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Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages

Year 1970, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 583 - 598, 30.06.1970

Zeki Candar

Abstract

This comprehensive review addresses the diagnosis and treatment of hemorrhages originating from lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (above the ligament of Treitz) and lower gastrointestinal bleeding (below it) are discussed separately, covering clinical presentations, diagnostic methods—including selective arteriography, radioisotopic techniques, and endoscopy—and therapeutic options ranging from conservative management to surgical intervention. The article emphasizes individualized treatment based on bleeding severity (massive vs. occult), source identification, and patient stability, including innovative modalities such as gastric hypothermia. Extensive literature is cited to compare surgical approaches including vagotomy, pyloroplasty, subtotal and total gastrectomy, and colectomy.

Keywords

Gastrointestinal hemorrhage Upper GI bleeding Lower GI bleeding Peptic ulcer Surgical treatment

References

  • 1 - Akin, J. M. ve Sullivan, B. M.: Pyloroplasty and Vagotomy: Compromise Procedure for Control Acute Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage. Surgery. 54: 587, 1963.
  • 2 - Albo, J. R., Grimes, O. F., ve Dumphy, J. E.: Management of Massive Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Am. J. Surg. 112: 264.
  • 3 - Ariel, L. M.: The Site of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Detection by Radioactive-tagged Red Blood Cells. JAMA. 180: 212, 1962.
  • 4 - Barker, C. F., Nance, F. C., Nelson, H. M., Peskin, G. W. ve Fitts, W. T. Jr.: Local Hypothermia for Control of Bleeding in Large Bowel and Measurements of Inferior Mesenteric Blood Flow, during Colonic Cooling. Am. J. Surg. 109: 84, 1965.
  • 5 - Barlett, M. K. ve Ottinger, L. W.: Vagotomy in Bleeding Gastritis. Surg. Clin. North America. 46: 613, 1966.
  • 6 - Baum, S., Nusbaum, M., Blakemore, W. S. ve Finkelstein, A. K.: Preoperative Radiographic Demonstration of Intra-abdominal Bleeding from Undetermined Sites by Percutaneous Selective Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Arteriography. Surgery. 58: 797, 1965.
  • 7 - Beil, A. R. Jr., Mannix, H. ve Beal, J. M.: Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage after Operation. Am. J. Surg. 108: 324, 1964.
  • 8 - Bowers, R. F.: Blind Gastric Resection in Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: Accomplishments. Arch. Surg. 85: 470, 1962.
  • 9 - Cohn, B. D. ve Wilmit, S. T.: Massive Bleeding from Duodenal Ulcer in the Newborn—Gastric Resection with Survival. Surgery. 53: 806, 1963.
  • 10 - Dollinger, M. R. ve Morgan, L. R.: Local Cooling in the Management of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am. J. Surg. 111: 651, 1966.
  • 11 - Dorsey, J. M., Burkhead, H. C., Bonsu, R. L. ve Winchester, D. P.: Five-Year Study on Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 120: 784, 1965.
  • 12 - Dorton, H. E.: Vagotomy, Pyloroplasty and Suture for Bleeding Gastric Ulcer. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 122: 1015, 1966.
