Prenatal determination of fetal sex

Year 1973, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 248 - 260, 31.03.1973

Hikmet Yavuz

https://izlik.org/JA52DA33MA

Abstract

Bu incelememizde intrauterin devrede fetusun cinsiyetini tayini hususunda tarihin ilk devirlerinden günümüze kadar kullanılan metödlar hattâ inanç ve hurafeleri gözden geçirerek özetlemeğe, bunların değerlerini ortaya koymaya ve günümüzde geçerli olan seks kromatin ve kromazom arpştırma metodlarımn önemini belirtmeye çalıştık.
Bu gün için fetal seks tayininin, ailelerin doğacak gocuğun cinsiyetinin ne olacağ konusundaki meraklarım gidermekten öte asıl yararı sekse bağlı bir çok herediter hastalıkların ğaha intrauterin devrede teşhisi ile önlenebilmesini sağlamaktadır.
Fakat kullanılan metodlar çok kolay olmadıkları gibi, anne ve çocuk yönünden tümü ile tehlikesiz değildir. Bu sebepten ötürü fetal seks tayini ancak andikasyon olan vakalarda kullanılmalıdır. Bu konuda yakın bir gelecekte çok kolay uygulanabilen, zararsız bir metodun bulunabilmesi mümkün görünmemektedir.

Keywords

Prenatal Cinsiyet Tayini , Eski Mısır , Fizyolojik Durum

Ethical Statement

-

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

Prenatal devrede fetus cinsiyetinin tayini

https://izlik.org/JA52DA33MA

Abstract

Prenatal sex determination
The historical view and current status of prenatal detection of fetal sex is reviewed.
The prenatal determination of fetal sex is useful for the diagnosis of sexlinked hereditary disorders and the other chromozom anomalies. By The early in utero diagnosis of genetically high-risk pregcncies the prevention can be passible such as the indication of therapehtic abortion.
in the past, several attemps have been made to determine the sex of the unburn fetus. However in this field much work has been done, but many of them had only academic and historical interest. The other metuhods, except chromosome and chromatin anl.ysls fetal cells obtained by amniosynthesis are without any practical value or they are incorrect.
tn recent years as science of genetics advanced, reliable methods for determining the fetal sex are discovered, they are based upon the presence or the absence of sex chromatin in the nuclei of cells or karyotype analysis obtained from amniotic fluid.
The methods described above are reliable and accurate but nat very easy and prpctical and also have same hazardous-effects on both of mother and fetus. For this reason in the meantime the procedure of sex determination can not be used rutinlÿ and amniosyhtesis for prenatal fetal sex determination must be restrictod only there is a case with the risk of genetic disorder.

