Research Article
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Mapping Design and Creative Thinking in Architecture and Design: A SciMAT-Based Conceptual and Thematic Analysis

Year 2026, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 63 - 78, 31.01.2026

Abstract

The aim of this research is to examine the conceptual and theoretical foundation of creative
thinking and design thinking. In this study, a systematic literature review was conducted on the
concepts of "design," "design thinking," "design-oriented thinking," creativity," and "creative
thinking." The steps followed in the research were in the first stage the publications within the
scope of the architecture and design disciplines that were examined; in the second stage the
articles were critically reviewed, and the articles that were not relevant were excluded; and finally,
bibliometric and content analysis of the selected articles were carried out. In addition, the current
publication trends, sub-themes, and conceptual variations were visualized using specialized
software. The analyses of the research were performed using the SciMAT (Science Mapping
Analysis Software Tool) software through strategic diagrams, network maps, and thematic maps.
It is possible to develop various clustering methods and conduct analyses using different
bibliometric networks with the SciMAT program. The study's conclusions provide
recommendations that emphasize current trends in design education and design studio softwarebased, as well as suggestions for future research.

References

  • Alangoya, K. A. (2015). Benefıtıng from the Adventurous Nature of ‘Design Thinking ‘ in Urban Design Education an Urban Design Studio as A Case Study:" On Trial of Taksim Square". Metu Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 32(1), 65-90.
  • Asefi, M., & Imani, E. (2018). Effects of active strategic teaching model (ASTM) in creative and critical thinking skills of architecture students. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 12(2), 209.
  • Aşkın, G. D. (2020). İç mimarlık eğitimi temel tasarım sürecinde yaratıcı düşüncenin geliştirilmesine yönelik bir yöntem önerisi. Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü İç Mimarlık Anabilimdalı, İç Mimarlık Doktora Tezi. İstanbul.
  • Avsec, s., & Jagiełło-Kowalczyk, M. (2021). Investigating possibilities of developing self-directed learning in architecture students using design thinking. Sustainability, 13(8), 4369.
  • Bagheri, B., Azadi, H., Soltani, A., & Witlox, F. (2024). Global city data analysis using SciMAT: A bibliometric review. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(6), 15403-15427.
  • Baker, F. III, & Moukhliss, S. (2020). Concretising design thinking: A content analysis of systematic and extended literature reviews on design thinking and human-centred design. Rev. Educ. 8(1), 305–333. doi: 10.1002/rev3.3186
  • Benaicha, M., El Harrouni, K., & Kabouss, S. (2025). Concrete in architecture: Redefining form, space, function, and insights from bibliometric analysis. Structural Concrete, 1-23.
  • Bhandari, A. (2023). Design thinking: from bibliometric analysis to content analysis, current research trends, and future research directions. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(3), 3097-3152.
  • Bhooshan, S. (2017). Parametric design thinking: A case-study of practice-embedded architectural research. Design studies, 52, 115-143.
  • Brown, T. (2009). Change by design: How design thinking creates new alternatives for business and society. HarperBusiness.
  • Casakin, H., & Wodehouse, A. (2021). A systematic review of design creativity in the architectural design studio. Buildings, 11(1), 31.
  • Cho, J. Y. (2012). Spatial ability, creativity, and studio performance in architectural design. In 17th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia, CAADRIA 2012 (pp. 131-140)
