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Tiyatro İzleyicisinin Akış Deneyimi: Duygudurumların Çeşitliliği, Yoğunluğu ve Değerliği Hipotezlerinin Sınanması

Year 2018, , 33 - 60, 22.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.424536

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı tiyatro izleyicisinin akış ve
ilişkili duygudurum deneyimlerini incelemektir. İlgili alanyazından hareketle
oyun sırasındaki akış deneyiminin daha çeşitli, daha yoğun ve daha olumlu duygu
deneyimiyle ilişkili olacağı hipotezleri önerilmiştir. Ankara’daki özel bir
tiyatroda Gideon’un Düğümü (Adams, 2013)
adlı tiyatro oyununu izlemeye gelen 146 gönüllü katılımcıya oyunun hemen
bitiminde bu araştırmaya özel tasarlanan ölçekler uygulanmıştır. Bulgular,
izleyicilerin tiyatro oyunu sırasında yüksek düzeyde akış deneyimlediğini
göstermiş ve araştırmanın hipotezlerini çoğunlukla desteklemiştir. Beklenmedik
bazı bulgular da hesaba katılarak tiyatro izleyicisinin öznel deneyimini akış
kavramı ile açıklayan bir model önerilmiştir. Sonuçlar, araştırmanın yöntemsel
sınırlılıkları ve alternatif açıklamalar çerçevesinde, sanat eserlerinin psikoterapi
bağlamında kullanılmasına yönelik doğurguları ile birlikte tartışılmıştır.

