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Üremik Toksinler

Year 1986, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 89 - 104, 31.03.1986
https://izlik.org/JA68LP38ZS

Abstract

Kronik böbrek hasarının geç safhalarında böbreğin fonksiyon gören kitlesi azalır, glomerüler süzme hızında tedrici bir azalma ile böbrek yetmezliğine gidiş gösteren bu durum genellikle «üremi» olarak isimlendirilir. Üremide esas görünüm metabolik ürünlerin birikimi ve toksik olarak ara metabolizma üzerlerine etkileridir. Aynı zamanda, biriken metabolik artıklar yalnız başına veya kombine bir halde muhtemelen bazı enzim reaksiyonlarının metabolik yollarını etkiler.

Project Number

-

References

  • 1. Alfrey AC. Aluminum intexication. N. Engi J Med 310 : 1113, 1984.
  • 2. Alfrey AC Je Gendre GR, Kaehny WD. The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. Possible aluminium intoxication. N Engi J Med 294 : 184, 1976.
  • 3. Alfrey AC, Mishell JM, Burks J, et al. Syndrome of dyspraxia and multifocal seizures associated with chronic hemodialysis Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Org 18 : 257, 1972.
  • 4. Antoniou LD, Shaloub RJ, Schechter'GP : The effect of zinc on cellular immunity in chronic uremia Am J Clin Nutr 34 : 1912, 1981.
  • 5. Asaba H. Accumulation and exretion of middle molecules Clin Nephrol 19 : 116, 1983.
  • 6. Asaba H, Alvestrand A. Borgström J, et al : Üremic middle molecules in non dialyzed azotemic patients : Relation to symptoms and Clical biochemistri6s Clin Nephol 17 : 90, 1982.
  • 7. Asaba H, Alvesirand A, Fürst P, et al : Clinical implication of uremic middle molecules in regular hemodialysis patient. Clin Nephrol 19 : 179, 1983.
  • 8. Asaba H, Bergström J, Fürst P, et al. : The effect of renal transplantation on middle molecules in plasma and urine Clin Neprol 8 : 329, 1977.
  • 9. Avram MM, Feinfeld DA, Huatuco AH. Search for the uremic toxin. Decreased motor nerve conduction velocity and elevated paratyroid hormone in uremia N EnglJ Med 298 ; 1000.
  • 10. Avram MM, Morrow IP, Feinfeld D, et al, Uremic syndrome in man : New evidence for parathormone as a multisystem neurotoxin Clin Nephrol 11 : 59, 1979.
  • 11. Babb AL, Johansen PJ, Strarand MJ, Tenckhoff H, Scribner BH ; Bidirectional permeability of the human peritoneum to middle molecules Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 10 : 247, 1973.
  • 12. Bagdade D, Shafrir E, Wilson DE : Mechanism (s) of hyperlipidemia in chronic uremia. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 22 : 42, 1976.
  • 13. Balestri PL, Rindi P, Biagini M, et al : Effects of uremic serum, urea, creatine and methylguanidine on glucose metabolism. Clin sci 42 : 395, 1972.
  • 14. Bennett B, Rosenblum C. Identification 'of calcium oxalate crystals in the myocardium with uremia Lab Invest 10 : 947, 1961.
  • 15. Bergström J, Fürst P. « Uremic toxins. Replacement of renal function by dialysis (Drukker W, Parsons FM, Maher JF ed.) Martinus Nijhoff Publishers The Hague (Boston/London) pp : 334-368, 1979.
  • 16. Bergström J, Früst P, Zimmerman L A study of uremic toxicology Annual Report (NIH Contract No 1-AM-2-2215), 1975-1976.
  • 17. Bergström J, Fürst P, Zimmerman LI : Uremic middle molecules exist and are biologically active Clin Nephrol 11 : 229, 1979.
  • 18. Beriyne GM, Ben-Ari J, Pest D, et al : Hyperaluminaemia fram aluminum r&- sin in chronic renal failure Lancet ii : 494, 1970,
  • 19. Bonomini V, Oroni G, Stefoni S, et al : Hormonal changes in uremia Clin Nephrol 11 : 275, 1979.
  • 20. Exp Biol Med 134 : 603, 1970.
  • 21. Brennan BL, Yasumura 5S, Letteri JM, et al: Total body electrolyte composition and distribution of bodywater in uremia Kidney Int 17: 364, 1980.
  • 22. Chapman GV, Ward RA, Farrell PC. Separation of the «middle molucules in uremia Kidney Int 17 : 82, 1980.
  • 23. Clarkson BA : Uric acid related to uraemic symptoms. Prac Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 3 : 3, 1966.
  • 24. Clements JS, Dejsus Jr PV, Winegrad Al: Rajsed plasma myoinositol levels in uremia and experimental neuropathy Lancet i : 1137, 1978.
  • 25. Cloix JF, Cueille G, Funck-Brentano JL ; Inhibition of bovine renal adenylate cyclase by urinary products Biomedicine 35 : 215, 1976.