  • Cobo, M. J., López-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2011). An approach for detecting, quantifying, and visualizing the evolution of a research field: A practical application to the Fuzzy Sets Theory field. Journal of informetrics, 5(1), 146-166.
  • Cobo, M. J., López-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2011). Science mapping software tools: Review, analysis, and cooperative study among tools. Journal of the American Society for information Science and Technology, 62(7), 1382-1402.
  • Cobo, M. J., López-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2012). SciMAT: A new science mapping analysis software tool. Journal of the American Society for information Science and Technology, 63(8), 1609-1630.
  • Cross, N. (2011). Design thinking: Understanding how designers think and work. Berg
  • Çalışkan, a., & Kayaakdag, S. G. (2025). Virtual Reality Learning Environments In Architecture And Design Education: A Bibliometric Review. A+ Arch Design International Journal of Architecture and Design, 11(1), 73-91.
  • Daemei, A. B., & Safari, H. (2018). Factors affecting creativity in the architectural education process based on computer-aided design. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7(1), 100-106.
  • Duzgun, E., & Bekdas, H. D. (2019). How About Using a Metaphor for Design Thinking and Creativity in Interior Architectural Design Studio?. 11th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. Edulearn 19 Proceeding. S.5392-5399. IATED.
  • Fleury, A. L., Almeida, H. S., & Carvalho, M. M. D. (2016). An overview of the literature on design thinking: trends and contribution. International Journal of Engineering Education, 32, 1704- 1718.
  • Ghonim, M. (2016). Design thinking in architecture education: issues, limitations, and suggestions. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Architectural Design Conference on Design and Nature ARCHDESIGN (Vol. 16, pp. 553-561). Istanbul: Dakam Publishing.
  • Gibbin, R. V., Sigahi, T. F., De Souza Pinto, J., Rampasso, I. S., & Anholon, R. (2023). Thematic evolution and trends linking sustainability and project management: Scientific mapping using SciMAT. Journal of Cleaner Production, 414, 137753.
  • Goldschmidt, G. (1994). On visual design thinking: the vis kids of architecture. Design studies, 15(2), 158-174.
  • Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. McGraw-Hill.
  • Hamza, T. S., & Hassan, D. K. (2016). Consequential creativity: Student competency and lateral thinking incorporation in architectural education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 26(4), 587-612.
  • Holubchak, K. (2020). The application of design thinking methodology in architectural education in Ukraine: case study. Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment, 13(4), 19-29.
  • Karakose, T., Leithwood, K., & Tülübaş, T. (2024). The Intellectual Evolution of Educational Leadership Research: A Combined Bibliometric and Thematic Analysis Using SciMAT. Education Sciences, 14(4), 429.
  • Khanzadeh, M. (2025). Bibliometric Analysis of YÖKTEZ Thesis Topics in Interior Architecture: A 25- Year. Bibliometric Analysis I, (pp. 87–105). Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • Kokorina, E. V. (2022). Space of conceptual creativity based on architectural design. Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, (1), 80-90.
  • Kowaltowski, D. C., Bianchi, G., & De Paiva, V. T. (2010). Methods that may stimulate creativity and their use in architectural design education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 20, 453-476.
  • Küçükyağcı, P. Ö. (2025). Bibliometric Analysis of Basic Design Education. Online Journal of Art and Design, 13(3).
  • Lopez-Robles, J. R., Cobo, M. J., Gutiérrez-Salcedo, M., Martínez-Sánchez, M. A., Gamboa-Rosales, N. K., & Herrera-Viedma, E. (2021). 30th Anniversary of Applied Intelligence: A combination of bibliometrics and thematic analysis using SciMAT. Applied Intelligence, 51, 6547-6568.
