Sağlık Çalışanları ve Uluslararası Göç: Göç Nedenleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Keywords

• -

Sağlık Çalışanları ve Uluslararası Göç: Göç Nedenleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Abstract

Bir sağlık sisteminin temel amacına ulaşabilmesi için, başka bir ifade ile sağlığı üretebilmesi için yeterli sayı ve nitelikte sağlık insangücü kapasitesine sahip olması gerekmektedir. Bu kapasiteyi oluşturmak ise uygun sağlık çalışanını, doğru zamanda ve doğru yerde istihdam etmek ile mümkün olabilmektedir. Söz konusu kapasite ulusal kaynaklardan oluşturulabildiği gibi, uluslararası düzeyde sağlık çalışanlarının istihdamı yoluyla da oluşturulabilmektedir. Sağlık çalışanlarının uluslararası göçü, son yıllarda uluslararası sağlık politikası gündeminde gittikçe önem kazanan bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu bağlamda bu çalışma, sağlık çalışanlarının uluslararası düzeyde göç nedenlerini ortaya koymak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Keywords

• Sağlık Çalışanları, Uluslararası Göç, Göç Nedenleri

References

1. WHO. Working together for health. World Health Organization, Genava, 2006a.
2. OECD. Immigrant health workers in OECD countries in the broader context of higly skilled migration. International Migration Outlook SOPEMI 2007.
3. GHW. The Global Health Worker Crisis: Global Health Watch 2005-2006. An Al- ternative World Health Report, Zed Books, London /New York, 2005; p. 119-134, www.ghwathc.org/2005report.
4. Mullan F. The Metrics of the Physician Brain Drain. The New England Journal of Medi- cine, 353 (17), October 27, 2005: 1810-8.
5. ILO. Towards a fair deal for migrant workers in the global economy. International Labour Conference, 92 nd Session 2004, Report VI, Geneva, 2004.
6. Miller E.A,Laugesen M, Lee S.Y. et al. Emi- gration of New Zealand and Australian Phy- sicians to the United States and the Interna- tional Flow of Medical Personnel”, Health Policy, 1998; 43(3): 253–270.
7. McElmurry B.J, Solheim K, Kishi R, et al. Ethical Concerns in Nurse Migration. Jour- nal of Professional Nursing 2006; 22(4): 226-35.
8. Öcek Z, Aksu F, Gürsoy Ş.T. Sağlık Emek Göçünün Dinamikleri, Toplum ve Hekim, Mayıs-Haziran 2008; 23 (3): 184-193.

