Research Article
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The Impact of Personality Traits, Differentiation of Self, Self-Reflection, and Insight on Emotional Authenticity: A Study on Young Adults

Year 2026, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 112 - 135, 31.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1663893

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the impact of differentiation of self, Big Five personality traits, self-reflection, and insight on emotional authenticity. Within the scope of the research, a total of 401 participants aged 18-35 completed the Emotional Authenticity Scale, the Big Five-50 Personality Test, the Differentiation of Self Inventory, and the Self-Reflection and Insight Scale, along with an online demographic questionnaire. For data analysis, Pearson Correlation Analysis was conducted to examine the relationships between the total score of the Emotional Authenticity Scale—along with its subdimensions of authentic behavior, emotional avoidance, and acceptance of external influence—and the subdimensions of each independent variable. In addition, Stepwise Multiple Linear Regression Models were estimated to investigate how the subdimensions of the independent variables predict emotional authenticity and its subcomponents. The findings indicated that the most significant predictors of emotional authenticity are I-position, emotional cutoff, insight, fusion with others, and selfreflection. These results suggested that emotional authenticity is a multifaceted construct influenced by a complex interplay of psychological variables. The findings are discussed in light of the existing literature.

Ethical Statement

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf University Scientific Research and Publication Ethics Committee approval letter dated 11/01/2024, No. 396.

Supporting Institution

No financial support was received for this study.

References

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  • Ashforth, B. E. ve Tomiuk, M. A. (2000). Emotional labour and authenticity: Views from service agents. İçinde S. Fineman (Ed.), Emotion in organizations (2. Basım, ss. 184–203). Sage.
  • Aşkun, D. ve Çetin, F. (2017). Turkish version of self-reflection and insight scale: A preliminary study for validity and reliability of the constructs, Psychological Studies, 62(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0390-1
  • Averill, J. R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion. American Psychologist, 38(11), 1145–1160. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.38.11.1145
  • Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.
  • Bendall, R. C., Eachus, P. ve Thompson, C. (2022). The influence of stimuli valence, extraversion, and emotion regulation on visual search within real-world scenes. Scientific reports, 12(1), 948. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-04964-y
  • Bowen, M. (1976). Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. Family Therapy: Theory and Practice, 4(1), 2-90.
  • Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson Inc.
  • Burger, J. M. (2016). Kişilik (İ. Erguvan Sarıoğlu. Çev.; 5. Basım). Kaktüs Yayınları. (1986).
  • Burks, D. J. ve Robbins, R. (2011). Are you analyzing me? A qualitative exploration of psychologists' individual and interpersonal experiences with authenticity. The Humanistic Psychologist, 39(4), 348-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.2011.620201
  • Cable, D. M., Gino, F. ve Staats, B. R. (2013). Breaking them in or eliciting their best? Reframing socialization around newcomers’ authentic selfexpression. Administrative Science Quarterly, 58(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839213477098
  • Choi, J. ve Murdock, N. L. (2017). Differentiation of self and its relation to emotional regulation and psychological well-being. Contemporary Family Therapy, 39(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2020.1841039
  • Costa Jr, P. T. ve McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.5
  • Costa Jr, P. T., McCrae, R. R. ve Dye, D. A. (1991). Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: A revision of the NEO Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(9), 887-898. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90177-D
  • Costas, J. ve Fleming, P. (2009). Beyond dis-identification: A discursive approach to self-alienation in contemporary organizations. Human Relations, 62(3), 353-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708101041
  • Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. E. ve Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The what, how, why, and where of self-construal. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(2), 142-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683103737
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  • Fleeson, W. ve Wilt, J. (2010). The relevance of Big Five trait content in behavior to subjective authenticity: Do high levels of within‑person behavioral variability undermine or enable authenticity achievement? Journal of Personality, 78(4), 1353-1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00653.x
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  • Gino, F. ve Kouchaki, M. (2020). Feeling authentic serves as a buffer against rejection. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 160, 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.006
  • Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48(1), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26
  • Grant, A. M., Franklin, J. ve Langford, P. (2002). The self-reflection and insight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 30(8), 821-835. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821
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  • Güriş, S. ve Astar, M. (2019). SPSS ile istatistik (3. Basım). Der Yayınları.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. ve Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. Guilford Press.
  • Işık, E. ve Bulduk, S. (2015). Psychometric properties of the differentiation of self inventory‑revised in Turkish adults. Journal of Marital And Family Therapy, 41(1), 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12022
  • Jankowski, P. J. ve Sandage, S. J. (2014). Meditative prayer, differentiation of self, and relationship with God: A dyadic analysis. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0189-z
  • Jung, C. G. (1933). Modern man in search of a soul. Harcourt.
  • Karakuş, S., Akbay, S. E. ve Uzun, N. B. (2022). The development of "emotional authenticity scale": Validity and reliability studies. i-Manager's Journal on Educational Psychology, 15(4), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.26634/jpsy.15.4.18833
  • Kernis, M. H. ve Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. Advances in Experimental Psychology, 38, 283- 356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38006-9
  • Kerr, M. ve Bowen. M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. W. W. Norton.
  • Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self: A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. International Universities Press.
  • Lehman, D. W., O’Connor, K., Kovács, B. ve Newman, G. E. (2019). Authenticity. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 1-42. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2017.0047
  • Lenton, A. P., Bruder, M., Slabu, L. ve Sedikides, C. (2013). How does “being real” feel? The experience of state authenticity. Journal of Personality, 81(3), 276-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00805.x
  • Maltby, J., Wood, A., Day, L. ve Pinto, D. (2012). The position of authenticity within extant models of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 269-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.014
  • McCrae, R. R. ve Costa, P. T. (1985). Updating Norman's "adequacy taxonomy": Intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaires. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 710-721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.710
  • Mehl, M. R., Gosling, S. D. ve Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Personality in its natural habitat: Manifestations and implicit folk theories of personality in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 862–877. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.862
  • Mert, A. (2024). Effect of self-differentiation on trait anxiety and authenticity of university students. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(4), 796-803. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1463144
  • Messer, S. B. ve McWilliams, N. (2007). Insight in psychodynamic therapy: Theory and assessment. İçinde L. G. Castonguay ve C. Hill (Edl.), Insight in psychotherapy (ss. 9-29). American Psychological Association.
  • Mikulincer, M. (1998). Adult attachment style and individual differences in functional versus dysfunctional experiences of anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.2.513
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Kişilik Özellikleri, Benliğin Ayrımlaşması, Öz Yansıtma ve İçgörünün Duygusal Otantiklik Üzerindeki Etkisi: Genç Yetişkinler Örneği