  • Lüley, M. (2020). Non-linear design thinking in architectural education. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 18(3), 2020.
  • Maturakarn, C., & Moorapun, C. (2017). Design thinking: Interior architecture and interior design in Thailand. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 2(6), 71-79.
  • Melles, G., Howard, Z., & Thompson-Whiteside, S. (2012). Teaching design thinking: Expanding horizons in design education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 162-166.
  • Michalatos, P. (2016). Design signals: the role of software architecture and paradigms in design thinking and practice. Architectural Design, 86(5), 108-115.
  • Mutlu Avinç, G., & Yıldız, A. (2024). A bibliometric and systematic review of scientific publications on metaverse research in architecture: web of science (WoS). International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1-25.
  • Moore, S. A., & Karvonen, A. (2008). Sustainable architecture in context: STS and design thinking. Science & Technology Studies, 21(1), 29-44.
  • Morooka, F. E., Junior, A. M., Sigahi, T. F., Pinto, J. D. S., Rampasso, I. S., & Anholon, R. (2023). Deep learning and autonomous vehicles: Strategic themes, applications, and research agenda using SciMAT and content-centric analysis, a systematic review. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, 5(3), 763-781.
  • Nalkaya, S. (2012). The challenge of complexity and creativity factor in architectural design. Open House International, 37(3), 38-47.
  • Ngoc, P. T., & Fassi, D. (2018). Design thinking for interior and spatial design: A case study within Politecnico di Milano. In ServDes2018. Service Design Proof of Concept, Proceedings of the ServDes. 2018 Conference (pp. 18-20).
  • Oxman, R. (2004). Think-maps: teaching design thinking in design education. Design studies, 25(1), 63-91.
  • Özköse, H., & Güney, G. (2023). The effects of industry 4.0 on productivity: A scientific mapping study. Technology in Society, 75, 102368.
  • Özten Anay, M., (2020). Design Thinking to Familiarize Hearing-Impaired Architectural Drafting Students with Human-Centered Design Concept. Iconarp International Journal of Architecture and Planning, vol.8, no.1, 62-87.
  • Park, E. J., & Kim, M. J. (2021). Visual communication for students’ creative thinking in the design studio: Translating filmic spaces into spatial design. Buildings, 11(3), 91.
  • Park, E. J., Kim, D. H., & Kim, M. J. (2022). Architecture and the imaginary: text stimulus to improve students' creativity with nonlinear design process. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 16(3), 637-652.
  • Park, E. J., & Lee, S. (2022). Creative thinking in the architecture design studio: Bibliometric analysis and literature review. Buildings, 12(6), 828.
  • Park, E. J., Lee, K., & Kang, E. (2023). The impact of research and representation of site analysis for creative design approach in architectural design studio. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 48, 101271.
  • Potur, A. A., & Barkul, Ö. (2006). Creative thinking in architectural design education. In 1st International CIB Endorsed METU Postgraduate Conference Built Environment & Information Technologies, Ankara (pp. 113-125).
  • Razali, N. H., Ali, N. N. N., Safiyuddin, S. K., & Khalid, F. (2022). Design thinking approaches in education and their challenges: A systematic literature review. Creative Education, 13(7), 2289-2299.
  • Runco, M. A. (2007). Creativity: Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. Elsevier.
  • SciMAT (2024). SciMAT (Science Mapping Analysis Tool). https://sci2s.ugr.es/SciMAT/
  • Simon, M., & Hu, M. (2017). Infusing Technology Driven Design Thinking in Architectural Education: Two Case Studies. In Proceedings of the ARCC–EAAE 2018 International Conference (Philadelphia, PA).
  • Tepavcevic, B. (2017). Design thinking models for architectural education. The Journal of Public Space, 2(3), 67-72.
  • Web of science (2024). Web of Science. Search. https://www.webofscience.com/

