Abstract
DSM’de ele alınan Narsisistik Kişilik Bozukluğu, narsisizmin sadece bir boyutu olan açık, büyüklenmeci narsisizme odaklandığı için eleştirilmektedir.Büyüklenmeci narsisizmin yanında, diğer tip olarak eleştiriye aşırı hassasiyet, depresyon, kaygı gibi negatif duygular, düşük özgüven, örtük şekilde gözlemlenen büyüklenmecilik ve haklılık gibi özelliklerle tanımlanan kırılgan narsisizmin olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Kohut narsisistik kişilikleri aynalanma, idealleştirme, ikizlik gibi kendilik nesnesi ihtiyaçları çerçevesinde kavramsallaştırmıştır. Bu ihtiyaçların kendilik nesneleri tarafından uygun şekilde doyurulması ve optimal hayal kırıklığına uğratılmasının dönüştürerek içselleştirme sürecini başlattığını, bunun da sağlıklı bir kendilik ve narsisizm için gerekli olduğunu vurgulamıştır. Kohut, bu kendilik nesnesi ihtiyaçlarının, erken dönem yaşantıda uygun şekilde karşılanmamasının kendilikteki rahatsızlıklarla ilgili olduğunu ileri sürmektedir. Karşılanmayan bu ihtiyaçların psikoterapi sürecinde aktarım yolu ile tekrar deneyimleneceğini savunmuştur
Keywords
Kırılgan Na rsisizm Kendilik Nesnesi İhtiyaçları Kohut Aynalanma İdealizasyon İkizlik Aktarım
References
- American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-III. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statisticak manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- Baker, H. S. ve Baker, M. N. (1987). Heinz Kohut’s self psychology: an overview. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 144 (1), 1-9.
- Banai, E., Mikulincer, M. ve Shaver, P. R., (2005). “Selfobject” needs in Kohut’s self psychology: links with attachment, self-cohesion, affect regulation, and adjustment. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 22 (2), 224- 260.
- Dickinson, K. A. ve Pincus, A.L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorder, 17 (3), 188-207.
- Gabbard, G. O. (1989). Two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder. Bulletin of Meninger clinic, 53, 527-532.
- Given,-Wilson, Z., Mcllwain, D. ve Warburton, W. (2011). Meta-cognitive and interpersonal difficulties in overt and covert narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1000-1005.
- Hendin, H. M. ve Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: a reexamination of Murray’s narcism scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 588-599.
- Hibbard S. (1992). Narcissism, shame, masochism, and object relations: an exploratory correlational study. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 9 (4), 489-508.
- Kohut H. (1977). The Restoration of Self. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Kohut, H. ( 1971). The Analysis of The Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
- Kohut, H. (1966). Forms and transformations of narcissism. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 14, 243-272.
- Levine, A. B. ve Faust, J. (2013). A psychodynamic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of closet narcissim. Clinical Case Studies,12 (3), 199-212.
- Marmarosh, C. L. ve Mann, S. (2014). Patients’ selfobject needs in psychodynamic psychotherapy: how they relate to client attachment symptoms, and therapy alliance. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31 (3), 297- 313.
- McWilliams, N. (2013). Psikanalitik Tanı. Klinik Süreç İçinde Kişilik Yapısını Anlamak (E. Kalem, Çev.) . İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Rose, P. (2002). The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 379-391.
- Siegel, A. (1996). Heinz Kohut and the Psychology of the Self. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61 (4), 590-597.
Abstract
Narcissistic Personality Disorder in DSM has been criticized for years due to focus on just one type of
narcissism, namely overt, or grandiose, narcissism. Beyond overt narcissism, other type is vulnerable
narcissism which is characterized with hypersensitivity to criticism, negative affect such as depression,
anxiety, low self-confidence, covert grandiosity and entitlement. Kohut conceptuliazes narcissistic
personalities with regard to unmet self onject needs, namely mirroring, idealization, twinship. He
emphasized the importance of appropriate gratification and frustration of these needs by self object for
healthy narcissism which is essential for a healthy developed self which is mediated by transmuting
internalization process. The inappropriate responses from self objects in early phase of developmen could be
related to self disturbance. Also, these self object needs could be reexperience during psychotherapy session
as in the form of transference.
References
- American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-III. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statisticak manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
- Baker, H. S. ve Baker, M. N. (1987). Heinz Kohut’s self psychology: an overview. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 144 (1), 1-9.
- Banai, E., Mikulincer, M. ve Shaver, P. R., (2005). “Selfobject” needs in Kohut’s self psychology: links with attachment, self-cohesion, affect regulation, and adjustment. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 22 (2), 224- 260.
- Dickinson, K. A. ve Pincus, A.L. (2003). Interpersonal analysis of grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Journal of Personality Disorder, 17 (3), 188-207.
- Gabbard, G. O. (1989). Two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder. Bulletin of Meninger clinic, 53, 527-532.
- Given,-Wilson, Z., Mcllwain, D. ve Warburton, W. (2011). Meta-cognitive and interpersonal difficulties in overt and covert narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1000-1005.
- Hendin, H. M. ve Cheek, J. M. (1997). Assessing hypersensitive narcissism: a reexamination of Murray’s narcism scale. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 588-599.
- Hibbard S. (1992). Narcissism, shame, masochism, and object relations: an exploratory correlational study. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 9 (4), 489-508.
- Kohut H. (1977). The Restoration of Self. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
- Kohut, H. ( 1971). The Analysis of The Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press
- Kohut, H. (1966). Forms and transformations of narcissism. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 14, 243-272.
- Levine, A. B. ve Faust, J. (2013). A psychodynamic approach to the diagnosis and treatment of closet narcissim. Clinical Case Studies,12 (3), 199-212.
- Marmarosh, C. L. ve Mann, S. (2014). Patients’ selfobject needs in psychodynamic psychotherapy: how they relate to client attachment symptoms, and therapy alliance. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 31 (3), 297- 313.
- McWilliams, N. (2013). Psikanalitik Tanı. Klinik Süreç İçinde Kişilik Yapısını Anlamak (E. Kalem, Çev.) . İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Rose, P. (2002). The happy and unhappy faces of narcissism. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 379-391.
- Siegel, A. (1996). Heinz Kohut and the Psychology of the Self. New York, NY: Routledge.
- Wink, P. (1991). Two faces of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61 (4), 590-597.
Details
| Primary Language | Turkish |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Psychology |
| Other ID | JA53BG35KT |
| Journal Section | Research Article |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | March 1, 2017 |
| Submission Date | March 1, 2017 |
| Acceptance Date | February 17, 2017 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2017 Volume: 4 Issue: 1 |
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