  • 26. Cooper JD, Lazorowitz VC, Arieff Al : Neurodiagnostic abnormalities in petient with acute renal failure. Evidence for neurotoxicity of parathyroid hormon in dialysis patients J Clin Invest 61 : 1448, 1978.
  • 27. Davis JW, MeField JR, Phillips PE, Graham BA ; Guanidinosuccinic acid on human platelet effects of exogenous ureü, creatinine and aggregation in vitro Blood 39 : 388, 1972.
  • 28. Dobbelstein H, Edel HH, Schidt M, Schubert G, Weinzierl M : Guaindinbernsteinâure und urâmie : 1, Kliniscne Unter suchungen Klin Wochenschr 49 : 348, 1971.
  • 29. Dzurik R, Hupkova V, Holamân J, Valovicöcâ E : Abnormal carbonhydrate metabolism in uremia Int Urol Nephrol 3 : 409, 1971.
  • 30. Emerson PM, Wilkinson JH : Urea and oxalate inhibition of the serum lactate dehydrogenase J Clin Pathol 18 : 803, 1965.
  • 31. Faguer P, Man NK, Cusille G, et al «İImproved seperation and guantification of the «middle molecules» b4-2 in uremia Clin Chem 29 : 703, 1983.
  • 32. Fanger H, Esparza A : Crystals of calcium oxalate in kidneys in uremia Am J Clin Pathol 41 : 597, 1964.
  • 33.Funck-Bretano JL, Man NK, Sausse A, Zingraff J, Becker A, Cueille GF : Characterization of a 1100-1300 MW uremic neurotoxin Trans Am Soç Artif Intern Organs 22 ; 163, 1976.
  • 34. Fürst L, Bergström J : Determination of endogenous middle molecules in nor mal and uremic body fluid Clin Nephrol 5 : 178, 1976.
  • 35. Giordano C, Bloom J, Merrill JP : Effects of urea on physiologic systems, 1. studies on monoamine oxidase activity J Lab Clin Med 59 : 396, 1942.
  • 36. Giovannetti 5, Balestri PL, Cioni L: Spontaneous in vitro autohemolysis of blood from chronic uraemic patients Clin Sci (London) 29 : 407, 1965.
  • 37. Giovannetti S, Barsotti G : Methylguanidine in uremia Arch Intern Med 131 : 709, 1973.
  • 38. Giovannetti 5, Barsotti G : Uremic intoxication Nephron 4 : 123, 1975.
  • 39. Giovannetti S, Biagini M, Balestri PL, et al : Uraemialike syndrome in dogs choronically intoxicated with methylguanidine and creatine Clin Sci 36 ; 445, 1969.
  • 40. Giovannetti 5, Cioni L, Balestri PL, Biagini M : Evidence that guanidines and some related compounds cause haemolysis in chronic uremia& Clin Sci (London) 34: 141, 1968.
  • 41. Goldstein DA, Chui LA, Masry SG : Effect of parathroid hormone and uremia on peripheral nerve calcium and motor-nerve conduction velocity J Clin Invest 62 : 88, 1978.
  • 42. Goldstein DA, Feinstein EL, Chui LA, et al : The relationship between the abnormalities in electiroencaphalogram and blood levels of parathroid hormone in dialysis patients J Clin Endocrinol Meta 51 : 130, 1980.
  • 43. Goubeaud G, Leber HW, Schott HH, Schutterle G : Middle molecules and haemoglobin synthesis Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 13 : 371, 1977.
  • 44. Gresham GE, Keller MD : Hyperuricemia and chronic renal disease J Chronic Dis 23 : 755, 1971.
  • 45. Hanicki 7, Cichocki T, Sarnecka-Keller M, Klein A, Komorowska Z : Influence of middle -sized molecule aggregates from dialysate of uremic patients on Iymphocyte transformation in vivo Nephron 17 : 37, 1976.
  • 46. Henkin RE, Levine ND, Sussman HH, Maxwell MH : Evidence of substances toxic for He La cells in the serum and in the dialysis fluid of patients with glomerulonephritis J Lab Clin Med 64 : 79, 1964.
  • 47. Hicks JM, Young DS, Wootton DP ; The effect of uremic blood constituents on certair cerebral enzymes Clin Chim Acta 9; 228, 1964.
  • 48. Horowitz HI, Cohen BD, Marinez P, Papayoanou MF : Defective ADP-induced platelet factor 3 activation in uremia Blood 30 : 331, 1967.
  • 49. Horowitz HI, Stein IM, Cohen BD, White JG . Further studies on the platelet- inhibitory effect of guanidinosucciniç acid and its role in uremic bleeding Am J Med 49 : 336, 1970,
  • 50. Ingerowski RM, Ingerowski GH, Dunn MJ : The effects of guanidinosuccinik acid and methylguanidine on erythrocyte cation transport Proc Soç Exp Biol Med 139 : 80, 1972,
  • 51. Karatan O, Uysal VA, Tutkak H : Kronik böbrek yetmezliğinde serum ve trom- bosit monoamin oksidaz enzimi Ankara Tıp Bülteni 5 : 61, 1983,
  • 52. Kennedy AC, Linton AL, Eaton IC Urea levels in cerebrospinal fluid after he- modialysis Lancet i : 411, 1962. i