  • 13 - Enquist, I. F., Karlson, K. E., Dennis, C., Fierst, S. M. ve Shaftan, G. W.: Statistically Valid 10-Year Comparative Evaluation of Three Methods of Management of Massive Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Ann. Surg. 162: 550, 1965.
  • 14 - Farris, J. M. ve Smith, G. K.: Vagotomy and Pyloroplasty for Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer. Am. J. Surg. 105: 388, 1963.
  • 15 - Ferguson, H. L. ve Clarke, J. S.: Treatment of Hemorrhage from Erosive Gastritis by Vagotomy and Pyloroplasty. Am. J. Surg. 112: 739, 1966.
  • 16 - Foster, J. H., Hickok, D. F. ve Dunphy, J. E.: Factors Influencing Mortality Following Emergency Operation for Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 117: 257, 1963.
  • 17 - Foster, J. H., Hickok, D. F. ve Dunphy, J. E.: Changing Concepts in Surgical Treatment of Massive Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Ann. Surg. 161: 968, 1965.
  • 18 - Frey, F. C., Ernest, C., Lindenauer, S. M., Barlett, J. ve Bookstein, J.: Use of Arteriography in Diagnosis of Occult Gastrointestinal and Traumatic Intra-abdominal Hemorrhage. Am. J. Surg. 113: 137, 1967.
  • 19 - Gray, S. J., Olson, T. E. ve Manrique, J.: Hematemesis and Melena. Med. Clin. N. America. 41: 1327, 1957.
  • 20 - Halle, R. J. D., Pena, C. ve Dargan, E. L.: Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Arch. Surg. 93: 567, 1966.
  • 21 - Hamilton, J. E., Harbrecht, P. J., Rabbins, R. E. ve Noland, J. L.: Behavior and Management of Major Acute Bleeding from Peptic Ulcers. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 121: 545, 1965.
  • 22 - Hedberg, S. E.: Early Endoscopic Diagnosis in Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Surg. Clin. N. America. 46: 499, 1966.
  • 23 - Hislop, L. G., Waters, T. E., Kellock, T. D. ve Swynnerton, B.: The Natural History of Hemorrhage from Esophageal Varices. Lancet. 1: 945, 1966.
  • 24 - Hoerr, S. O., Dunphy, J. E. ve Gray, S. J.: Place of Surgery in Emergency Treatment of Acute Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 87: 338, 1948.
  • 25 - Kozoll, D. D. ve Meyer, K. A.: Massively Bleeding Gastroduodenal Ulcers: General Factors Influencing Incidence and Mortality. Arch. Surg. 86: 445, 1963.
  • 26 - Leape, L. L. ve Welch, C. E.: Late Prognosis of Patients with Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Am. J. Surg. 107: 277, 1964.
  • 27 - Levrat, M., Lambert, R. ve Martin, F.: Etiologic Factors in 500 Cases of Bleeding Peptic Ulcer. Am. J. Digest. Dis. 7: 817, 1962.
  • 28 - Maynar, E. P. ve Voorhees, A. B. Jr.: Arterial Hemorrhage from a Large Bowel Diverticulum. Gastroenterology. 31: 210, 1956.
  • 29 - Noer, R. J., Hamilton, J. E., Williams, D. J. ve Broughton, D. S.: Rectal Hemorrhage. Ann. Surg. 155: 794, 1962.
  • 30 - Palmer, E. D.: Diagnosis of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 1961.
  • 31 - Palumbo, L. T. ve Sharpe, W. S.: Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer: Comparison of Results in 715 Cases. Surgery. 58: 473, 1965.
  • 32 - Palumbo, L. T. ve Sharpe, W. S.: Active Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer. Management During Ten-Year Period. Surg. Clin. N. America. 47: 239, 1967.
