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Özellikle Spitzoid Melanositik Lezyonların Ayırıcı Tanısında PRAME’in Tanısal Değeri

Year 2025, Volume: 78 Issue: 3, 199 - 206, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1740009

Abstract

Amaç: Melanositik lezyonların ayırıcı tanısında bazı vakalar zorlayıcı olabilmekte ve benign melanositik lezyonları malign olanlardan ayırt edebilmek için ek güvenilir yöntemlere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Bu çalışmada tanı güçlüğü yaşanan melanositik lezyonlarda PRAME'in rolünü araştırmak amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Çalışmaya 27 atipik Spitz tümör, 12 Spitzoid melanom, 20 konvansiyonel melanom ve 10 yüksek dereceli displazili displastik nevüs dahil edilmiştir. Kontrol grubunu 20 melanositik nevüs, 20 Spitz nevüs ve 10 düşük dereceli displazili displastik nevüs oluşturmuştur. PRAME, BRAF, p16, BAP1, MelanA ve Ki67 immünohistokimya boyamaları otomatik boyama cihazında gerçekleştirilmiştir. %75 ve üzeri boyanma PRAME pozitif olarak tanımlandı. Veriler SPSS v11.5 programı ile analiz edilerek, p<0,05 değeri istatistiksel anlamlı kabul edilmiştir.
Bulgular: PRAME pozitifliği (≥%75), konvansiyonel melanomların %60’ında ve Spitzoid melanomların %25’inde gözlenmiştir. Nevüslerde boyanma saptanmamıştır. Ortalama PRAME boyanma oranları: konvansiyonel melanomda %58,1; Spitzoid melanomda %28; atipik Spitz tümörde %2; Spitz nevüste %3,3; displastik nevüslerde %0,75 ve melanositik nevüslerde %0 olarak bulunmuştur. PRAME; melanom tanısı için %60 duyarlılık ve %100 özgüllük; Spitzoid melanomlar için %25 duyarlılık ve %100 özgüllük göstermiştir. Pozitiflik için eşik değer %55’e indirildiğinde, melanom için duyarlılık %70’e, Spitzoid melanomlar için ise %33,3’e yükselmiş; özgüllük ise değişmemiştir. PRAME ekspresyonu, atipik Spitz tümörlerde Clark seviyesi, Spitzoid melanomlarda tümörü infiltre eden lenfositler ile anlamlı ilişki göstermiştir. Ancak Breslow kalınlığı veya displazi derecesiyle ilişki saptanmamıştır.
Sonuç: PRAME, melanomun benign lezyonlardan ayırt edilmesinde yüksek özgüllük göstermektedir. Pozitiflik için eşik değerin %55–60’a düşürülmesi, özellikle Spitzoid varyantlarda duyarlılığı yükseltip ve özgüllükten ödün vermeden tanısal doğruluğu artırabilmektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma 9 Aralık 2021 tarihli ve I11-684-21 karar numaralı Ankara Üniversitesi İnsan Araştırmaları Etik Kurulu onayı ile gerçekleştirilmiş olup, Helsinki Bildirgesi ilkelerine tam uyum içinde yürütülmüştür.

Supporting Institution

Bu araştırma Ankara Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından TTU-2022-2490 proje numarası ile desteklenmiştir.

Project Number

TTU-2022-2490

References

  • Shain AH, Bastian BC. From melanocytes to melanomas. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016;16(6):345-58.
  • Brenn T. Pitfalls in the evaluation of melanocytic lesions. Histopathology. 2012;60(5):690-705.
  • Lam GT, Prabhakaran S, Sorvina A, et al. Pitfalls in Cutaneous Melanoma Diagnosis and the Need for New Reliable Markers. Mol Diagn Ther. 2023;27(1):49-60.
  • Saleem A, Narala S, Raghavan SS. Immunohistochemistry in melanocytic lesions: Updates with a practical review for pathologists. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2022;39(4):239-47.
  • Rasic D, Korsgaard N, Marcussen N, et al. Diagnostic utility of combining PRAME and HMB-45 stains in primary melanocytic tumors. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2023;67:152211.
  • Lezcano C, Jungbluth AA, Nehal KS, et al. PRAME expression in melanocytic tumors. American J Surg Pathol. 2018;42(11):1456-65.
  • Raghavan SS, Wang JY, Kwok S, et al. PRAME expression in melanocytic proliferations with intermediate histopathologic or Spitzoid features. J Cutan Pathol 2020;47(12):1123-31.
  • Mert M, Bozdogan O, Bozdogan N, et al. PRAME and Historical Immunohistochemical Antibodies Ki-67, P16, and HMB-45 in Ambiguous Melanocytic Tumors. Am J Dermatopathol. 2024;46(10):653-62.
  • Yeh I, Busam KJ. Spitz melanocytic tumours–a review. Histopathology. 2022;80(1):122-34.
  • Wiesner T, Kutzner H, Cerroni L, et al. Genomic aberrations in Spitzoid melanocytic tumours and their implications for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Pathology. 2016;48(2):113-31.
  • Lohman ME, Steen AJ, Grekin RC, et al. The utility of PRAME staining in identifying malignant transformation of melanocytic nevi. J Cutan Pathol 2021;48(7):856-62.
  • Gradecki SE, Valdes‐Rodriguez R, Wick MR, et al. PRAME immunohistochemistry as an adjunct for diagnosis and histological margin assessment in lentigo maligna. Histopathology. 2021;78(7):1000-8.
  • Tio D, Willemsen M, Krebbers G, et al. Differential expression of cancer testis antigens on lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2020;42(8):625-7.
  • Koch EA, Erdmann M, Berking C, et al. Standardized computer-assisted analysis of PRAME Immunoreactivity in Dysplastic Nevi and superficial spreading melanomas. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(7):6388.
  • Olds H, Utz S, Abrams J, et al. Use of PRAME immunostaining to distinguish early melanoma in situ from benign pigmented conditions. J Cutan Pathol. 2022;49(6):510-4.
  • Lezcano C, Pulitzer M, Moy AP, et al. Immunohistochemistry for PRAME in the distinction of nodal nevi from metastatic melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2020;44(4):503-8.
  • Gill P, Prieto VG, Austin MT, et al. Diagnostic utility of PRAME in distinguishing proliferative nodules from melanoma in giant congenital melanocytic nevi. J Cutan Pathol. 2021;48(11):1410-5.

