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Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of 4-Point CT Brain Angiography and Precentral Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Brain Death Assessment

Year 2026, Volume: 79 Issue: 1, 8 - 20, 27.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1839290
https://izlik.org/JA82GW59ZK

Abstract

Background: Brain death (BD) diagnosis is ethically and clinically crucial, especially in potential organ donor cases where rapid and accurate determination is vital. Although computed tomography angiography (CTA) provides high specificity, its variable sensitivity may lead to false negatives, necessitating complementary diagnostic methods.
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance and observer reliability of precentral gyrus cortical thickness measurements in BD diagnosis and to compare them with the 4-point CTA method.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 42 clinically confirmed BD patients and 144 healthy controls. Brain CT and CTA images were analyzed by two independent, blinded radiologists at two separate time points. Precentral gyrus cortical thickness was measured in both hemispheres, and 4-point CTA scoring was performed. ROC curve analysis determined cut-off values, sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV). Intra- and interobserver reliability was evaluated using ICC, Cohen’s Kappa, and Bland–Altman analyses.
Results: The 4-point CTA showed 97% accuracy, 88% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. Precentral gyrus cortical thickness achieved approximately 90% sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Observer agreement was excellent (ICC=0.988–0.999; p<0.001), and venous parameters demonstrated strong to perfect concordance (κ=0.645–1.00).
Conclusion: Precentral gyrus cortical thickness measurement is a highly accurate and reproducible adjunct method for BD diagnosis. Combined with the 4-point CTA, it enhances diagnostic confidence, particularly in ambiguous cases. Multicenter prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

Ethical Statement

Approval from the Gaziantep City Hospital Institutional Review Board for non-invasive clinical research was obtained during the meeting held on 17/09/2025, under protocol number 298/2025.

Supporting Institution

No

Thanks

No

References

  • Zampakis P, Panagiotopoulos V, Kalogeropoulou C, et al. Computed tomography angiography scoring systems and the role of skull defects in the confirmation of brain death. Sci Rep. 2021;11:15081.
  • Drake M, Bernard A, Hessel E. Brain death. Surg Clin North Am. 2017;97(6):1255-1273.
  • Greer DM, Shemie SD, Lewis A, et al. Determination of brain death/ death by neurologic criteria: The World Brain Death Project. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1078-1097.
  • Société Française de Neuroradiologie; Société Française de Radiologie; Agence de la Biomédecine. Recommendations on diagnostic criteria of brain death by the technique of CT angiography. J Neuroradiol. 2011;38(1):36-39.
  • Brasil S, Bor-Seng-Shu E, de-Lima-Oliveira M, et al. Role of computed tomography angiography and perfusion tomography in diagnosing brain death: A systematic review. J Neuroradiol. 2016;43(2):133-140.
  • Kramer AH, Roberts DJ. Computed tomography angiography in the diagnosis of brain death: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):539-550.
  • Taylor T, Dineen RA, Gardiner DC, et al. Computed tomography angiography for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of brain death. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(3):CD009694.
  • Arsava EM, Ayvacioglu Cagan C, Gumeler E, et al. Comparison of early- and late-phase CT angiography findings in brain death. J Neurol. 2022;269(11):5973-5980.
  • Nair JR, Abdulla S, Bharatha A, et al. The FLAIR motor sign: FLAIR signal abnormality in the precentral cortex for diagnosis of adult global hypoxic– ischemic brain injury following cardiac arrest. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2025;76:08465371251352699.
  • Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159-174.
  • Brasil S, Bor-Seng-Shu E, de-Lima-Oliveira M, et al. Computed tomography angiography accuracy in brain death diagnosis. J Neurosurg. 2019;133(4):1220-1228.
  • Combes J-C, Chomel A, Ricolfi F, et al., editörler. Reliability of computed tomographic angiography in the diagnosis of brain death. Transplant Proc. 2007;39:2570-2573.
  • Frampas E, Videcoq M, de Kerviler E, et al. CT angiography for brain death diagnosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(8):1566-1570.
  • Srairi M, Meluchova Z, Paoletti M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a revised computed tomography angiography score for brain death confirmation, combining supratentorial arteries and infratentorial veins. Eur J Radiol. 2020;130:109132.
  • Leclerc X, Taschner CA, Vidal A, et al. The role of spiral CT for the assessment of the intracranial circulation in suspected brain death. J Neuroradiol. 2006;33(2):90-95.
  • Shemie SD, Hornby L, Baker A, et al. International guideline development for the determination of death. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(6):788-797.
  • Gastala J, Fattal D, Kirby PA, et al. Brain death: Radiologic signs of a non-radiologic diagnosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019;185:105465.
  • Ramachandran S, Venkatesh H, Foley RW. How should we use imaging in the determination of brainstem death? BJR Open. 2019;1(1):20180013.