  • 33 - Panke, W. F., Rousselot, L. M. ve Moreno, A. H.: Splenic Pulp Manometry as an Emergency Test in the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 109: 270, 1959.
  • 34 - Quinn, W. C.: Gross Hemorrhage from Presumed Diverticular Disease of the Colon. Ann. Surg. 153: 851, 1961.
  • 35 - Read, R. C., Huebl, H. C. ve Thal, A. P.: Randomized Study of Massive Bleeding from Peptic Ulceration. Ann. Surg. 162: 561, 1965.
  • 36 - Richman, A. ve Anthony, D.: Experiences with Localized Gastric Hypothermia in Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8: 113, 1963.
  • 37 - Rigg, B. M. ve Ewing, M. R.: Current Attitudes on Diverticulitis with Particular Reference to Colonic Bleeding. Arch. Surg. 92: 321, 1966.
  • 38 - Rosenkrantz, J. G. ve Barlett, M. K.: Hemorrhage from Gastritis. Ann. Surg. 153: 617, 1961.
  • 39 - Rutherford, D. R. ve Akers, D. R.: Meckel's Diverticulum: Review of 148 Pediatric Patients, with Special Reference to Pattern of Bleeding and Mesodiverticular Vascular Bands. Surgery. 59: 618, 1966.
  • 40 - Schaller, R. T. Jr. ve Ark.: Gastric Hypothermia for Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Experience with 24 Patients and Literature Review. Arch. Surg. 92: 707, 1966.
  • 41 - Scott, H. W. Jr., Sawyers, J. L., Gobbel, W. G. Jr. ve Ark.: Vagotomy and Antrectomy in Surgical Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer Disease. Surg. Clin. N. America. 46: 349, 1966.
  • 42 - Sedgwick, C. E. ve Poulantzas, J. K.: Portal Hypertension. Little Brown and Co., Boston, 1967.
  • 43 - Sedgwick, C. E. ve Vernon, J. K.: Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Management. Surg. Clin. N. America. 48: 523, 1968.
  • 44 - Serebo, H. A. ve Mendeloff, A. I.: Late Results of Medical and Surgical Treatment of Bleeding Peptic Ulcer. Lancet. 2: 505, 1966.
  • 45 - Sosin, H., Brenstein, E. F., Madsen, K. A., Fusino, H. ve Wangensteen, O. H.: Mechanism of Control of Hemorrhage from Duodenal Ulcer by Gastric Hypothermia. JAMA. 186: 219, 1963.
  • 46 - Sullivan, R. C., Rutherford, A. B. ve Waddell, W. R.: Surgical Management of Hemorrhagic Gastritis by Vagotomy and Pyloroplasty. Ann. Surg. 159: 554, 1964.
  • 47 - Thompson, J. E. ve Dailey, T. H.: Recurrent Ulceration after Operation for Peptic Ulcer: Results after Gastroenterostomy, Gastrectomy and Vagotomy in 64 Cases. Ann. Surg. 163: 704, 1966.
  • 48 - Thoroughman, J. C., Walker, L. G. Jr. ve Raft, D.: A Review of 504 Patients with Peptic Ulcer Treated by Hemigastrectomy and Vagotomy. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 119: 257, 1964.
  • 49 - Voorhees, A. B. Jr.: Experiences with Local Gastric Hypothermia. New York J. Med. 62: 2945, 1962.
  • 50 - Wangensteen, O. H., Salmon, P. A., Griffin, W. O. Jr. ve Ark.: Studies of Local Gastric Cooling as Related to Peptic Ulcer. Ann. Surg. 150: 346, 1959.
  • 51 - Wangensteen, O. H., Orahool, R. C., Voorhees, A. B., Smith, R. B. ve Healey, W. V.: Intragastric Cooling in Management of Hemorrhage from Upper Gastrointestinal Tract. Am. J. Surg. 105: 401, 1963.
  • 52 - Wheaton, K. R. ve Mark, J. B. D.: General Hypothermia for Massive Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 125: 1018, 1967.