Diagnostic Utility of PRAME in Differentiating Melanocytic Lesions, Especially Spitzoid Tumors

Year 2025, Volume: 78 Issue: 3, 199 - 206, 30.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1740009

Abstract

Objectives: Differential diagnosis of melanoma and nevi is usually straightforward. However, there can be difficult cases, and additional reliable methods are needed for differentiating benign melanocytic lesions from malignant ones. We aimed to investigate the role of PRAME in challenging melanocytic lesions.
Materials and Methods: The study included 27 atypical Spitz tumors, 12 Spitzoid melanomas, 20 conventional melanomas, and 10 high-grade dysplastic nevi. The control group included 20 melanocytic nevi, 20 Spitz nevus, and 10 low-grade dysplastic nevus. Immunohistochemistry for PRAME, BRAF, p16, BAP1, MelanA, and Ki67 was performed using automated systems. Staining of ≥75% was defined as PRAME positive. Data were analyzed using SPSS v11.5, and a p-value <0.05 was accepted as significant.
Results: PRAME positivity (≥75%) was observed in 60% of melanomas and 25% of spitzoid melanomas, but not in nevi. Mean PRAME staining percentages: conventional melanoma (58.1%), spitzoid melanoma (28%), atypical Spitz tumor (2%), Spitz nevus (3.3%), dysplastic nevi (0.75%), and 0% in melanocytic nevi. PRAME showed 60% sensitivity and 100% specificity for melanoma, and 25% sensitivity and 100% specificity for spitzoid melanoma. A 55% threshold increased sensitivity to 70% and 33.3%, respectively, without reducing specificity. PRAME expression correlated with Clark level in atypical Spitz tumors, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in Spitzoid melanomas, but not with Breslow thickness or dysplasia grade.
Conclusion: PRAME shows high specificity in distinguishing melanoma from benign lesions. Lowering the positivity threshold to 55–60% may improve sensitivity, especially in spitzoid variants, without compromising specificity.

Ethical Statement

The study was approved by Ankara University Human Research Ethics Committee under decision number I11-684-21 on 9 December 2021 and was conducted in full compliance with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

Supporting Institution

The research was supported by Ankara University Scientific Research Project Council (project number: TTU-2022-2490).

