical Ethics, 24(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-023-00885-1
  • Poetker, D. M., & Reh, D. D. (2010). A comprehensive review of the adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 43(4), 753–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2010.04.003
  • Rinaldi, E., Consonni, A., Guidesi, E., Elli, M., Mantegazza, R., & Baggi, F. (2018). Gut microbiota and probiotics: Novel immune system modulators in myasthenia gravis? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1413(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13567
  • Salari, N., Fatahi, B., Bartina, Y., Kazeminia, M., Fatahian, R., Mohammadi, P., … & Mohammadi, M. (2021). Global prevalence of myasthenia gravis and the effectiveness of common drugs in its treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Translational Medicine, 19, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-021-03185-7
  • Schirò, G., Iacono, S., & Balistreri, C. R. (2023). The role of human microbiota in myasthenia gravis: A narrative review. Neurology International, 15(1), 392–404. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15010026
  • Sevim, M., Şahan, A. K., & Arslan, S. S. (2021). Erişkin hastalarda klinik yutma değerlendirme aşamaları. Akdeniz Tıp Dergisi, 7(1), 1–11.
  • Spielmann, N., & Wong, D. T. (2011). Saliva: Diagnostics and therapeutic perspectives. Oral Diseases, 17(4), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01773.x
  • Su, T., Yin, X., Ren, J., Lang, Y., Zhang, W., & Cui, L. (2023). Causal relationship between gut microbiota and myasthenia gravis: A bidirectional mendelian randomization study. Cell & Bioscience, 13(1), 204. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-023-01163-8
  • Sura, L., Madhavan, A., Carnaby, G., & Crary, M. A. (2012). Dysphagia in the elderly: Management and nutritional considerations. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 7, 287–298. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S23404
  • Thye, A. Y. K., Law, J. W. F., Tan, L. T. H., Thurairajasingam, S., Chan, K. G., Letchumanan, V., & Lee, L. H. (2022). Exploring the gut microbiome in myasthenia gravis. Nutrients, 14(8), 1647. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081647
  • Uzawa, A., Suzuki, S., Kuwabara, S., Akamine, H., Onishi, Y., Yasuda, M., … & Utsugisawa, K. (2024). Taste disorders and alopecia in myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurology, 24(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-024-03644-w
  • Williams, D. M. (2018). Clinical pharmacology of corticosteroids. Respiratory Care, 63(6), 655–670. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.06314
  • Yangın, M. N., Zorlu, Y., & Severcan, F. (2022). Diagnosis and treatment methods of autoimmune myasthenia gravis: A systematic review. Aurum Journal of Health Sciences, 4(2), 104–116.
  • Yavuz, Z. (2019). Myasthenia gravis klinik ve demografik özellikleri [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi].
  • Yılmaz, C., & Orak, S. A. (2021). Nöromusküler hastalıklarda beslenme. Çocuk Kronik Hastalarında Beslenme, 129, 1–12.

Nutritional Management in Patients with Myasthenia Gravis: Problems, and Solutions

Year 2025, Volume: 14 Issue: 1, 52 - 62, 25.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.1697769

Abstract

This review aims to evaluate the nutritional challenges faced by individuals with Myasthenia Gravis (MG) and offer potential solutions while raising awareness on the subject. MG is an autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by muscle weakness and fatigue. Weakness in the neck muscles may lead to bulbar symptoms such as dysarthria, dysphagia, nasal speech, and difficulty chewing, which can limit oral intake of food and fluids, adversely affecting nutritional status. Inadequate nutrient intake may result in malnutrition and deficiencies in vitamins and minerals, potentially exacerbating the disease course. Nutritional management is therefore essential to improving the quality of life in MG patients. A multidisciplinary approach involving physicians, dietitians, and physiotherapists is crucial for managing nutrition-related complications. Food consistency should be adjusted based on the patient's swallowing capacity, and small, frequent meals are recommended. Nutritional supplements, particularly vitamins and minerals, may be necessary. Since corticosteroids commonly used in MG treatment can negatively impact calcium metabolism, daily supplementation with 1000–1500 mg of calcium and 400–800 IU of vitamin D is advised. Furthermore, immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine, cyclosporine, and prednisone may cause adverse effects like altered taste, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, and delayed gastric emptying, leading to reduced food intake. To prevent unwanted weight gain or support weight loss, a diet rich in protein, low in refined carbohydrates, sodium, and fat is recommended. Gradually increasing physical activity can help maintain energy balance. Personalized meal plans that match the individual's eating capacity and reduce fatigue should be implemented to prevent malnutrition. Lastly, some animal studies suggest potential benefits of probiotics on MG symptoms, although more research is needed.