Gastrointestinal Kanamalar

Year 1970, Volume: 23 Issue: 2, 583 - 598, 30.06.1970

Zeki Candar

Abstract

Bu derleme çalışması, gastrointestinal kanal lezyonlarından kaynaklanan kanamaların teşhis ve tedavisini kapsamlı biçimde ele almaktadır. Treitz bağına göre yukarı ve aşağı gastrointestinal kanamalar olarak sınıflandırılan vakalar; klinik belirti, fizik muayene bulguları, laboratuvar testleri, arteriografi, radyoizotopik yöntemler ve endoskopi gibi tanı yöntemleri açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Tedavi seçenekleri ise kanamanın şiddeti (massif veya gizli), lokalizasyonu ve hastanın genel durumuna göre konservatif yaklaşımlardan cerrahi girişimlere kadar çeşitlenmektedir. Vagotomi, piloroplasti, subtotal ve total gastrektomi ile kolektomi gibi cerrahi işlemler karşılaştırılmış; lokal gastrik hipoterminin yeri tartışılmıştır. Literatür desteğiyle farklı yöntemlerin sonuçları detaylı biçimde sunulmuştur.

References

  • 1 - Akin, J. M. ve Sullivan, B. M.: Pyloroplasty and Vagotomy: Compromise Procedure for Control Acute Peptic Ulcer Hemorrhage. Surgery. 54: 587, 1963.
  • 2 - Albo, J. R., Grimes, O. F., ve Dumphy, J. E.: Management of Massive Lower Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Am. J. Surg. 112: 264.
  • 3 - Ariel, L. M.: The Site of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Detection by Radioactive-tagged Red Blood Cells. JAMA. 180: 212, 1962.
  • 4 - Barker, C. F., Nance, F. C., Nelson, H. M., Peskin, G. W. ve Fitts, W. T. Jr.: Local Hypothermia for Control of Bleeding in Large Bowel and Measurements of Inferior Mesenteric Blood Flow, during Colonic Cooling. Am. J. Surg. 109: 84, 1965.
  • 5 - Barlett, M. K. ve Ottinger, L. W.: Vagotomy in Bleeding Gastritis. Surg. Clin. North America. 46: 613, 1966.
  • 6 - Baum, S., Nusbaum, M., Blakemore, W. S. ve Finkelstein, A. K.: Preoperative Radiographic Demonstration of Intra-abdominal Bleeding from Undetermined Sites by Percutaneous Selective Celiac and Superior Mesenteric Arteriography. Surgery. 58: 797, 1965.
  • 7 - Beil, A. R. Jr., Mannix, H. ve Beal, J. M.: Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage after Operation. Am. J. Surg. 108: 324, 1964.
  • 8 - Bowers, R. F.: Blind Gastric Resection in Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage: Accomplishments. Arch. Surg. 85: 470, 1962.
  • 9 - Cohn, B. D. ve Wilmit, S. T.: Massive Bleeding from Duodenal Ulcer in the Newborn—Gastric Resection with Survival. Surgery. 53: 806, 1963.
  • 10 - Dollinger, M. R. ve Morgan, L. R.: Local Cooling in the Management of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am. J. Surg. 111: 651, 1966.
  • 11 - Dorsey, J. M., Burkhead, H. C., Bonsu, R. L. ve Winchester, D. P.: Five-Year Study on Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 120: 784, 1965.
  • 12 - Dorton, H. E.: Vagotomy, Pyloroplasty and Suture for Bleeding Gastric Ulcer. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 122: 1015, 1966.
  • 13 - Enquist, I. F., Karlson, K. E., Dennis, C., Fierst, S. M. ve Shaftan, G. W.: Statistically Valid 10-Year Comparative Evaluation of Three Methods of Management of Massive Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Ann. Surg. 162: 550, 1965.
  • 14 - Farris, J. M. ve Smith, G. K.: Vagotomy and Pyloroplasty for Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer. Am. J. Surg. 105: 388, 1963.
  • 15 - Ferguson, H. L. ve Clarke, J. S.: Treatment of Hemorrhage from Erosive Gastritis by Vagotomy and Pyloroplasty. Am. J. Surg. 112: 739, 1966.