References

  • Algina, J., & Olejnik, S. (2003). Sample size tables for correlation analysis with applications in partial correlation and multiple regression analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 38, 309-323. doi: 10.1207/S15327906MBR3803_02
  • Adams, J. (2013). Gideon’s Knot. New York, NY: Dramatists Play Service.
  • Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Pychology, 59, 177-181. doi: 10.1037/h0047195
  • Bakker, A. (2008). The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the WOLF. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 400-414. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2007.11.007
  • Bakker, A., Golub, T., & Rijavec, M. (2017). Validation of the study-related flow inventory (WOLF-S). Croatian Journal of Education, 19, 147-173. doi: 10.15516/cje.v19i1.2194
  • Bradley, M., & Lang, P. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differantial. Journal of Behavioral Therapy & Experiential Psychiatry, 25, 49-59. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. baskı). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Toward a psychology of optimal experience. M. Csikszentmihalyi (Der.), Flow and the foundations of positive psychology: The collected works of Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi (s. 209-226) içinde. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. NY: Harper Perennial.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. NY: Basic Books.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Asakawa, K. (2016). Universal and cultural dimensions of optimal experiences. Japanese Psychological Research, 58, 4-13. doi:10.1111/jpr.12104
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 815-822. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.5.815
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Moneta, G. B. (1996). The effect of perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience. Journal of Personality, 64, 275-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00512.x
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Nakamura, J. (1999). Emerging goals and the self-regulation of behavior. C. S. Carver & M. F. Scheier (Der.) Perspectives on Behavioral Self-Regulation: Advances in Social Cognition (Vol. 12, pp. 107-118) içinde. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Custodero, L. (1998). Observing flow in young children’s music learning. General Music Today, 12, 21-27. doi: 10.1177/104837139801200106
  • Custodero, L. (2002). Seeking challange, finding skill: Flow experience and music education. Art Education Policy Review, 103, 3-9. doi: 10.1080/10632910209600288
  • Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A theory of objective self-awareness. NY: Academic Press.
  • Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 382-389. doi: 10.1037/h0033627
  • Freud, S. (2016). Sanat ve Sanatçılar Üzerine (Çev. Kâmuran Şipal). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi.
  • Hesley, J. W., & Hesley, J. G. (2001). Rent two films and let’s talk in the morning: Using popular moviesin psychotherapy. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hevner, K. (1936). Experimental studies of the elements of expression in music. American Journal of Psychology, 48, 246-268. doi: 10.2307/1415746
  • Jackson, S., & Marsh, H. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure experience: The flow state scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 17-35. doi: 10.1123/jsep.18.1.17
  • Jung, C. G. (2017). Ruh: İnsan, sanat, edebiyat (Çev. İsmail Hakkı Yılmaz). İstanbul: Pinhan.
  • Lampropoulos, G. K., Kazantzis, N., & Deane, F. P. (2004). Psychologists’ use of motion pictures in clinical practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 535-541. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.35.5.535
  • Larson, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1987). Validity and reliability of the experience sampling method. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 526-536. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198709000-00004
  • Lenkowsky, R. S. (1987). Bibliotherapy: A review and analysis of the literature. Journal of Special Education, 21, 123-132. doi: 10.1177/002246698702100211
  • Lorr, M., McNair, D., & Fisher, S. (1982). Evidence for bipolar mood states. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 432-436. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4604_16
  • Martin, J. J., & Cutler, K. (2002). An exploratory study of flow and motivation in theater actors. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 344-352. doi: 10.1080/10413200290103608
  • Maslow, A. (1974). Creativity in self-actualizing people. T. M. Covin (Der.), Readings in human development: A humanistic approach (s. 106-117). NY: MSS Information Corporation.
  • Massimini, F., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Carl, M. (1987). The monitoring of optimal experience: A tool for psychiatric rehabilitation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 545-549. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198709000-00006
  • Moneta, G. (2012). Opportunity for creativity in the job as a moderator of the relation between trait intrinsic motivation and flow in work. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 491-503. doi: 10.1007/s11031-012-9278-5
  • Moneta, G., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). The effect of perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience. Journal of Personality, 64, 275-310. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.ep9606164110
  • Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). The concept of flow. M. Csikszentmihalyi (Der.), Flow and the foundations of positive psychology: The collected works of Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi (s. 239-263) içinde. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Newton, A. K. (1995). Silver screens and silver linings: Using theater to explore feelings and issues. Gifted Child Today, 18, 14-43. doi: 10.1177/107621759501800206
  • Rheinberg, F. (2008). Flow: Performance and moderators of challange-skill balance. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 158-172. doi: 10.1007/s11031-008-9102-4
  • Schimmack, U., & Diener, E. (1997). Affect intensity: Seperating intensity and frequency in repedately measured affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1313-1329. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1313
  • Sharp, C., Smith, J. V., & Cole, A. (2002). Cinematherapy: Metaphorically promoting therapeutic change. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 15, 269-276. doi: 10.1080/09515070210140221
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1971). The psychology of art. MA: M.I.T. Press.
  • Walker, C. (2010). Experiencing flow: Is doing it together better than doing it alone? Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 3-11. doi: 10.1080/17439760903271116
  • Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule – expanded form. IA: Iowa State University.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi: 10.1037/t03592-000
  • Wedding, D., & Niemiec, R. M. (2003). The clinical use of films in psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 207-215. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10142
  • Willcox, G. (1982). The feeling wheel: A tool for expanding awareness of emotions and increasing spontaneity and intimacy. Transactional Analysis Journal, 12, 274-276. doi: 10.1177/036215378201200411
  • Zuckerman, M., Lubin, B., & Rinck, M. (1983). Construction of new scales for the multiple affect adjective checklist. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 5, 119-129. doi: 10.1007/BF01321444

Flow Experience of the Theatre Audience: Testing the Affective Variety, Intensity, and Valence Hypotheses

Year 2018, , 33 - 60, 22.10.2018
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.424536

Abstract

Purpose of the present
study was to investigate the flow and related affective experience of the
theatre audience. The hypotheses that flow experience at the time of play would
be associated with highly varied, more intense, and more positive affective
experience were proposed on the basis of the relevant literature. Immediately
after the play was over, scales which were specifically designed for the
present study were administered to 146 voluntary participants who came to watch
the play entitled Gideon’s Knot
(Adams, 2013) staged in a private theatre in Ankara. Findings indicated that
the audience experienced high level of flow at the time of the play and mostly
supported the hypotheses of the study. A model which explained the subjective experience
of the theatre audience by the concept of flow was proposed also by taking some
unexpected findings into account. Results were discussed within the framework
of methodological limitations of the study and alternative explanations
together with the implications regarding utilization of artistic products in
psychotherapy context.