  • 53. Ku G, Hird VM, Varghese Z, Ahmet KY, Fiter M, Ng CM, Moorhead JF ; Inhi- bition of DNA synthesis by guanidine compound in üremia Pro Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 11 : 427, 1974,
  • 54. Kziazek A. : Monoamine oxidase activity in patients with chronic renal failure and in experimental uremia in rats Pol Arch Med Wewn 602 : 147, 1978,
  • 55. Lacelles PT, Taylor WH : The effect upon tissue respiration in vitro of meta bolities which accumulate in uremic coma Clin Sci 31 : 403, 1968.
  • 56. Leber HW, Baumgarten C, Goubeaud G, Matthias R, Schütterle G : Globin synthesis in uremia Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 12 : 355, 1975. W
  • 57. Leeming RJ, Blair JA : Dialysis dementia, aluminium and tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism Lancet i : 556, 1979,
  • 58. Lindemann RD, Baxter DJ, Yunice AA, et al : Serum concetration and urinary excretion of zinck in cirrhosis, nephrotiç syndrome and renal insufficiency Am J Med Sci 275 : 17, 1978.
  • 59. Lindsay RM et al ; Absract UR052 8th international congress of nephrology Athens 1981,
  • 60. Lutz W ; The influence of sirongiy basic uremic peptide on liberation lipop- rotein lipase activity from human adiposo cell Acta Med Pol 17 : 55, 1976,
  • 61. Lutz W, Markiewicz K, Kiyszejko-Stefanowicz L ; Investigation on the activity of lactic dehydrogenase and its inhibitors in the serum of uremic patients du- ring hemodialysiş Acta Med Pol 15: 97, 1974.
  • 62. Men NK, Cueville G, Zingraff J, Drueke T, Jungers P, Sausse A, Brillon JP, Funck-Brentano JL : Investigations in uraemic polyneuritis Pro Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 11:214, 1974.
  • 62. Marguis J : Aluminum neurotoxiticy An experimental perspective Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 29 : 43, 1982.
  • 63. Massry SG : Is parathroid hormone a uremic toxin? Nephron 19 ; 125, 1977.
  • 64. Massry SG, Goldstein DA : The search for uremic toxin (s) XX” —PTH Clin Nephrol 11 : 181, 1979.
  • 65. Mauras Y, Allain P, Riberi P : Etude de Iabsorption digestitive de Mhydrocarbonate d'aluminum chez l'individusâin Therapie 37 : 593, 1982,
  • 66. Mevicar M, Gauthier B, Goodman CT : Uremic neuropathy. Monitoring of trans ketolase activity inhibition in a child. Am J Dis Child 125 : 263, 1973.
  • 67. Menyhârd J, Gröf J : Many hitherto unknown peptides are principal consti: tuents of “uremic” middle molecules Clin Chem 27 : 1712, 1981.
  • 68. Merrill JP, Legrain M, Hoigne R : Observations on the role of urea in uremia Am J Med 14: 519, 1953.
  • 69. Miteh WE, Wilcox CS : Disorders of body fluids, sodium and potassium in chronic renal failure Am J Med 72 : 536, 1982.
  • 70. Moriyama Y, Rege A, Fisher JW : Studies on an inhibitor of erythropolesiş II. Inhibitory effects of serum from uremic rabbits on heme synthesis in rabbit bone marrow cultures Pro Soc Exp Biol Med 148 : 94, 1975.
  • 71. Natelson S, Stein 1, Bonas JE : Improvements in the method of seperation of guanidino organic acids by column chromatography isolation and identilication of guanidinosuccinic acid from human urine Am J Med 45 : 63, 1968.
  • 72. Odeberg H, Olsson I, Thysell H : The effect of uremic serum on granulocyte iodination capacity. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern organs 19 : 484, 1973.
  • 73. Podjorny E, Rathausm M, Korzets Z,.et al : Is anemia of chronic renal failure related to secondary hyperparathyroidism Arch Intern Med. 141 : 453, 1981.
  • 74. Port FK, Johnson WJ, Klass DW : Prevention of dialysis diseguilibrium syndrome by use of high sodium concenitration in the dialysate, Kidney Int 3 : 327, 1973.
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  • 90. Yamada T, Nakagawas : Analysis of uremic ultrafiltrate : a possible coincidence of highly toxic small molecular fraction with guanidine derivates, Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 22 : 155, 1976.
  • 91. Young DS, Wootton IDP : The retention of amines as a factor in uremic İoxa€- mia& Clin Chim Acta 9 : 503, 1964.
  • 92. Zaremhski PM, Hodgkinson A, Parsons FM : Elevation of the concentration of plasma oxalic acid in renal failure Nature (London) 212 : 511, 1966.
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Uremic Toxins