Beyin Ölümü Değerlendirmesinde 4-Nokta BT Anjiyografi ve Presantral Girus Kortikal Kalınlığının Tanısal Performansı ve Güvenilirliği

Year 2026, Volume: 79 Issue: 1, 8 - 20, 27.03.2026
https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1839290
https://izlik.org/JA82GW59ZK

Abstract

Arka Plan: Beyin ölümü (BÖ) tanısı, özellikle potansiyel organ bağışçılarında hızlı ve doğru karar verilmesinin hayati öneme sahip olduğu etik ve klinik açıdan kritik bir süreçtir. Bilgisayarlı tomografi anjiyografisi (BTA) yüksek özgüllüğe sahip olmakla birlikte, duyarlılığının değişken olması yanlış negatif sonuçlara yol açabilmekte ve ek tanısal yöntemlere duyulan ihtiyacı artırmaktadır.
Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı, BÖ tanısında presantral girus kortikal kalınlığı ölçümünün tanısal etkinliğini ve gözlemci güvenilirliğini değerlendirmek ve sonuçları 4-nokta BTA yöntemi ile karşılaştırmaktır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bu retrospektif çalışmaya klinik olarak doğrulanmış 42 BÖ hastası ve 144 sağlıklı kontrol dahil edildi. Beyin BT ve BTA görüntüleri, iki bağımsız ve kör radyolog tarafından iki farklı zamanda değerlendirildi. Presantral girusun her iki hemisferdeki kortikal kalınlığı ölçüldü ve 4-nokta BTA skoru hesaplandı. ROC analizleri ile kesim değerleri, duyarlılık, özgüllük, doğruluk, pozitif öngörü değeri ve negatif öngörü değeri belirlendi. Gözlemciler arası ve içi uyum ICC, Cohen’s
Kappa ve Bland–Altman yöntemleriyle değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: 4-nokta BTA yöntemi %97 doğruluk, %88 duyarlılık ve %100 özgüllük gösterdi. Presantral girus kortikal kalınlığı ise yaklaşık %90 duyarlılık, özgüllük ve doğruluk sağladı. Gözlemci uyumu mükemmeldi (ICC=0.988–0.999; p<0.001) ve venöz parametrelerde güçlü–mükemmel uyum saptandı (κ=0.645–1.00).
Sonuç: Presantral girus kortikal kalınlığının ölçümü, beyin ölümü tanısı için yüksek doğruluk ve tekrarlanabilirliğe sahip tamamlayıcı bir yöntemdir. Dört noktalı BT anjiyografi yaklaşımı ile birlikte değerlendirildiğinde, özellikle belirsiz olgularda tanısal güveni artırmaktadır. Bu bulguların doğrulanması için ileriye dönük çok merkezli çalışmalar gereklidir.

Ethical Statement

Gaziantep Şehir Hastanesi Klinik Araştırmalar Etik Kurulu’ndan, 17/09/2025 tarihinde yapılan toplantıda 298/2025 protokol numarası ile invaziv olmayan klinik araştırma için onay alınmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Yok