References

  • Algina, J., & Olejnik, S. (2003). Sample size tables for correlation analysis with applications in partial correlation and multiple regression analysis. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 38, 309-323. doi: 10.1207/S15327906MBR3803_02
  • Adams, J. (2013). Gideon’s Knot. New York, NY: Dramatists Play Service.
  • Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Pychology, 59, 177-181. doi: 10.1037/h0047195
  • Bakker, A. (2008). The work-related flow inventory: Construction and initial validation of the WOLF. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72, 400-414. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2007.11.007
  • Bakker, A., Golub, T., & Rijavec, M. (2017). Validation of the study-related flow inventory (WOLF-S). Croatian Journal of Education, 19, 147-173. doi: 10.15516/cje.v19i1.2194
  • Bradley, M., & Lang, P. (1994). Measuring emotion: The self-assessment manikin and the semantic differantial. Journal of Behavioral Therapy & Experiential Psychiatry, 25, 49-59. doi: 10.1016/0005-7916(94)90063-9
  • Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2. baskı). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). Toward a psychology of optimal experience. M. Csikszentmihalyi (Der.), Flow and the foundations of positive psychology: The collected works of Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi (s. 209-226) içinde. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. NY: Harper Perennial.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. NY: Basic Books.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Asakawa, K. (2016). Universal and cultural dimensions of optimal experiences. Japanese Psychological Research, 58, 4-13. doi:10.1111/jpr.12104
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & LeFevre, J. (1989). Optimal experience in work and leisure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 815-822. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.5.815
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Moneta, G. B. (1996). The effect of perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience. Journal of Personality, 64, 275-310. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.1996.tb00512.x
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Nakamura, J. (1999). Emerging goals and the self-regulation of behavior. C. S. Carver & M. F. Scheier (Der.) Perspectives on Behavioral Self-Regulation: Advances in Social Cognition (Vol. 12, pp. 107-118) içinde. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Custodero, L. (1998). Observing flow in young children’s music learning. General Music Today, 12, 21-27. doi: 10.1177/104837139801200106
  • Custodero, L. (2002). Seeking challange, finding skill: Flow experience and music education. Art Education Policy Review, 103, 3-9. doi: 10.1080/10632910209600288
  • Duval, S., & Wicklund, R. A. (1972). A theory of objective self-awareness. NY: Academic Press.
  • Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 382-389. doi: 10.1037/h0033627
  • Freud, S. (2016). Sanat ve Sanatçılar Üzerine (Çev. Kâmuran Şipal). İstanbul: Yapı Kredi.
  • Hesley, J. W., & Hesley, J. G. (2001). Rent two films and let’s talk in the morning: Using popular moviesin psychotherapy. NY: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hevner, K. (1936). Experimental studies of the elements of expression in music. American Journal of Psychology, 48, 246-268. doi: 10.2307/1415746
  • Jackson, S., & Marsh, H. (1996). Development and validation of a scale to measure experience: The flow state scale. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 18, 17-35. doi: 10.1123/jsep.18.1.17
  • Jung, C. G. (2017). Ruh: İnsan, sanat, edebiyat (Çev. İsmail Hakkı Yılmaz). İstanbul: Pinhan.
  • Lampropoulos, G. K., Kazantzis, N., & Deane, F. P. (2004). Psychologists’ use of motion pictures in clinical practice. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 535-541. doi: 10.1037/0735-7028.35.5.535
  • Larson, R., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1987). Validity and reliability of the experience sampling method. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 526-536. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198709000-00004