Year 1986, Volume: 39 Issue: 1, 89 - 104, 31.03.1986
https://izlik.org/JA68LP38ZS

Abstract

In the late stages of chronic kidney damage, the functioning mass of the kidney decreases, a gradual decrease in the glomerular filtration rate leading to renal failure, a condition generally called "uremia". The main manifestation of uremia is the accumulation of metabolic products and their toxic effects on intermediary metabolism. At the same time, the accumulated metabolic residues, alone or in combination, probably affect the metabolic pathways of some enzyme reactions.

Ethical Statement

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Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

  • 1. Alfrey AC. Aluminum intexication. N. Engi J Med 310 : 1113, 1984.
  • 2. Alfrey AC Je Gendre GR, Kaehny WD. The dialysis encephalopathy syndrome. Possible aluminium intoxication. N Engi J Med 294 : 184, 1976.
  • 3. Alfrey AC, Mishell JM, Burks J, et al. Syndrome of dyspraxia and multifocal seizures associated with chronic hemodialysis Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Org 18 : 257, 1972.
  • 4. Antoniou LD, Shaloub RJ, Schechter'GP : The effect of zinc on cellular immunity in chronic uremia Am J Clin Nutr 34 : 1912, 1981.
  • 5. Asaba H. Accumulation and exretion of middle molecules Clin Nephrol 19 : 116, 1983.
  • 6. Asaba H, Alvestrand A. Borgström J, et al : Üremic middle molecules in non dialyzed azotemic patients : Relation to symptoms and Clical biochemistri6s Clin Nephol 17 : 90, 1982.
  • 7. Asaba H, Alvesirand A, Fürst P, et al : Clinical implication of uremic middle molecules in regular hemodialysis patient. Clin Nephrol 19 : 179, 1983.
  • 8. Asaba H, Bergström J, Fürst P, et al. : The effect of renal transplantation on middle molecules in plasma and urine Clin Neprol 8 : 329, 1977.
  • 9. Avram MM, Feinfeld DA, Huatuco AH. Search for the uremic toxin. Decreased motor nerve conduction velocity and elevated paratyroid hormone in uremia N EnglJ Med 298 ; 1000.
  • 10. Avram MM, Morrow IP, Feinfeld D, et al, Uremic syndrome in man : New evidence for parathormone as a multisystem neurotoxin Clin Nephrol 11 : 59, 1979.
  • 11. Babb AL, Johansen PJ, Strarand MJ, Tenckhoff H, Scribner BH ; Bidirectional permeability of the human peritoneum to middle molecules Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 10 : 247, 1973.
  • 12. Bagdade D, Shafrir E, Wilson DE : Mechanism (s) of hyperlipidemia in chronic uremia. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 22 : 42, 1976.
  • 13. Balestri PL, Rindi P, Biagini M, et al : Effects of uremic serum, urea, creatine and methylguanidine on glucose metabolism. Clin sci 42 : 395, 1972.
  • 14. Bennett B, Rosenblum C. Identification 'of calcium oxalate crystals in the myocardium with uremia Lab Invest 10 : 947, 1961.
  • 15. Bergström J, Fürst P. « Uremic toxins. Replacement of renal function by dialysis (Drukker W, Parsons FM, Maher JF ed.) Martinus Nijhoff Publishers The Hague (Boston/London) pp : 334-368, 1979.
  • 16. Bergström J, Früst P, Zimmerman L A study of uremic toxicology Annual Report (NIH Contract No 1-AM-2-2215), 1975-1976.
  • 17. Bergström J, Fürst P, Zimmerman LI : Uremic middle molecules exist and are biologically active Clin Nephrol 11 : 229, 1979.
  • 18. Beriyne GM, Ben-Ari J, Pest D, et al : Hyperaluminaemia fram aluminum r&- sin in chronic renal failure Lancet ii : 494, 1970,
  • 19. Bonomini V, Oroni G, Stefoni S, et al : Hormonal changes in uremia Clin Nephrol 11 : 275, 1979.
  • 20. Exp Biol Med 134 : 603, 1970.
  • 21. Brennan BL, Yasumura 5S, Letteri JM, et al: Total body electrolyte composition and distribution of bodywater in uremia Kidney Int 17: 364, 1980.
  • 22. Chapman GV, Ward RA, Farrell PC. Separation of the «middle molucules in uremia Kidney Int 17 : 82, 1980.
  • 23. Clarkson BA : Uric acid related to uraemic symptoms. Prac Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 3 : 3, 1966.
  • 24. Clements JS, Dejsus Jr PV, Winegrad Al: Rajsed plasma myoinositol levels in uremia and experimental neuropathy Lancet i : 1137, 1978.