References

  • Akkaş, İ., Toptaş, O., & Özan, F. (2014). Ağız kuruluğu. Acta Odontologica Turcica, 31(1), 54–60. https://doi.org/10.17214/aot.69986
  • AlManea, S. M., AlHadlaq, M. A., AlBuqmi, N. M., & AlGomaiz, S. S. (2022). The dental management of pediatric patient diagnosed with myasthenia gravis: A case report. European Journal of Dentistry, 16(3), 710. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1745773
  • Audag, N., Toussaint, M., Liistro, G., Vandervelde, L., Cugy, E., & Reychler, G. (2022). European survey: Dysphagia management in patients with neuromuscular diseases. Dysphagia, 37(5), 1279–1287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-021-10392-3
  • Assery, M. K. A. (2019). Efficacy of artificial salivary substitutes in treatment of xerostomia: A systematic review. Journal of Pharmacy & Bioallied Sciences, 11(Suppl 1), S1–S12. https://doi.org/10.4103/jpbs.JPBS_220_18
  • Baltacı, P., Alp, A. G., & Yavuzer, H. (2022). Yaşlılık döneminde gastointestinal hastalıklar ve beslenme. In Sağlık & Bilim (pp. 95–114). Efe Akademi Yayınevi.
  • Bretón, I. (2010). Nörolojik hastalıklarda nütrisyon desteği. ESPEN LLL Programme, Modül 25.
  • Brimhall, J., Jhaveri, M. A., & Yepes, J. F. (2013). Efficacy of cevimeline vs. pilocarpine in the secretion of saliva: A pilot study. Special Care in Dentistry, 33(3), 123–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/scd.12010
  • Bubuioc, A. M., Kudebayeva, A., Turuspekova, S., Lisnic, V., & Leone, M. A. (2021). The epidemiology of myasthenia gravis. Journal of Medicine and Life, 14(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.25122/jml-2020-0145
  • Burgos, R., Bretón, I., Cereda, E., Desport, J. C., Dziewas, R., Genton, L., ... & Bischoff, S. C. (2018). ESPEN guideline clinical nutrition in neurology. Clinical Nutrition, 37(1), 354–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2017.09.003
  • Clarke, G., O’Mahony, S. M., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014). Priming for health: Gut microbiota acquired in early life regulates physiology, brain and behaviour. Acta Paediatrica, 103(8), 812–819. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.12674
  • Dresser, L., Wlodarski, R., Rezania, K., & Soliven, B. (2021). Myasthenia gravis: Epidemiology, pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(11), 2235. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm10112235
  • Eglseer, D., Halfens, R. J. G., Schols, J. M. G. A., & Lohrmann, C. (2018). Dysphagia in hospitalized older patients: Associated factors and nutritional interventions. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 22, 103–110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-017-0928-x
  • Golfinopoulou, R., Papageorgiou, L., Efthimiadou, A., Bacopoulou, F., Chrousos, G. P., Eliopoulos, E., & Vlachakis, D. (2021). Clinical genomic, phenotype and epigenetic insights into the pathology, autoimmunity and weight management of patients with myasthenia gravis. Molecular Medicine Reports, 24(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2021.12151
  • Huang, Y., Wang, W. K., Zheng, X. M., Yang, L., Wang, L. H., Qiu, X. H., ... & Lin, C. Q. (2022). Decreased salivary α-amylase activity responding to citric acid stimulation in myasthenia gravis with malnutrition. PLOS ONE, 17(6), e0269621. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0269621
  • Inan, B., Ozturk, B., Ata, N., Ulgu, M. M., Birinci, S., Sonkaya, R., Eroglu, E., Karadas, O., Tan, E., & Odabasi, Z. (2024). A nationwide epidemiological study of myasthenia gravis in Turkey. Journal of Neurology, 272(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-024-12781-8
  • International Dysphagia Diet Standardisation Initiative (IDDSI). (2019). Complete IDDSI framework [PDF]. Erişim: https://iddsi.org/IDDSI/media/images/Complete_IDDSI_Framework_Final_31July2019.pdf (09.06.2025).
  • Juel, V. C., & Massey, J. M. (2007). Myasthenia gravis. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, 2, 44–56. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-2-44
  • Kaur, A., Anand, C., Singh, T. G., Dhiman, S., & Babbar, R. (2019). Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: Milestone to treat neurological disorders. Plant Archives, 19, 1347–1359.
  • Keskin, A. Y., & Taşcı, S. (2019). Ağız kuruluğu semptomunun yönteminde kullanılan tamamlayıcı ve bütünleşik yöntemler. ERÜ Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 32–41.
  • Kim, P., Arnold, M., & Gunti, J. (2021). Five-month trial of whole-food plant-based diet in a patient with coexisting myasthenia gravis and Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 15(3), 230–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827621993748
  • Kıskaç, N., Rashidi, M., & Karaman, F. (2023). Beslenme bozuklukları ve beslenme yöntemleri. In C. Açıl (Ed.), Sağlık Bilimleri Araştırmaları: Hemşirelik & Ebelik-II (ss. 1–12). Özgür Yayınları. https://doi.org/10.58830/ozgur.pub126.c522
  • Lederberg, J., & McCray, A. T. (2001). Ome sweetomics: A genealogical treasury of words. The Scientist, 15(7), 8.
  • Losen, M., Martinez-Martinez, P., Molenaar, P. C., Lazaridis, K., Tzartos, S., Brenner, T., & Kusner, J. (2015). Standardization of the experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG) model by immunization of rats with torpedo californica acetylcholine receptors—Recommendations for methods and experimental designs. Experimental Neurology, 270, 18–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.expneurol.2015.03.010