  • Lenkowsky, R. S. (1987). Bibliotherapy: A review and analysis of the literature. Journal of Special Education, 21, 123-132. doi: 10.1177/002246698702100211
  • Lorr, M., McNair, D., & Fisher, S. (1982). Evidence for bipolar mood states. Journal of Personality Assessment, 46, 432-436. doi: 10.1207/s15327752jpa4604_16
  • Martin, J. J., & Cutler, K. (2002). An exploratory study of flow and motivation in theater actors. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 344-352. doi: 10.1080/10413200290103608
  • Maslow, A. (1974). Creativity in self-actualizing people. T. M. Covin (Der.), Readings in human development: A humanistic approach (s. 106-117). NY: MSS Information Corporation.
  • Massimini, F., Csikszentmihalyi, M., & Carl, M. (1987). The monitoring of optimal experience: A tool for psychiatric rehabilitation. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 545-549. doi: 10.1097/00005053-198709000-00006
  • Moneta, G. (2012). Opportunity for creativity in the job as a moderator of the relation between trait intrinsic motivation and flow in work. Motivation and Emotion, 36, 491-503. doi: 10.1007/s11031-012-9278-5
  • Moneta, G., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1996). The effect of perceived challenges and skills on the quality of subjective experience. Journal of Personality, 64, 275-310. doi: 10.1111/1467-6494.ep9606164110
  • Nakamura, J., & Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2014). The concept of flow. M. Csikszentmihalyi (Der.), Flow and the foundations of positive psychology: The collected works of Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi (s. 239-263) içinde. Dordrecht: Springer.
  • Newton, A. K. (1995). Silver screens and silver linings: Using theater to explore feelings and issues. Gifted Child Today, 18, 14-43. doi: 10.1177/107621759501800206
  • Rheinberg, F. (2008). Flow: Performance and moderators of challange-skill balance. Motivation and Emotion, 32, 158-172. doi: 10.1007/s11031-008-9102-4
  • Schimmack, U., & Diener, E. (1997). Affect intensity: Seperating intensity and frequency in repedately measured affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1313-1329. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.6.1313
  • Sharp, C., Smith, J. V., & Cole, A. (2002). Cinematherapy: Metaphorically promoting therapeutic change. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 15, 269-276. doi: 10.1080/09515070210140221
  • Vygotsky, L. S. (1971). The psychology of art. MA: M.I.T. Press.
  • Walker, C. (2010). Experiencing flow: Is doing it together better than doing it alone? Journal of Positive Psychology, 5, 3-11. doi: 10.1080/17439760903271116
  • Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (1999). The PANAS-X: Manual for the positive and negative affect schedule – expanded form. IA: Iowa State University.
  • Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 1063-1070. doi: 10.1037/t03592-000
  • Wedding, D., & Niemiec, R. M. (2003). The clinical use of films in psychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 59, 207-215. doi: 10.1002/jclp.10142
  • Willcox, G. (1982). The feeling wheel: A tool for expanding awareness of emotions and increasing spontaneity and intimacy. Transactional Analysis Journal, 12, 274-276. doi: 10.1177/036215378201200411
  • Zuckerman, M., Lubin, B., & Rinck, M. (1983). Construction of new scales for the multiple affect adjective checklist. Journal of Behavioral Assessment, 5, 119-129. doi: 10.1007/BF01321444
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Kürşad Demirutku 0000-0003-1946-4203

Derya Ağaoğlu This is me 0000-0002-5218-2382

Publication Date October 22, 2018
Submission Date May 17, 2018
Acceptance Date September 23, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018

Cite

APA Demirutku, K., & Ağaoğlu, D. (2018). Tiyatro İzleyicisinin Akış Deneyimi: Duygudurumların Çeşitliliği, Yoğunluğu ve Değerliği Hipotezlerinin Sınanması. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 5(3), 33-60. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.424536