  • 25. Cloix JF, Cueille G, Funck-Brentano JL ; Inhibition of bovine renal adenylate cyclase by urinary products Biomedicine 35 : 215, 1976.
  • 26. Cooper JD, Lazorowitz VC, Arieff Al : Neurodiagnostic abnormalities in petient with acute renal failure. Evidence for neurotoxicity of parathyroid hormon in dialysis patients J Clin Invest 61 : 1448, 1978.
  • 27. Davis JW, MeField JR, Phillips PE, Graham BA ; Guanidinosuccinic acid on human platelet effects of exogenous ureü, creatinine and aggregation in vitro Blood 39 : 388, 1972.
  • 28. Dobbelstein H, Edel HH, Schidt M, Schubert G, Weinzierl M : Guaindinbernsteinâure und urâmie : 1, Kliniscne Unter suchungen Klin Wochenschr 49 : 348, 1971.
  • 29. Dzurik R, Hupkova V, Holamân J, Valovicöcâ E : Abnormal carbonhydrate metabolism in uremia Int Urol Nephrol 3 : 409, 1971.
  • 30. Emerson PM, Wilkinson JH : Urea and oxalate inhibition of the serum lactate dehydrogenase J Clin Pathol 18 : 803, 1965.
  • 31. Faguer P, Man NK, Cusille G, et al «İImproved seperation and guantification of the «middle molecules» b4-2 in uremia Clin Chem 29 : 703, 1983.
  • 32. Fanger H, Esparza A : Crystals of calcium oxalate in kidneys in uremia Am J Clin Pathol 41 : 597, 1964.
  • 33.Funck-Bretano JL, Man NK, Sausse A, Zingraff J, Becker A, Cueille GF : Characterization of a 1100-1300 MW uremic neurotoxin Trans Am Soç Artif Intern Organs 22 ; 163, 1976.
  • 34. Fürst L, Bergström J : Determination of endogenous middle molecules in nor mal and uremic body fluid Clin Nephrol 5 : 178, 1976.
  • 35. Giordano C, Bloom J, Merrill JP : Effects of urea on physiologic systems, 1. studies on monoamine oxidase activity J Lab Clin Med 59 : 396, 1942.
  • 36. Giovannetti 5, Balestri PL, Cioni L: Spontaneous in vitro autohemolysis of blood from chronic uraemic patients Clin Sci (London) 29 : 407, 1965.
  • 37. Giovannetti S, Barsotti G : Methylguanidine in uremia Arch Intern Med 131 : 709, 1973.
  • 38. Giovannetti 5, Barsotti G : Uremic intoxication Nephron 4 : 123, 1975.
  • 39. Giovannetti S, Biagini M, Balestri PL, et al : Uraemialike syndrome in dogs choronically intoxicated with methylguanidine and creatine Clin Sci 36 ; 445, 1969.
  • 40. Giovannetti 5, Cioni L, Balestri PL, Biagini M : Evidence that guanidines and some related compounds cause haemolysis in chronic uremia& Clin Sci (London) 34: 141, 1968.
  • 41. Goldstein DA, Chui LA, Masry SG : Effect of parathroid hormone and uremia on peripheral nerve calcium and motor-nerve conduction velocity J Clin Invest 62 : 88, 1978.
  • 42. Goldstein DA, Feinstein EL, Chui LA, et al : The relationship between the abnormalities in electiroencaphalogram and blood levels of parathroid hormone in dialysis patients J Clin Endocrinol Meta 51 : 130, 1980.
  • 43. Goubeaud G, Leber HW, Schott HH, Schutterle G : Middle molecules and haemoglobin synthesis Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 13 : 371, 1977.
  • 44. Gresham GE, Keller MD : Hyperuricemia and chronic renal disease J Chronic Dis 23 : 755, 1971.
  • 45. Hanicki 7, Cichocki T, Sarnecka-Keller M, Klein A, Komorowska Z : Influence of middle -sized molecule aggregates from dialysate of uremic patients on Iymphocyte transformation in vivo Nephron 17 : 37, 1976.
  • 46. Henkin RE, Levine ND, Sussman HH, Maxwell MH : Evidence of substances toxic for He La cells in the serum and in the dialysis fluid of patients with glomerulonephritis J Lab Clin Med 64 : 79, 1964.
  • 47. Hicks JM, Young DS, Wootton DP ; The effect of uremic blood constituents on certair cerebral enzymes Clin Chim Acta 9; 228, 1964.
  • 48. Horowitz HI, Cohen BD, Marinez P, Papayoanou MF : Defective ADP-induced platelet factor 3 activation in uremia Blood 30 : 331, 1967.
  • 49. Horowitz HI, Stein IM, Cohen BD, White JG . Further studies on the platelet- inhibitory effect of guanidinosucciniç acid and its role in uremic bleeding Am J Med 49 : 336, 1970,