Keywords

Prenatal Sex Determination , Ancient Egypt , Physiological Condition

Ethical Statement

-

Supporting Institution

-

Project Number

-

Thanks

-

References

• 1 — ABBO, G. ZELLEGER, H.: Prenatal determination of fetal sex and chromosomal complement. Lancet 1: 216, 1970.
• 2 — BARAKAT, B.Y., AZAŽRY, R.s., JONES, H.W. tr.: Determination of fetal sex during the second trimester of pregnancy. A reliable culture method. Obstet. gynec. 37: 134, 1971. 3 — BARR, M.L„ BERTRAM, E.G.: A morphological distinction between ncunones of the male and famale and behaviour of the nucleolar satellite during accelerated nucleoprotein synthesis. Nature 163: 676, 1949.
• 4 — BLAKELY, S.B.: Diagnosis of the human fetus in utero Amer. J. Obstet. gynec. 34: 322, 1937.
• 5 — BURNETT, R.G., ANDERSON, W.R.: Hazards of amniocentesis J. lowe med. soc. 58: 130, 1958.
• 6 — CEDEGVIST, L.L., FUCHS, F.: Antenatal sex determination. A cal review Clin. Obstet. gynec. 13: 159, 1970.
• 7 — CERVENKA, J., GERLtN, R.J., BENDEL, R.P.: Prenatal sex determination. Obstet. Gynec. 37: 912, 1971.
• 8 — CtANFRANt, T. : A short history of obstetrics and gyncology. Thomas, springfield, 1960.
• 9 — COHEN, F., ZVELZER, W., GUSTAFSON, D.C., EVANS, M.M.: Mechanisms of isoimmünisation. I. The transplacental passage of fetal erythrocytes inhomospecific pregnancies. Blood. 23: 621., 1964.
• 10 — DAVIDSON, W.M., SMITH, DR.: Morphological sex difference in the polymorphnuclear neutrofil leucocytes. Brit. Med. J. 2: 6, 1954.
• 11 — DEWHURST, c.J.: Diagnosis of sex before birthe. Lancet, 1: 471, 1956.
• 12 — EDWARDS, J.H.: Antenatal detection of her editary disorders. Lancet, 1: 579, 1956.
• 13 EMERY, A.E.: Antenatal diagnosis of genetic disease. Modern trends in human genetics. Butter Worths comp. London 1970.
• 14 — FABtA, J.: illegitimacy and Down's syndrome. Nature, 221: 1157, 1969.
• 15 — FUCHS, F., CEDERQUtST, L.L.: Recent aderances in antenatal diagnosis by amniotic fluid analysis. CMn. Obstet. Gynec. 13: 178, 1970.
• 16 — ITOH, R.: Fetale geschiechtsbest immung. Znblt. F. gynach. 64: 1302, 1940
• 17 — JACOBSEN, C.B., BARTER, .H.: intrauterine diagnosis and management of genetic defects. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 99: 796, 1967.
• 18 — KEYMER. n, StLVA-ffiZüNZA, E., COUTTS, w.n.: Contribution to the antenatal determination of sex. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 74: 1098, 1957.
• 19 — LILLIE, FR.: The free martin a studyof the action of sex hormones in the fetal life of cattle. J. EXP. Zoology 23: 371, 1917.
• 20 — MAEGENtS, R.n., HECHT, F., MILHAM, S.: Trisomy 13 (DI) Syndrome: Studies on J. Pediatry 73: 222, 1968.
• 21 — MAKOWSKt, E.L., PREM, K.A., KAISER, I.H.: Detection of sex of fetus by the incidence of sex kromatin body in nuclei of cells in amniotic fluid. Science. 123: 524, 1956.
• 22 — MAUGER, J.: Unter suçhungen zum problem der feschlechtsdiagnose aus schwangerenharn. Dtsch. med. Wechr 59 : 885, 1933
• 23 — MARCUS, E. : Uber die EinWirkung der sexsal hormone auf die legeröhre des Bitterling sweibchens. Znblt. F. Gynack. 61 1943, 1937
• 24 — NADLER, H. L. : Antenatal detecion of hereditary disorders. Pediatrics 42: 912. 1968
• 25 — NADLER, H. L. : Gerbie, A. : Present status of amniocentesis in intrauterine diagnosis of genetic defects. Obstet gynec. 38 : 789. 1971
• 26 — NADLER. H. L. GERBÍE, A. : Role of amniocentesis in the intrauterine defection of genetic disorders. New Eng. J. Med. 282 : 596, 1970
• 27 — NELSON, M, M., EMERY, A. E. H.: Amniotic fluid cells. Prenatal sex prediction and culture. Brit. Med. J. 1 : 523, 1970