Project Number

TTU-2022-2490

References

  • Shain AH, Bastian BC. From melanocytes to melanomas. Nat Rev Cancer. 2016;16(6):345-58.
  • Brenn T. Pitfalls in the evaluation of melanocytic lesions. Histopathology. 2012;60(5):690-705.
  • Lam GT, Prabhakaran S, Sorvina A, et al. Pitfalls in Cutaneous Melanoma Diagnosis and the Need for New Reliable Markers. Mol Diagn Ther. 2023;27(1):49-60.
  • Saleem A, Narala S, Raghavan SS. Immunohistochemistry in melanocytic lesions: Updates with a practical review for pathologists. Semin Diagn Pathol. 2022;39(4):239-47.
  • Rasic D, Korsgaard N, Marcussen N, et al. Diagnostic utility of combining PRAME and HMB-45 stains in primary melanocytic tumors. Ann Diagn Pathol. 2023;67:152211.
  • Lezcano C, Jungbluth AA, Nehal KS, et al. PRAME expression in melanocytic tumors. American J Surg Pathol. 2018;42(11):1456-65.
  • Raghavan SS, Wang JY, Kwok S, et al. PRAME expression in melanocytic proliferations with intermediate histopathologic or Spitzoid features. J Cutan Pathol 2020;47(12):1123-31.
  • Mert M, Bozdogan O, Bozdogan N, et al. PRAME and Historical Immunohistochemical Antibodies Ki-67, P16, and HMB-45 in Ambiguous Melanocytic Tumors. Am J Dermatopathol. 2024;46(10):653-62.
  • Yeh I, Busam KJ. Spitz melanocytic tumours–a review. Histopathology. 2022;80(1):122-34.
  • Wiesner T, Kutzner H, Cerroni L, et al. Genomic aberrations in Spitzoid melanocytic tumours and their implications for diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Pathology. 2016;48(2):113-31.
  • Lohman ME, Steen AJ, Grekin RC, et al. The utility of PRAME staining in identifying malignant transformation of melanocytic nevi. J Cutan Pathol 2021;48(7):856-62.
  • Gradecki SE, Valdes‐Rodriguez R, Wick MR, et al. PRAME immunohistochemistry as an adjunct for diagnosis and histological margin assessment in lentigo maligna. Histopathology. 2021;78(7):1000-8.
  • Tio D, Willemsen M, Krebbers G, et al. Differential expression of cancer testis antigens on lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma. Am J Dermatopathol. 2020;42(8):625-7.
  • Koch EA, Erdmann M, Berking C, et al. Standardized computer-assisted analysis of PRAME Immunoreactivity in Dysplastic Nevi and superficial spreading melanomas. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(7):6388.
  • Olds H, Utz S, Abrams J, et al. Use of PRAME immunostaining to distinguish early melanoma in situ from benign pigmented conditions. J Cutan Pathol. 2022;49(6):510-4.
  • Lezcano C, Pulitzer M, Moy AP, et al. Immunohistochemistry for PRAME in the distinction of nodal nevi from metastatic melanoma. Am J Surg Pathol. 2020;44(4):503-8.
  • Gill P, Prieto VG, Austin MT, et al. Diagnostic utility of PRAME in distinguishing proliferative nodules from melanoma in giant congenital melanocytic nevi. J Cutan Pathol. 2021;48(11):1410-5.
There are 17 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Pathology
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Zarifa Gahramanli Ozturk 0000-0002-9353-1542

Aylin Okçu Heper 0000-0002-7807-0717

Ayça Kırmızı 0000-0003-3192-1921

Project Number TTU-2022-2490
Publication Date September 30, 2025
Submission Date July 11, 2025
Acceptance Date August 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 78 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Gahramanli Ozturk, Z., Okçu Heper, A., & Kırmızı, A. (2025). Diagnostic Utility of PRAME in Differentiating Melanocytic Lesions, Especially Spitzoid Tumors. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, 78(3), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1740009
AMA Gahramanli Ozturk Z, Okçu Heper A, Kırmızı A. Diagnostic Utility of PRAME in Differentiating Melanocytic Lesions, Especially Spitzoid Tumors. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. September 2025;78(3):199-206. doi:10.65092/autfm.1740009
Chicago Gahramanli Ozturk, Zarifa, Aylin Okçu Heper, and Ayça Kırmızı. “Diagnostic Utility of PRAME in Differentiating Melanocytic Lesions, Especially Spitzoid Tumors”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 78, no. 3 (September 2025): 199-206. https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1740009.
EndNote Gahramanli Ozturk Z, Okçu Heper A, Kırmızı A (September 1, 2025) Diagnostic Utility of PRAME in Differentiating Melanocytic Lesions, Especially Spitzoid Tumors. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 78 3 199–206.
IEEE Z. Gahramanli Ozturk, A. Okçu Heper, and A. Kırmızı, “Diagnostic Utility of PRAME in Differentiating Melanocytic Lesions, Especially Spitzoid Tumors”, Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 78, no. 3, pp. 199–206, 2025, doi: 10.65092/autfm.1740009.
ISNAD Gahramanli Ozturk, Zarifa et al. “Diagnostic Utility of PRAME in Differentiating Melanocytic Lesions, Especially Spitzoid Tumors”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası 78/3 (September2025), 199-206. https://doi.org/10.65092/autfm.1740009.
JAMA Gahramanli Ozturk Z, Okçu Heper A, Kırmızı A. Diagnostic Utility of PRAME in Differentiating Melanocytic Lesions, Especially Spitzoid Tumors. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2025;78:199–206.
MLA Gahramanli Ozturk, Zarifa et al. “Diagnostic Utility of PRAME in Differentiating Melanocytic Lesions, Especially Spitzoid Tumors”. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası, vol. 78, no. 3, 2025, pp. 199-06, doi:10.65092/autfm.1740009.
Vancouver Gahramanli Ozturk Z, Okçu Heper A, Kırmızı A. Diagnostic Utility of PRAME in Differentiating Melanocytic Lesions, Especially Spitzoid Tumors. Ankara Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Mecmuası. 2025;78(3):199-206.