Year 2026, Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 112 - 135, 31.01.2026
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1663893

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, benliğin ayrımlaşması, büyük beşli kişilik özellikleri, öz yansıtma ve içgörü değişkenlerinin duygusal otantiklik üzerindeki etkisinin incelenmesidir. Araştırma kapsamında, 18-35 yaş arası genç yetişkinden oluşan 401 katılımcı tarafından çevrimiçi ortamda Duygusal Otantiklik Ölçeği, Büyük Beş-50 Kişilik Testi, Benliğin Ayrımlaşması Ölçeği ve Kendine Yansıtma ve İçgörü Ölçeği ve çeşitli demografik özellikleri sorgulayan bir demografik form yanıtlanmıştır. Veri analizi için Duygusal Otantiklik Ölçeği toplam puanı, otantik davranış, duygusal kaçınma ve dış etkiyi kabullenme alt boyutları ile her bir bağımsız değişkenin alt boyutları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla Pearson Korelasyon Analizi; bağımsız değişkenlerin alt boyutlarının Duygusal Otantiklik ve alt boyutlarını nasıl etkilediğini incelemek amacıyla Stepwise Tekniği ile Çoklu Doğrusal Regresyon Modelleri tahmin edilmiştir. Bulgular, duygusal otantikliği en iyi şekilde yordayan faktörlerin ben pozisyonu, duygusal kopma, içgörü, başkalarına bağımlılık ve öz yansıtma değişkenleri olduğunu; bu nedenle duygusal otantikliğin oldukça karmaşık bir yapıda olan ve birçok farklı faktörden etkilenen kapsamlı bir konsept olduğunu göstermektedir. Mevcut bulgular alanyazın ışığında tartışılmıştır.

Ethical Statement

Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma ve Yayın Etiği Kurulu 11.01.2024 tarih 396 numaralı onay yazısı.

Supporting Institution

Çalışmada finansal destek bulunmamaktadır.