9. Buchan J. How Can the Migration of Health Service Professionals be Managed so as to Reduce any Negative Effects on Supply? Pol- icy Brief , WHO Regional Office for Europe 2008, http://www.euro.who.int/document/ hsm/7_hsc08_epb_10.pdf.
10. WHO. Workshop on global health work- force strategy. Annecy, France, 9-12 De- cember 2000, World Health Organisation, Geneva 7, 2001.
11. McKee M, Mossialos E, Belcher P. The Influ- ence of European Law on National Health Policy. Journal of European Social Policy 1996; 6(4): 263-286
12. WHO. Human resources for health in the WHO European Region, WHO European Regional Office for Europe 2006b; 43.
13. Bundred P, Martineau T, Kitchiner D. Fac- tors affecting the global migration of health professionals. Harward Health Policy Re- view 2004; 5 (2): 77-78.
14. Martineau T, Decker K, Bundred P. Briefing note on international migration of health professionals: Levelling the playing field for developing country health systems. Liv- erpool School of Tropical Medicine, 2003, www.liv.ac.uk/lstm/hsrmigration.html.
15. Dubois, C.A., McKee, M. ve Rechel, B. (2006). Introduction: Critical Challenges Facing the Health Care Workforce in Eu- rope (chapter 1). In: Dubois C.A, McKee M, Rechel B, editors. The Health Care Workforce in Europe: Learning from Experi- ence. WHO The European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies 2006; p. 2-18.
16. OECD. The looming crisis in the health workforce: How can OECD countries re- spond?. OECD Health Policy Studies 2008.
17. RAND. Population implosion? Low fertility and policy responses in the European Union. Research Brief, RAND Europe- Cambridge, 2005, www.rand.org.
18. Lanzieri G. Population and Social Condi- tions. Eurostat Statistics in Focus 81/2008.
19. WHO. The Kampala Declaration and Agen- da for Global Action. World Health Orga- nization Global Health Workforce Alliance, Genava, 2008.
20. WHO Regional Office for Europe. Invest- ing in the health workforce enables stronger health systems”. Fact sheet 06/07 Belgrade, Copenhagen, 17 September 2007, www. euro.who.int/Document/Mediacentre/ fs0607e.pdf.
21. Bagat M, Kauzlaric K.S. Physician labour market in Crotia. Croatian Medical Journal 2006; 47: 376-84.
22. WHO. Migration of health workers. Fact Sheet. No: 301, World Health Organisation, Genava, 2006c.
23. Buchan J. Health worker migration in Eu- rope: Assessing the policy options. Euro- health 2007; 3 (1): 6-8.
24. Commission of the European Communities. Commission Staff Working Document. Tur- key 2008 Progress Report, SEC(2008) 2699 Final, 05.11.2008, Brussels.
25. Official Journal of the European Communi- ties (1993). Council Directive 93/104/EC of 23 November 1993 concerning certain aspects of the organization of working time. Official Journal. L 307, 13/12/1993: 0018 – 0024.
26. Official Journal of the European Communi- ties Directive 2000/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 2000 amending Council Directive 93/104/ EC concerningcertain aspects of the or- ganisation of working time to cover sectors and activities excluded from that Directive. Official Journal of the European Union. 18.11.2003, 2000, L 195/41-45.
27. Alkire S, Chen L. Medical exceptionalism in international migration: Should doctors and nurses be treated differently?. Joint Learning Initiative, Human Resources for Health and The Global Equity Initiative, Harvard Uni- versity Asia Center, 2004.
28. Bach S. International mobility of health pro- fessionals: Brain drain or brain exchange?. Research Paper 2006; 82, United Nations University World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNI_WIDER).
29. Barış E, McLeod K. Globalization and in- ternational trade in the twenty-first century: Opportunities for and threats to the health sector in the South. International Journal of Health Services 2000; 30(1): 187-210.
30. Demirkan M. Ulus devlete çalım. Cumhuri- yet Gazetesi 2001; 9 Haziran: 6.
31. WTO. The GATS: Objectives, coverage and disciplines. 2001, www.wto.org.
32. Yıldırım H.H, Yalçın T. Küreselleşme ve uluslararası ticaret: Uluslararası sağlık politikasında değişen dinamikler. 4. Ulusal Sağlık ve Hastane Yönetimi Sempozyumu Kitabı; 27-28 Eylül, 2001; İstanbul, Türkiye.
33. Eastwood J.B, Conroy R.E, Naicker S, et al. Loss of health professionals from Sub- Saharan Africa: The pivotal role of the UK. Lancet May 28, 2005; 365: 1893-1900.