  • 50. Ingerowski RM, Ingerowski GH, Dunn MJ : The effects of guanidinosuccinik acid and methylguanidine on erythrocyte cation transport Proc Soç Exp Biol Med 139 : 80, 1972,
  • 51. Karatan O, Uysal VA, Tutkak H : Kronik böbrek yetmezliğinde serum ve trom- bosit monoamin oksidaz enzimi Ankara Tıp Bülteni 5 : 61, 1983,
  • 52. Kennedy AC, Linton AL, Eaton IC Urea levels in cerebrospinal fluid after he- modialysis Lancet i : 411, 1962. i
  • 53. Ku G, Hird VM, Varghese Z, Ahmet KY, Fiter M, Ng CM, Moorhead JF ; Inhi- bition of DNA synthesis by guanidine compound in üremia Pro Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 11 : 427, 1974,
  • 54. Kziazek A. : Monoamine oxidase activity in patients with chronic renal failure and in experimental uremia in rats Pol Arch Med Wewn 602 : 147, 1978,
  • 55. Lacelles PT, Taylor WH : The effect upon tissue respiration in vitro of meta bolities which accumulate in uremic coma Clin Sci 31 : 403, 1968.
  • 56. Leber HW, Baumgarten C, Goubeaud G, Matthias R, Schütterle G : Globin synthesis in uremia Proc Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 12 : 355, 1975. W
  • 57. Leeming RJ, Blair JA : Dialysis dementia, aluminium and tetrahydrobiopterin metabolism Lancet i : 556, 1979,
  • 58. Lindemann RD, Baxter DJ, Yunice AA, et al : Serum concetration and urinary excretion of zinck in cirrhosis, nephrotiç syndrome and renal insufficiency Am J Med Sci 275 : 17, 1978.
  • 59. Lindsay RM et al ; Absract UR052 8th international congress of nephrology Athens 1981,
  • 60. Lutz W ; The influence of sirongiy basic uremic peptide on liberation lipop- rotein lipase activity from human adiposo cell Acta Med Pol 17 : 55, 1976,
  • 61. Lutz W, Markiewicz K, Kiyszejko-Stefanowicz L ; Investigation on the activity of lactic dehydrogenase and its inhibitors in the serum of uremic patients du- ring hemodialysiş Acta Med Pol 15: 97, 1974.
  • 62. Men NK, Cueville G, Zingraff J, Drueke T, Jungers P, Sausse A, Brillon JP, Funck-Brentano JL : Investigations in uraemic polyneuritis Pro Eur Dial Transpl Assoc 11:214, 1974.
  • 62. Marguis J : Aluminum neurotoxiticy An experimental perspective Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 29 : 43, 1982.
  • 63. Massry SG : Is parathroid hormone a uremic toxin? Nephron 19 ; 125, 1977.
  • 64. Massry SG, Goldstein DA : The search for uremic toxin (s) XX” —PTH Clin Nephrol 11 : 181, 1979.
  • 65. Mauras Y, Allain P, Riberi P : Etude de Iabsorption digestitive de Mhydrocarbonate d'aluminum chez l'individusâin Therapie 37 : 593, 1982,
  • 66. Mevicar M, Gauthier B, Goodman CT : Uremic neuropathy. Monitoring of trans ketolase activity inhibition in a child. Am J Dis Child 125 : 263, 1973.
  • 67. Menyhârd J, Gröf J : Many hitherto unknown peptides are principal consti: tuents of “uremic” middle molecules Clin Chem 27 : 1712, 1981.
  • 68. Merrill JP, Legrain M, Hoigne R : Observations on the role of urea in uremia Am J Med 14: 519, 1953.
  • 69. Miteh WE, Wilcox CS : Disorders of body fluids, sodium and potassium in chronic renal failure Am J Med 72 : 536, 1982.
  • 70. Moriyama Y, Rege A, Fisher JW : Studies on an inhibitor of erythropolesiş II. Inhibitory effects of serum from uremic rabbits on heme synthesis in rabbit bone marrow cultures Pro Soc Exp Biol Med 148 : 94, 1975.
  • 71. Natelson S, Stein 1, Bonas JE : Improvements in the method of seperation of guanidino organic acids by column chromatography isolation and identilication of guanidinosuccinic acid from human urine Am J Med 45 : 63, 1968.
  • 72. Odeberg H, Olsson I, Thysell H : The effect of uremic serum on granulocyte iodination capacity. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern organs 19 : 484, 1973.
  • 73. Podjorny E, Rathausm M, Korzets Z,.et al : Is anemia of chronic renal failure related to secondary hyperparathyroidism Arch Intern Med. 141 : 453, 1981.
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There are 94 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nefroloji
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Oktay Karatan This is me