References

  • Ashforth, B. E. ve Humphrey, R. H. (1993). Emotional labor in service roles: The influence of identity. Academy of Management Review, 18(1), 88–115. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1993.3997508
  • Ashforth, B. E. ve Tomiuk, M. A. (2000). Emotional labour and authenticity: Views from service agents. İçinde S. Fineman (Ed.), Emotion in organizations (2. Basım, ss. 184–203). Sage.
  • Aşkun, D. ve Çetin, F. (2017). Turkish version of self-reflection and insight scale: A preliminary study for validity and reliability of the constructs, Psychological Studies, 62(1), 21–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12646-017-0390-1
  • Averill, J. R. (1983). Studies on anger and aggression: Implications for theories of emotion. American Psychologist, 38(11), 1145–1160. https://doi.org/10.1037//0003-066x.38.11.1145
  • Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. International Universities Press.
  • Bendall, R. C., Eachus, P. ve Thompson, C. (2022). The influence of stimuli valence, extraversion, and emotion regulation on visual search within real-world scenes. Scientific reports, 12(1), 948. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-04964-y
  • Bowen, M. (1976). Theory in the practice of psychotherapy. Family Therapy: Theory and Practice, 4(1), 2-90.
  • Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson Inc.
  • Burger, J. M. (2016). Kişilik (İ. Erguvan Sarıoğlu. Çev.; 5. Basım). Kaktüs Yayınları. (1986).
  • Burks, D. J. ve Robbins, R. (2011). Are you analyzing me? A qualitative exploration of psychologists' individual and interpersonal experiences with authenticity. The Humanistic Psychologist, 39(4), 348-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/08873267.2011.620201
  • Cable, D. M., Gino, F. ve Staats, B. R. (2013). Breaking them in or eliciting their best? Reframing socialization around newcomers’ authentic selfexpression. Administrative Science Quarterly, 58(1), 1-36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0001839213477098
  • Choi, J. ve Murdock, N. L. (2017). Differentiation of self and its relation to emotional regulation and psychological well-being. Contemporary Family Therapy, 39(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1080/01926187.2020.1841039
  • Costa Jr, P. T. ve McCrae, R. R. (1992). Normal personality assessment in clinical practice: The NEO Personality Inventory. Psychological Assessment, 4(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.4.1.5
  • Costa Jr, P. T., McCrae, R. R. ve Dye, D. A. (1991). Facet scales for agreeableness and conscientiousness: A revision of the NEO Personality Inventory. Personality and Individual Differences, 12(9), 887-898. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90177-D
  • Costas, J. ve Fleming, P. (2009). Beyond dis-identification: A discursive approach to self-alienation in contemporary organizations. Human Relations, 62(3), 353-378. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726708101041
  • Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. E. ve Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The what, how, why, and where of self-construal. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 15(2), 142-179. https://doi.org/10.1177/10888683103737
  • Erickson, R. J. (1995). The importance of authenticity for self and society. Symbolic Interaction, 18(2), 121–144. https://doi.org/10.1525/si.1995.18.2.121
  • Eysenck, H. J. ve Eysenck, S. B. G. (1979). Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Junior and Adult). Hodder and Stoughton.
  • Feist, J. ve Feist, G. J. (2008). Psychology: Theories of personality (7. Basım). McGraw-Hill.
  • Feldman Barrett, L., Cleveland, J., Conner, T. ve Williams, N. L. (2000). Manual for the defensive verbal behavior ratings scale [Unpublished manuscript]. Boston College.
  • Fleeson, W. ve Wilt, J. (2010). The relevance of Big Five trait content in behavior to subjective authenticity: Do high levels of within‑person behavioral variability undermine or enable authenticity achievement? Journal of Personality, 78(4), 1353-1382. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2010.00653.x
  • Freud, S. (1957). Repression (J. Strachey, Çev.). İçinde J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Cilt 14, ss. 141–158). Hogarth Press. (1915)
  • Fromm, E. (2014). The escape from freedom. İçinde D. P. Schultz ve S. E. Schultz (Edl.), An introduction to theories of personality (ss. 121–135). Psychology Press. (1941)
  • Gelso, C. (2014). A tripartite model of the therapeutic relationship: Theory, research, and practice.Psychotherapy Research, 24(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2013.845920
  • Gino, F. ve Kouchaki, M. (2020). Feeling authentic serves as a buffer against rejection. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 160, 36–50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2020.03.006
  • Goldberg, L. R. (1993). The structure of phenotypic personality traits. American Psychologist, 48(1), 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26
  • Grant, A. M., Franklin, J. ve Langford, P. (2002). The self-reflection and insight scale: A new measure of private self-consciousness. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 30(8), 821-835. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2002.30.8.821