  • 16 - Foster, J. H., Hickok, D. F. ve Dunphy, J. E.: Factors Influencing Mortality Following Emergency Operation for Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 117: 257, 1963.
  • 17 - Foster, J. H., Hickok, D. F. ve Dunphy, J. E.: Changing Concepts in Surgical Treatment of Massive Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Ann. Surg. 161: 968, 1965.
  • 18 - Frey, F. C., Ernest, C., Lindenauer, S. M., Barlett, J. ve Bookstein, J.: Use of Arteriography in Diagnosis of Occult Gastrointestinal and Traumatic Intra-abdominal Hemorrhage. Am. J. Surg. 113: 137, 1967.
  • 19 - Gray, S. J., Olson, T. E. ve Manrique, J.: Hematemesis and Melena. Med. Clin. N. America. 41: 1327, 1957.
  • 20 - Halle, R. J. D., Pena, C. ve Dargan, E. L.: Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Arch. Surg. 93: 567, 1966.
  • 21 - Hamilton, J. E., Harbrecht, P. J., Rabbins, R. E. ve Noland, J. L.: Behavior and Management of Major Acute Bleeding from Peptic Ulcers. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 121: 545, 1965.
  • 22 - Hedberg, S. E.: Early Endoscopic Diagnosis in Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Surg. Clin. N. America. 46: 499, 1966.
  • 23 - Hislop, L. G., Waters, T. E., Kellock, T. D. ve Swynnerton, B.: The Natural History of Hemorrhage from Esophageal Varices. Lancet. 1: 945, 1966.
  • 24 - Hoerr, S. O., Dunphy, J. E. ve Gray, S. J.: Place of Surgery in Emergency Treatment of Acute Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 87: 338, 1948.
  • 25 - Kozoll, D. D. ve Meyer, K. A.: Massively Bleeding Gastroduodenal Ulcers: General Factors Influencing Incidence and Mortality. Arch. Surg. 86: 445, 1963.
  • 26 - Leape, L. L. ve Welch, C. E.: Late Prognosis of Patients with Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Am. J. Surg. 107: 277, 1964.
  • 27 - Levrat, M., Lambert, R. ve Martin, F.: Etiologic Factors in 500 Cases of Bleeding Peptic Ulcer. Am. J. Digest. Dis. 7: 817, 1962.
  • 28 - Maynar, E. P. ve Voorhees, A. B. Jr.: Arterial Hemorrhage from a Large Bowel Diverticulum. Gastroenterology. 31: 210, 1956.
  • 29 - Noer, R. J., Hamilton, J. E., Williams, D. J. ve Broughton, D. S.: Rectal Hemorrhage. Ann. Surg. 155: 794, 1962.
  • 30 - Palmer, E. D.: Diagnosis of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Charles C. Thomas, Springfield, Ill., 1961.
  • 31 - Palumbo, L. T. ve Sharpe, W. S.: Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer: Comparison of Results in 715 Cases. Surgery. 58: 473, 1965.
  • 32 - Palumbo, L. T. ve Sharpe, W. S.: Active Bleeding Duodenal Ulcer. Management During Ten-Year Period. Surg. Clin. N. America. 47: 239, 1967.
  • 33 - Panke, W. F., Rousselot, L. M. ve Moreno, A. H.: Splenic Pulp Manometry as an Emergency Test in the Differential Diagnosis of Acute Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 109: 270, 1959.
  • 34 - Quinn, W. C.: Gross Hemorrhage from Presumed Diverticular Disease of the Colon. Ann. Surg. 153: 851, 1961.
  • 35 - Read, R. C., Huebl, H. C. ve Thal, A. P.: Randomized Study of Massive Bleeding from Peptic Ulceration. Ann. Surg. 162: 561, 1965.
  • 36 - Richman, A. ve Anthony, D.: Experiences with Localized Gastric Hypothermia in Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am. J. Digest. Dis. 8: 113, 1963.
  • 37 - Rigg, B. M. ve Ewing, M. R.: Current Attitudes on Diverticulitis with Particular Reference to Colonic Bleeding. Arch. Surg. 92: 321, 1966.
  • 38 - Rosenkrantz, J. G. ve Barlett, M. K.: Hemorrhage from Gastritis. Ann. Surg. 153: 617, 1961.