• 28 — NtEBURGS, H. E. GREERBLATT, R. B: Blood gonadotropin studies during pregnancy inralation to fetal sex. J. Clinical Eunderinology 8 : 600, 1948
• 29 NIEBURGS, H. E.: Gestational changes in the vaginal epithelium and their relation to the sex of the foetus. J. Obstet. Gynec. Brit. Cwlth 54 653, 1947
• 30 — NtEBURGS. H. E. KUPPERMAN, H. S. GREENBLATT, R. B: Stuudies on the variations of blood gonadothropins and vaginal smear during pregnancy in correlation With the fetal sex. Endocrinology 40 440, 1947
• 31 — O'FERRALL, G. J. M., MEACHAM, T. N., FOREMAN, W. E.: Attempts to separate rabbit spermatozoa by means of froth flotation and the sex ration of offspring born. J. Reproductive Fertility 16 : 243, 1968
• 32 — PAPP. Z. GARDO, S., HERPAY, G., ARVAY, A.: Prenatal sex determination by amniocentesis. Obstet. Gynec 36 : 429, 1972
• 33 — PORN, J. H., SUGARMAN, E. t.: Method for prediction of sex in the unburn. J. A. M. A. 99 : 1959, 1932
• 34 — POSNER, L. B., LtVtSAY, L. F. POSNER, A. sex Prediction through the use of maternal salivary. Amer J. Obstet. Gynec. 67 : 1082, 1954
• 35 — RAPP, CA. W., RICHARDSON, G. C.: Saliva test for prenatal ser determination Science 115 . 265, 1952
• 36 — RICHARDSON, G. C.: New biochemical test for pregnancy. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec 61 : 1317, 1951
• 37 — RtTS, P., FUCHS, F. : Scx chromatine and antenatal sex diagnosis. The Sex chromatine, Editab by K. t. Moore. W. B. Saunders comp. Philadelphia 1966
• 38 — ROTHSCHILD, L.: Spermatozoa. British. Medical J. 2 : 734, 1962
• 39 — SCHILLtNG, E.: Experiments in sedimentation and centrifugation of bull spermatozoa and the sex ratio of born calves. J. Reproductive Fertility 11 : 469, 1966
• 40 -SCHULMAN, J. D: Present status and future trends in prenatal diagnosis Of metabolic disorders. Clinical obstets gynec 15 240, 1972
• 41 — SERR, D. M., SACHS, L., DANOÑ, M.: The diagnosis of sex before birth using cells from amniotic fluid. Bull. Rescouncil Israel 58. 137, 1955
• 42 — SEVINÇ, A. : IÙxperlrnentg on sex sontrol by electrophorotic seperation of spermatozoa in the rabbit. J. Reproductive Fertility 16 : 7, 1968
• 43 — SHETTLES, L. B. : Nuclear morphology of cells in human amniotic fluid in relation to sex of infants. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 71 : 834, 1956
• 44— STEELE, M. W., BREG, W. R.: Chromosome analysis of human amniotic fluid cells. Lancet I : 383, 1966
• 45 — THtOLE, H. A., CREASMAN, W. T., METCALFE, S.: Antenatal analysis of the human chromosomes. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynec. 94 : 589, 1966
• 46 -TURNER, C. D.: The biology of sex and reproduction. General Endocrinology. W. B. Saunders Comp. Philadelphia, 1966
• 47 — VAN WYR, J. J., GRUMBACH, M. M.: Disorders of sex differatlation ted in textbook of endocrinology (Williams) W. B. Saunders Comp. Philadelphia 1968
• 48 — WALKNOWSKA, J., CONTE, F. A., GRUMBACH, M. M.: Practical and fueoretical implications Of fetal maternal Iympyocyt transfer. Lancet 1 : 1119, 1969
• 49 — WARBURTON, D. : Present status and future trends in prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal disorders. Clinical Obstet. Gynec. 15 272, 1976
• 50 — wtTSCHt, E., OPITZ, J. Fundamental aspects of intersexuality. Cited in intersexuality (overzier) Acad. Press. Newyork 1963
• 51 — BASARAN, Z. : Tibbi ve mistik folklor arastlrmalarl (Doçentlik tezi) Erzurum Üniversitesi TIP Fakültesi, Erzurum 1968
• 52 — SAMUEL AYSOŸ : Ožlanml - Klzrnl, Arzuya göre oglan veya laz anasl için ne yapmall, 212 sayfa, Hüsnü Tabiat Baslmevi, 1946