34. Padarath A, Chamberlain C, McCoy D, et al. Health personnel in Southern Africa: Con- fronting maldistribution and brain drain. In Loewenson R, Thompsoon C, editors. South Africa, UK, Canada, Regional Net- work for Equity in Health in Southern Africa (EQUINET), Health Systems Trust (South Africa), MEDACT (UK), International Development Research Centre (Canada), EQUINET Discussion Paper 2003; 3: 1-41, http://www.queensu.ca/samp/migrationre- sources/braindrain/documents/equinet.pdf.
35. Skar M. Mobility in the European health sec- tor: The role of transparency and recognition of vocational qualification. Cedefop Panora- ma Series, European Communities, 2001.
36. Paton C, Berman P.C, Busse R, et al. The European Union and Health Services: Sum- mary. In: Busse R, Wismar M, Berman P.C, editors. The European Union and Health Services: The Impact of the Single European Market on Member States. IOS Press; 2002. p. 1-17.
37. Arango J. Explaining migration: A critical view. International Social Science Journal 2000; 165:283–296.
38. Buchan J. Migration of Health Workers in Europe: Policy Problem or Policy Solution. In: Dubois C.A, McKee M, Nolte E, editors. Human Resources for Health in Europe. World Health Organization 2006 on behalf of the European Observatory on Health Sys- tems and Policies, Open University Press, Maidenhead, 2006; p.41-62.
39. Ray K.M, Lowell B.L, Spencer S. Interna- tional health worker mobility: Causes, con- sequences, and best practices. International Migration 2006; 44(2): 181-200.
40. Buchan J, Perfilieva G. Health worker mi- gration in the European Region: Coun- try case studies and policy implications, EUR/05/5000000, Division of Country Support WHO Regional Office for Europe Copenhagen, 2006, http://www.euro.who. int/document/e88366.pdf.
41. Gerlinger T, Schmucker R. Transnational migration of health professionals in the Eu- ropean Union. Cad.Saude Publica, Rio de Janeiro, 23 Sup 2, 2007; p. S184-S192.
42. Buchan J, Parkin T, Scholaski J. International Nurse Mobility. Trends and Policy Implica- tions. WHO/EIP/OSD/2003.3, WHO, Geneva, 2003, http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ hq/2003/WHO_EIP_OSD_2003.3.pdf.
43. PAHO. Report on technical meeting on managed migration of skilled nursing per- sonnel. Bridgetown, Barbados: Pan Ameri- can Health Organization 2001.
44. Brown R.P.C, Connell J. The migration of doctors and nurses from South Pasific Island Nations. Social Science &Medicine 2004; 58: 2193- 2210.
45. Khadria B. Migration of Highly Skilled Indians: Case Studies of IT and Health Professionals. OECD, Statistical Analysis of Science, Technology and Industry ,STI Working Paper 2004/6.
46. Mensah K, Mackintosh M, Henry L. The Skills drain of health professionals from the developing world: A framework for policy formulation. London, Medact, 2005.
47. Awases M, Gbary A, Nyoni J, et al. Migra- tion of health professionals in six countries: A synthesis report. World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, 2004, http://info. worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/206860/ Migration%20study%20AFRO.pdf.
48. Buchan J, Dovlo D. International Recruit- ment of Health Workers to the UK: A Re- port for DFID. DFID Health Systems Re- source Centre Final Report, 2004, http:// www.dfidhealthrc.org/publications/coun- try_information/int-rec-main.pdf.
49. Buchan J, Kingma M, Lorenzo F.M. Inter- national migration of nurses: Trends and policy implications. Issue Paper, 2005; 5, Geneva: International Council of Nurses (ICN), http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/2003/ WHO_EIP_OSD_2003.3.pdf.
50. Hagopian A, Ofosu A, Fatusi A, et al. The flight of physicians from West Africa: Views of African physicians and implications for policy. Social Science & Medicine 2005; 61: 1750-1760.
51. Pawlak M.A. Money is not the major fac- tor. Response to J. Burgermeister. Exodus of polish doctors could threaten health system. British Medical Journal 2004; 328: 1280.
52. Puttick H. Fear of GP brain drain under new training regime. The Herald, 9 November 2005, http://global.factiva.com.
53. Wiskow C. Health worker migration flows in Europe: Overview and case studies in selected CEE countries – Romania, Czech Republic, Serbia and Croatia. International Labour Office, Sectoral Activities Program- meWorking Paper, 2006; WP.245.
54. Jinks C, Ong B.N, Paton C. Mobile med- ics? The mobility of doctors in the European Economic Area. Health Policy 2000; 54: 45-64.
55. Vork A, Kallaste E, Priinits M. Migration intentions of health care professionals: The case of Estonia. 2004, www.cenpo.ro/ files/11%20Migration.pdf.
56. Henderson L.N, Tulloch J. Incentives for re- taining and motivating health workers in Pa- cific and Asian countries. Human Resources for Health 2008; 6: 18.