  • Greenberg, L. S. ve Pascual-Leone, A. (2006). Emotion in psychotherapy: A practice-friendly research review. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(5), 611–630. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20252
  • Güriş, S. ve Astar, M. (2019). SPSS ile istatistik (3. Basım). Der Yayınları.
  • Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K. D. ve Wilson, K. G. (1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. Guilford Press.
  • Işık, E. ve Bulduk, S. (2015). Psychometric properties of the differentiation of self inventory‑revised in Turkish adults. Journal of Marital And Family Therapy, 41(1), 102-112. https://doi.org/10.1111/jmft.12022
  • Jankowski, P. J. ve Sandage, S. J. (2014). Meditative prayer, differentiation of self, and relationship with God: A dyadic analysis. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 42(1), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0189-z
  • Jung, C. G. (1933). Modern man in search of a soul. Harcourt.
  • Karakuş, S., Akbay, S. E. ve Uzun, N. B. (2022). The development of "emotional authenticity scale": Validity and reliability studies. i-Manager's Journal on Educational Psychology, 15(4), 51-63. https://doi.org/10.26634/jpsy.15.4.18833
  • Kernis, M. H. ve Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: Theory and research. Advances in Experimental Psychology, 38, 283- 356. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38006-9
  • Kerr, M. ve Bowen. M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. W. W. Norton.
  • Kohut, H. (1971). The analysis of the self: A systematic approach to the psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders. International Universities Press.
  • Lehman, D. W., O’Connor, K., Kovács, B. ve Newman, G. E. (2019). Authenticity. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 1-42. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2017.0047
  • Lenton, A. P., Bruder, M., Slabu, L. ve Sedikides, C. (2013). How does “being real” feel? The experience of state authenticity. Journal of Personality, 81(3), 276-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2012.00805.x
  • Maltby, J., Wood, A., Day, L. ve Pinto, D. (2012). The position of authenticity within extant models of personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 269-273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.014
  • McCrae, R. R. ve Costa, P. T. (1985). Updating Norman's "adequacy taxonomy": Intelligence and personality dimensions in natural language and in questionnaires. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(3), 710-721. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.49.3.710
  • Mehl, M. R., Gosling, S. D. ve Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Personality in its natural habitat: Manifestations and implicit folk theories of personality in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 90(5), 862–877. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.862
  • Mert, A. (2024). Effect of self-differentiation on trait anxiety and authenticity of university students. International Journal of Disabilities Sports and Health Sciences, 7(4), 796-803. https://doi.org/10.33438/ijdshs.1463144
  • Messer, S. B. ve McWilliams, N. (2007). Insight in psychodynamic therapy: Theory and assessment. İçinde L. G. Castonguay ve C. Hill (Edl.), Insight in psychotherapy (ss. 9-29). American Psychological Association.
  • Mikulincer, M. (1998). Adult attachment style and individual differences in functional versus dysfunctional experiences of anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(2), 513-524. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.2.513
  • Norman, W. T. (1963). Toward an adequate taxonomy of personality attributes: Replicated factor structure in peer nomination personality ratings. The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 66(6), 574-583. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0040291
  • Peleg, O. (2020). The relationship between differentiation of self and psychological distress: The mediating role of emotional regulation. Journal of Family Studies, 26(4), 561–576. https://doi.org/10.35841/2471-9854-8.6.144
  • Reid, J. R. ve Finesinger, J. E. (1952). The role of insight in psychotherapy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 108(10), 726-734. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.108.10.726
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There are 63 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Clinical Psychology, Personality and Individual Differences
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Cansel Altunay This is me 0009-0006-4243-8264

Melek Astar 0000-0001-5906-6184

Submission Date March 23, 2025
Acceptance Date December 10, 2025
Publication Date January 31, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 13 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Altunay, C., & Astar, M. (2026). Kişilik Özellikleri, Benliğin Ayrımlaşması, Öz Yansıtma ve İçgörünün Duygusal Otantiklik Üzerindeki Etkisi: Genç Yetişkinler Örneği. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 13(1), 112-135. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.1663893