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A Neuropsychonalaytic Review of The Relationship Between the Process of Memory Reconsolidation and Free Association Technique

Year 2022, , 300 - 316, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.993780

Abstract

Through classical conditioning procedure, subjects give the conditioned response to the neutral stimuli (to which at the beginning no response was elicited) as a result of its pairing with the unconditioned stimuli. To reverse this procedure, extinction paradigm is performed. Several problems might arise as a result of the extinction process that are renewal, reinstatement, and spontaneous recovery of the conditioned response. However, memory reconsolidation view seems to offer considerable solutions to those problems. Accordingly, acquired memories do not stay in their consolidated and stable state. Instead, every time they are reactivated, they become labile and then reconsolidated again with the subsequent protein synthesis. Thus, interventions during this labile state would offer modifications in the original memory, meaning that they could also provide a solution to the problems arisen as a result of extinction procedure. In the light of the neuropsychoanalytic literature, the current review examined whether or not the technique of free association would lead to the reactivation of original memories while rendering them labile which might also result in modifications in them.

References

  • Bazan, A. (2011). Phantoms in the voice: A neuropsychoanalytic hypothesis on the structure of the unconscious. Neuropsychoanalysis, 13(2), 161-176.
  • Bisby, J. A. ve Burgess, N. (2014). Negative affect impairs associative memory but not item memory. Learning & Memory, 21(1), 21-27.
  • Brewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M. ve Burgess, N. (2010). Intrusive images in psychological disorders: characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications. Psychological Review, 117(1), 210.
  • Bouton, M. E. ve Swartzentruber, D. (1991). Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental learning. Clinical Psychology Review, 11(2), 123-140.
  • Dor, J. (1998). Introduction to the reading of Lacan: The unconscious structured like a language. New York, NY: Other Press.
  • Fink, B. (2007). Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique: A Lacanian Approach for Practitioners. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
  • Freud, S. (1909) Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London, UK: Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1913). On Beginning the Treatment (Further Recommendations on the Technique of Psycho-Analysis I). İçinde The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XII (1911-1913): The Case of Schreber, Papers on Technique and Other Works (ss. 121-144). London, UK: Hogarth Press.
  • Gorman, J. M. ve Roose, S. P. (2011). The neurobiology of fear memory reconsolidation and psychoanalytic theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 59(6), 1201-1220.
  • Kris, A. O. (1996). Free Association: Methods and Process. London, UK: Karnac Books.
  • Lane, R. D. (2020). Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal and the process of change in psychoanalysis. İçinde Outcome Research and the Future of Psychoanalysis (ss. 188-205). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Lane, R. D., Ryan, L., Nadel, L. ve Greenberg, L. (2015). Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38(1).
  • Mather, M. (2007). Emotional arousal and memory binding: An object-based framework. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(1), 33-52.
  • Monfils, M. H., Cowansage, K. K., Klann, E. ve LeDoux, J. E. (2009). Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: key to persistent attenuation of fear memories. Science, 324(5929), 951-955.
  • Nader, K. (2013). The discovery of memory reconsolidation. İçinde C. M. Alberini (Ed.), Memory Reconsolidation (ss. 1-9). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
  • Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., ve LeDoux, J. E. (2000a). Reply—Reconsolidation: The labile nature of consolidation theory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1(3), 216-219.
  • Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., ve Le Doux, J. E. (2000b). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature, 406(6797), 722-726.
  • Oxford Reference (t.y.). Semantic generalization. Erişim adresi: https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100453833
  • Palombo, D. J., Elizur, L., Tuen, Y. J., Te, A. A. ve Madan, C. R. (2021). Transfer of negative valence in an episodic memory task. Cognition, 217, 104874.
  • Powell, R. A., Honey, P. L. ve Symbaluk, D. G. (2008). Introduction to Learning and Behavior (3. Baskı). Belmon, CA: Cengage Learning.
  • Razran, G. (1939). A quantitative study of meaning by a conditioned salivary technique (semantic conditioning). Science, 90, 89-90.
  • Staats, C. K. ve Staats, A. W. (1957). Meaning established by classical conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54(1), 74.
  • Van de Vijver, G., Bazan, A. ve Detandt, S. (2017). The mark, the thing, and the object: On what commands repetition in Freud and Lacan. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 2244.
  • Vanheule, S. (2011). The Subject of Psychosis: A Lacanian Perspective. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

Hafızanın Rekonsolidasyon Süreci ve Serbest Çağrışım Tekniği Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Nöropsikanalitik Bir İnceleme

Year 2022, , 300 - 316, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.993780