  • 39 - Rutherford, D. R. ve Akers, D. R.: Meckel's Diverticulum: Review of 148 Pediatric Patients, with Special Reference to Pattern of Bleeding and Mesodiverticular Vascular Bands. Surgery. 59: 618, 1966.
  • 40 - Schaller, R. T. Jr. ve Ark.: Gastric Hypothermia for Massive Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Experience with 24 Patients and Literature Review. Arch. Surg. 92: 707, 1966.
  • 41 - Scott, H. W. Jr., Sawyers, J. L., Gobbel, W. G. Jr. ve Ark.: Vagotomy and Antrectomy in Surgical Treatment of Duodenal Ulcer Disease. Surg. Clin. N. America. 46: 349, 1966.
  • 42 - Sedgwick, C. E. ve Poulantzas, J. K.: Portal Hypertension. Little Brown and Co., Boston, 1967.
  • 43 - Sedgwick, C. E. ve Vernon, J. K.: Gastrointestinal Bleeding Diagnosis and Management. Surg. Clin. N. America. 48: 523, 1968.
  • 44 - Serebo, H. A. ve Mendeloff, A. I.: Late Results of Medical and Surgical Treatment of Bleeding Peptic Ulcer. Lancet. 2: 505, 1966.
  • 45 - Sosin, H., Brenstein, E. F., Madsen, K. A., Fusino, H. ve Wangensteen, O. H.: Mechanism of Control of Hemorrhage from Duodenal Ulcer by Gastric Hypothermia. JAMA. 186: 219, 1963.
  • 46 - Sullivan, R. C., Rutherford, A. B. ve Waddell, W. R.: Surgical Management of Hemorrhagic Gastritis by Vagotomy and Pyloroplasty. Ann. Surg. 159: 554, 1964.
  • 47 - Thompson, J. E. ve Dailey, T. H.: Recurrent Ulceration after Operation for Peptic Ulcer: Results after Gastroenterostomy, Gastrectomy and Vagotomy in 64 Cases. Ann. Surg. 163: 704, 1966.
  • 48 - Thoroughman, J. C., Walker, L. G. Jr. ve Raft, D.: A Review of 504 Patients with Peptic Ulcer Treated by Hemigastrectomy and Vagotomy. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 119: 257, 1964.
  • 49 - Voorhees, A. B. Jr.: Experiences with Local Gastric Hypothermia. New York J. Med. 62: 2945, 1962.
  • 50 - Wangensteen, O. H., Salmon, P. A., Griffin, W. O. Jr. ve Ark.: Studies of Local Gastric Cooling as Related to Peptic Ulcer. Ann. Surg. 150: 346, 1959.
  • 51 - Wangensteen, O. H., Orahool, R. C., Voorhees, A. B., Smith, R. B. ve Healey, W. V.: Intragastric Cooling in Management of Hemorrhage from Upper Gastrointestinal Tract. Am. J. Surg. 105: 401, 1963.
  • 52 - Wheaton, K. R. ve Mark, J. B. D.: General Hypothermia for Massive Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. Surg. Gynecol. and Obst. 125: 1018, 1967.
There are 52 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects General Surgery
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zeki Candar This is me

Publication Date June 30, 1970
Published in Issue Year 1970 Volume: 23 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Candar, Z. (1970). Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 23(2), 583-598.
AMA Candar Z. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. June 1970;23(2):583-598.
Chicago Candar, Zeki. “Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 23, no. 2 (June 1970): 583-98.
EndNote Candar Z (June 1, 1970) Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 23 2 583–598.
IEEE Z. Candar, “Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 23, no. 2, pp. 583–598, 1970.
ISNAD Candar, Zeki. “Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 23/2 (June1970), 583-598.
JAMA Candar Z. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 1970;23:583–598.
MLA Candar, Zeki. “Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 23, no. 2, 1970, pp. 583-98.
Vancouver Candar Z. Gastrointestinal Hemorrhages. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 1970;23(2):583-98.