Project Number -
Publication Date March 31, 1986
IZ https://izlik.org/JA68LP38ZS
Published in Issue Year 1986 Volume: 39 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Karatan, O. (1986). Uremic Toxins. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 39(1), 89-104. https://izlik.org/JA68LP38ZS
AMA 1.Karatan O. Uremic Toxins. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 1986;39(1):89-104. https://izlik.org/JA68LP38ZS
Chicago Karatan, Oktay. 1986. “Uremic Toxins”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 39 (1): 89-104. https://izlik.org/JA68LP38ZS.
EndNote Karatan O (March 1, 1986) Uremic Toxins. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 39 1 89–104.
IEEE [1]O. Karatan, “Uremic Toxins”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 39, no. 1, pp. 89–104, Mar. 1986, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA68LP38ZS
ISNAD Karatan, Oktay. “Uremic Toxins”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 39/1 (March 1, 1986): 89-104. https://izlik.org/JA68LP38ZS.
JAMA 1.Karatan O. Uremic Toxins. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 1986;39:89–104.
MLA Karatan, Oktay. “Uremic Toxins”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 39, no. 1, Mar. 1986, pp. 89-104, https://izlik.org/JA68LP38ZS.
Vancouver 1.Oktay Karatan. Uremic Toxins. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası [Internet]. 1986 Mar. 1;39(1):89-104. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA68LP38ZS