Abstract

Klasik koşullanma işleminin sonucunda, en başta nötr olan ve kişinin kendisinde herhangi bir tepki yaratmayan bir uyaranın koşulsuz bir uyaranla eşlenmesiyle, bu uyarana koşullu bir tepki verilmesi sağlanır. Bu sürecin geri çevrilmesi için ise söndürme işleminin uygulanması gerekmektedir. Fakat söndürme işleminin sonucunda ortaya birtakım problemler çıkabilmektedir. Bu problemler koşullu tepkinin yenilenmesi (renewal), eski durumuna dönmesi (reinstatement) ve kendiliğinden geri gelmesi (spontaneous recovery) olarak özetlenebilir. Hafızanın rekonsolidasyonu yaklaşımının ise bu problemlere bir çözüm sunduğu görülmüştür. Şöyle ki hafızanın bir kereye mahsus olarak depolandıktan sonra hayatına sabit ve kararlı bir yapıda devam etmesinden ziyade, her yeniden aktive oluşu (reactivation) ile yeniden kararsız hale geldiği ve sonrasında protein sentezleri ile birlikte tekrardan kararlı bir yapıya büründüğü öne sürülmektedir. Bu kararsız hale gelinen aşamada yapılan müdahalelerin ise orijinal hafızada değişikliğe sebep olabileceği ve böylece de klasik söndürme işleminin yol açtığı problemlere bir çözüm sunabileceği gösterilmektedir. Bu derlemede, psikanalizin temel yöntemlerinden olan serbest çağrışım tekniğinin, yukarıda bahsedilen hafızanın yeniden aktive oluşu ve kararsız hale gelişi durumlarını sağlayıp sağlayamayacağı ve bu sayede orijinal hafızada değişikliklere sebep olup olamayacağı nöropsikanalitik alanyazın ışığında incelenmektedir.

References

  • Bazan, A. (2011). Phantoms in the voice: A neuropsychoanalytic hypothesis on the structure of the unconscious. Neuropsychoanalysis, 13(2), 161-176.
  • Bisby, J. A. ve Burgess, N. (2014). Negative affect impairs associative memory but not item memory. Learning & Memory, 21(1), 21-27.
  • Brewin, C. R., Gregory, J. D., Lipton, M. ve Burgess, N. (2010). Intrusive images in psychological disorders: characteristics, neural mechanisms, and treatment implications. Psychological Review, 117(1), 210.
  • Bouton, M. E. ve Swartzentruber, D. (1991). Sources of relapse after extinction in Pavlovian and instrumental learning. Clinical Psychology Review, 11(2), 123-140.
  • Dor, J. (1998). Introduction to the reading of Lacan: The unconscious structured like a language. New York, NY: Other Press.
  • Fink, B. (2007). Fundamentals of Psychoanalytic Technique: A Lacanian Approach for Practitioners. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.
  • Freud, S. (1909) Notes Upon a Case of Obsessional Neurosis. The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud. London, UK: Hogarth Press.
  • Freud, S. (1913). On Beginning the Treatment (Further Recommendations on the Technique of Psycho-Analysis I). İçinde The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, Volume XII (1911-1913): The Case of Schreber, Papers on Technique and Other Works (ss. 121-144). London, UK: Hogarth Press.
  • Gorman, J. M. ve Roose, S. P. (2011). The neurobiology of fear memory reconsolidation and psychoanalytic theory. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 59(6), 1201-1220.
  • Kris, A. O. (1996). Free Association: Methods and Process. London, UK: Karnac Books.
  • Lane, R. D. (2020). Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal and the process of change in psychoanalysis. İçinde Outcome Research and the Future of Psychoanalysis (ss. 188-205). New York, NY: Routledge.
  • Lane, R. D., Ryan, L., Nadel, L. ve Greenberg, L. (2015). Memory reconsolidation, emotional arousal, and the process of change in psychotherapy: New insights from brain science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 38(1).
  • Mather, M. (2007). Emotional arousal and memory binding: An object-based framework. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 2(1), 33-52.
  • Monfils, M. H., Cowansage, K. K., Klann, E. ve LeDoux, J. E. (2009). Extinction-reconsolidation boundaries: key to persistent attenuation of fear memories. Science, 324(5929), 951-955.
  • Nader, K. (2013). The discovery of memory reconsolidation. İçinde C. M. Alberini (Ed.), Memory Reconsolidation (ss. 1-9). Cambridge, MA: Academic Press.
  • Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., ve LeDoux, J. E. (2000a). Reply—Reconsolidation: The labile nature of consolidation theory. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1(3), 216-219.
  • Nader, K., Schafe, G. E., ve Le Doux, J. E. (2000b). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature, 406(6797), 722-726.
  • Oxford Reference (t.y.). Semantic generalization. Erişim adresi: https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100453833
  • Palombo, D. J., Elizur, L., Tuen, Y. J., Te, A. A. ve Madan, C. R. (2021). Transfer of negative valence in an episodic memory task. Cognition, 217, 104874.
  • Powell, R. A., Honey, P. L. ve Symbaluk, D. G. (2008). Introduction to Learning and Behavior (3. Baskı). Belmon, CA: Cengage Learning.
  • Razran, G. (1939). A quantitative study of meaning by a conditioned salivary technique (semantic conditioning). Science, 90, 89-90.
  • Staats, C. K. ve Staats, A. W. (1957). Meaning established by classical conditioning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 54(1), 74.
  • Van de Vijver, G., Bazan, A. ve Detandt, S. (2017). The mark, the thing, and the object: On what commands repetition in Freud and Lacan. Frontiers in psychology, 8, 2244.
  • Vanheule, S. (2011). The Subject of Psychosis: A Lacanian Perspective. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
There are 24 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Psychology
Journal Section Review Articles
Authors

Ozan Bıçakcı 0000-0002-5883-2569

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date September 11, 2021
Acceptance Date April 13, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Bıçakcı, O. (2022). Hafızanın Rekonsolidasyon Süreci ve Serbest Çağrışım Tekniği Arasındaki İlişki Üzerine Nöropsikanalitik Bir İnceleme. AYNA Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(2), 300-316. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.993780