  • Manzel, A., Müller, D. N., Hafler, D. A., Erdman, S. E., Linker, R. A., & Kleinewietfeld, M. (2014). Role of “western diet” in inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 14, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-013-0404-6
  • Melzer, N., Ruck, T., Fuhr, P., Gold, R., Hohlfeld, R., Marx, A., … & Wiendl, H. (2016). Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of myasthenia gravis: A supplement to the guidelines of the German Neurological Society. Journal of Neurology, 263, 1473–1494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-016-8045-z
  • Mese, H., & Matsuo, R. (2007). Salivary secretion, taste and hyposalivation. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 34(10), 711–723. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2007.01794.x
  • Namasivayam-MacDonald, A. M., Morrison, J. M., Steele, C. M., & Keller, H. (2017). How swallow pressures and dysphagia affect malnutrition and mealtime outcomes in long-term care. Dysphagia, 32, 785–796. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-017-9825-z
  • O’Keeffe, S. T., Leslie, P., Lazenby-Paterson, T., McCurtin, A., Collins, L., Murray, A., … & SPARC (Swallow Perspectives, Advocacy and Research Collective). (2023). Informed or misinformed consent and use of modified texture diets in dysphagia. BMC Medical Ethics, 24(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12910-023-00885-1
  • Poetker, D. M., & Reh, D. D. (2010). A comprehensive review of the adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids. Otolaryngologic Clinics of North America, 43(4), 753–768. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.otc.2010.04.003
  • Rinaldi, E., Consonni, A., Guidesi, E., Elli, M., Mantegazza, R., & Baggi, F. (2018). Gut microbiota and probiotics: Novel immune system modulators in myasthenia gravis? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1413(1), 49–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13567
  • Salari, N., Fatahi, B., Bartina, Y., Kazeminia, M., Fatahian, R., Mohammadi, P., … & Mohammadi, M. (2021). Global prevalence of myasthenia gravis and the effectiveness of common drugs in its treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Translational Medicine, 19, 1–23. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-021-03185-7
  • Schirò, G., Iacono, S., & Balistreri, C. R. (2023). The role of human microbiota in myasthenia gravis: A narrative review. Neurology International, 15(1), 392–404. https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint15010026
  • Sevim, M., Şahan, A. K., & Arslan, S. S. (2021). Erişkin hastalarda klinik yutma değerlendirme aşamaları. Akdeniz Tıp Dergisi, 7(1), 1–11.
  • Spielmann, N., & Wong, D. T. (2011). Saliva: Diagnostics and therapeutic perspectives. Oral Diseases, 17(4), 345–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-0825.2010.01773.x
  • Su, T., Yin, X., Ren, J., Lang, Y., Zhang, W., & Cui, L. (2023). Causal relationship between gut microbiota and myasthenia gravis: A bidirectional mendelian randomization study. Cell & Bioscience, 13(1), 204. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13578-023-01163-8
  • Sura, L., Madhavan, A., Carnaby, G., & Crary, M. A. (2012). Dysphagia in the elderly: Management and nutritional considerations. Clinical Interventions in Aging, 7, 287–298. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S23404
  • Thye, A. Y. K., Law, J. W. F., Tan, L. T. H., Thurairajasingam, S., Chan, K. G., Letchumanan, V., & Lee, L. H. (2022). Exploring the gut microbiome in myasthenia gravis. Nutrients, 14(8), 1647. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14081647
  • Uzawa, A., Suzuki, S., Kuwabara, S., Akamine, H., Onishi, Y., Yasuda, M., … & Utsugisawa, K. (2024). Taste disorders and alopecia in myasthenia gravis. BMC Neurology, 24(1), 139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-024-03644-w
  • Williams, D. M. (2018). Clinical pharmacology of corticosteroids. Respiratory Care, 63(6), 655–670. https://doi.org/10.4187/respcare.06314
  • Yangın, M. N., Zorlu, Y., & Severcan, F. (2022). Diagnosis and treatment methods of autoimmune myasthenia gravis: A systematic review. Aurum Journal of Health Sciences, 4(2), 104–116.
  • Yavuz, Z. (2019). Myasthenia gravis klinik ve demografik özellikleri [Yayınlanmamış doktora tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi].
  • Yılmaz, C., & Orak, S. A. (2021). Nöromusküler hastalıklarda beslenme. Çocuk Kronik Hastalarında Beslenme, 129, 1–12.
There are 42 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Nutritional Epidemiology, Epidemiology (Other)
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Mervenur Güler 0009-0001-1933-7282

Sevinç Eşer Durmaz 0000-0002-2425-1715

Publication Date June 25, 2025
Submission Date May 12, 2025
Acceptance Date June 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 14 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Güler, M., & Eşer Durmaz, S. (2025). Myastenia Gravis Hastalarında Beslenme Yönetimi: Sorunlar ve Çözüm Önerileri. Ankara Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(1), 52-62. https://doi.org/10.46971/ausbid.1697769

2560px-CC_BY-NC-ND.svg.png

Studies published in our journal are published as open access under CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license.

Click here to get help about article submission processes and "Copyright Notice Form".