Thanks

Yok

References

  • Zampakis P, Panagiotopoulos V, Kalogeropoulou C, et al. Computed tomography angiography scoring systems and the role of skull defects in the confirmation of brain death. Sci Rep. 2021;11:15081.
  • Drake M, Bernard A, Hessel E. Brain death. Surg Clin North Am. 2017;97(6):1255-1273.
  • Greer DM, Shemie SD, Lewis A, et al. Determination of brain death/ death by neurologic criteria: The World Brain Death Project. JAMA. 2020;324(11):1078-1097.
  • Société Française de Neuroradiologie; Société Française de Radiologie; Agence de la Biomédecine. Recommendations on diagnostic criteria of brain death by the technique of CT angiography. J Neuroradiol. 2011;38(1):36-39.
  • Brasil S, Bor-Seng-Shu E, de-Lima-Oliveira M, et al. Role of computed tomography angiography and perfusion tomography in diagnosing brain death: A systematic review. J Neuroradiol. 2016;43(2):133-140.
  • Kramer AH, Roberts DJ. Computed tomography angiography in the diagnosis of brain death: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care. 2014;21(3):539-550.
  • Taylor T, Dineen RA, Gardiner DC, et al. Computed tomography angiography for confirmation of the clinical diagnosis of brain death. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;(3):CD009694.
  • Arsava EM, Ayvacioglu Cagan C, Gumeler E, et al. Comparison of early- and late-phase CT angiography findings in brain death. J Neurol. 2022;269(11):5973-5980.
  • Nair JR, Abdulla S, Bharatha A, et al. The FLAIR motor sign: FLAIR signal abnormality in the precentral cortex for diagnosis of adult global hypoxic– ischemic brain injury following cardiac arrest. Can Assoc Radiol J. 2025;76:08465371251352699.
  • Landis JR, Koch GG. The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data. Biometrics. 1977;33:159-174.
  • Brasil S, Bor-Seng-Shu E, de-Lima-Oliveira M, et al. Computed tomography angiography accuracy in brain death diagnosis. J Neurosurg. 2019;133(4):1220-1228.
  • Combes J-C, Chomel A, Ricolfi F, et al., editörler. Reliability of computed tomographic angiography in the diagnosis of brain death. Transplant Proc. 2007;39:2570-2573.
  • Frampas E, Videcoq M, de Kerviler E, et al. CT angiography for brain death diagnosis. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(8):1566-1570.
  • Srairi M, Meluchova Z, Paoletti M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of a revised computed tomography angiography score for brain death confirmation, combining supratentorial arteries and infratentorial veins. Eur J Radiol. 2020;130:109132.
  • Leclerc X, Taschner CA, Vidal A, et al. The role of spiral CT for the assessment of the intracranial circulation in suspected brain death. J Neuroradiol. 2006;33(2):90-95.
  • Shemie SD, Hornby L, Baker A, et al. International guideline development for the determination of death. Intensive Care Med. 2014;40(6):788-797.
  • Gastala J, Fattal D, Kirby PA, et al. Brain death: Radiologic signs of a non-radiologic diagnosis. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2019;185:105465.
  • Ramachandran S, Venkatesh H, Foley RW. How should we use imaging in the determination of brainstem death? BJR Open. 2019;1(1):20180013.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Radiology and Organ Imaging
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Murat Kaya 0000-0002-1251-1292

Osman Konukoğlu 0000-0002-3353-0230

Ergul Cindemir 0000-0003-1698-2291

Fatıma Merve Kaya 0009-0001-1902-7444

Mehmet Onay 0000-0001-6220-3207

Submission Date December 9, 2025
Acceptance Date January 7, 2026
Publication Date March 27, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1839290
IZ https://izlik.org/JA82GW59ZK
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 79 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Kaya, M., Konukoğlu, O., Cindemir, E., Kaya, F. M., & Onay, M. (2026). Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of 4-Point CT Brain Angiography and Precentral Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Brain Death Assessment. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 79(1), 8-20. https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1839290
AMA 1.Kaya M, Konukoğlu O, Cindemir E, Kaya FM, Onay M. Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of 4-Point CT Brain Angiography and Precentral Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Brain Death Assessment. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2026;79(1):8-20. doi:10.65092/autfm.1839290
Chicago Kaya, Murat, Osman Konukoğlu, Ergul Cindemir, Fatıma Merve Kaya, and Mehmet Onay. 2026. “Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of 4-Point CT Brain Angiography and Precentral Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Brain Death Assessment”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 79 (1): 8-20. https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1839290.
EndNote Kaya M, Konukoğlu O, Cindemir E, Kaya FM, Onay M (March 1, 2026) Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of 4-Point CT Brain Angiography and Precentral Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Brain Death Assessment. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 79 1 8–20.
IEEE [1]M. Kaya, O. Konukoğlu, E. Cindemir, F. M. Kaya, and M. Onay, “Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of 4-Point CT Brain Angiography and Precentral Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Brain Death Assessment”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 79, no. 1, pp. 8–20, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.65092/autfm.1839290.
ISNAD Kaya, Murat - Konukoğlu, Osman - Cindemir, Ergul - Kaya, Fatıma Merve - Onay, Mehmet. “Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of 4-Point CT Brain Angiography and Precentral Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Brain Death Assessment”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 79/1 (March 1, 2026): 8-20. https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1839290.
JAMA 1.Kaya M, Konukoğlu O, Cindemir E, Kaya FM, Onay M. Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of 4-Point CT Brain Angiography and Precentral Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Brain Death Assessment. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2026;79:8–20.
MLA Kaya, Murat, et al. “Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of 4-Point CT Brain Angiography and Precentral Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Brain Death Assessment”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 79, no. 1, Mar. 2026, pp. 8-20, doi:10.65092/autfm.1839290.
Vancouver 1.Murat Kaya, Osman Konukoğlu, Ergul Cindemir, Fatıma Merve Kaya, Mehmet Onay. Diagnostic Performance and Reliability of 4-Point CT Brain Angiography and Precentral Gyrus Cortical Thickness in Brain Death Assessment. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2026 Mar. 1;79(1):8-20. doi:10.65092/autfm.1839290