Year 2026, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 63 - 78, 31.01.2026

Abstract

References

  • Alangoya, K. A. (2015). Benefıtıng from the Adventurous Nature of ‘Design Thinking ‘ in Urban Design Education an Urban Design Studio as A Case Study:" On Trial of Taksim Square". Metu Journal of the Faculty of Architecture, 32(1), 65-90.
  • Asefi, M., & Imani, E. (2018). Effects of active strategic teaching model (ASTM) in creative and critical thinking skills of architecture students. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 12(2), 209.
  • Aşkın, G. D. (2020). İç mimarlık eğitimi temel tasarım sürecinde yaratıcı düşüncenin geliştirilmesine yönelik bir yöntem önerisi. Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü İç Mimarlık Anabilimdalı, İç Mimarlık Doktora Tezi. İstanbul.
  • Avsec, s., & Jagiełło-Kowalczyk, M. (2021). Investigating possibilities of developing self-directed learning in architecture students using design thinking. Sustainability, 13(8), 4369.
  • Bagheri, B., Azadi, H., Soltani, A., & Witlox, F. (2024). Global city data analysis using SciMAT: A bibliometric review. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(6), 15403-15427.
  • Baker, F. III, & Moukhliss, S. (2020). Concretising design thinking: A content analysis of systematic and extended literature reviews on design thinking and human-centred design. Rev. Educ. 8(1), 305–333. doi: 10.1002/rev3.3186
  • Benaicha, M., El Harrouni, K., & Kabouss, S. (2025). Concrete in architecture: Redefining form, space, function, and insights from bibliometric analysis. Structural Concrete, 1-23.
  • Bhandari, A. (2023). Design thinking: from bibliometric analysis to content analysis, current research trends, and future research directions. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 14(3), 3097-3152.
  • Bhooshan, S. (2017). Parametric design thinking: A case-study of practice-embedded architectural research. Design studies, 52, 115-143.
  • Brown, T. (2009). Change by design: How design thinking creates new alternatives for business and society. HarperBusiness.
  • Casakin, H., & Wodehouse, A. (2021). A systematic review of design creativity in the architectural design studio. Buildings, 11(1), 31.
  • Cho, J. Y. (2012). Spatial ability, creativity, and studio performance in architectural design. In 17th International Conference on Computer-Aided Architectural Design Research in Asia, CAADRIA 2012 (pp. 131-140)
  • Cobo, M. J., López-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2011). An approach for detecting, quantifying, and visualizing the evolution of a research field: A practical application to the Fuzzy Sets Theory field. Journal of informetrics, 5(1), 146-166.
  • Cobo, M. J., López-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2011). Science mapping software tools: Review, analysis, and cooperative study among tools. Journal of the American Society for information Science and Technology, 62(7), 1382-1402.
  • Cobo, M. J., López-Herrera, A. G., Herrera-Viedma, E., & Herrera, F. (2012). SciMAT: A new science mapping analysis software tool. Journal of the American Society for information Science and Technology, 63(8), 1609-1630.
  • Cross, N. (2011). Design thinking: Understanding how designers think and work. Berg
  • Çalışkan, a., & Kayaakdag, S. G. (2025). Virtual Reality Learning Environments In Architecture And Design Education: A Bibliometric Review. A+ Arch Design International Journal of Architecture and Design, 11(1), 73-91.
  • Daemei, A. B., & Safari, H. (2018). Factors affecting creativity in the architectural education process based on computer-aided design. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 7(1), 100-106.
  • Duzgun, E., & Bekdas, H. D. (2019). How About Using a Metaphor for Design Thinking and Creativity in Interior Architectural Design Studio?. 11th International Conference on Education and New Learning Technologies. Edulearn 19 Proceeding. S.5392-5399. IATED.
  • Fleury, A. L., Almeida, H. S., & Carvalho, M. M. D. (2016). An overview of the literature on design thinking: trends and contribution. International Journal of Engineering Education, 32, 1704- 1718.
  • Ghonim, M. (2016). Design thinking in architecture education: issues, limitations, and suggestions. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Architectural Design Conference on Design and Nature ARCHDESIGN (Vol. 16, pp. 553-561). Istanbul: Dakam Publishing.
  • Gibbin, R. V., Sigahi, T. F., De Souza Pinto, J., Rampasso, I. S., & Anholon, R. (2023). Thematic evolution and trends linking sustainability and project management: Scientific mapping using SciMAT. Journal of Cleaner Production, 414, 137753.
  • Goldschmidt, G. (1994). On visual design thinking: the vis kids of architecture. Design studies, 15(2), 158-174.
  • Guilford, J. P. (1967). The nature of human intelligence. McGraw-Hill.
  • Hamza, T. S., & Hassan, D. K. (2016). Consequential creativity: Student competency and lateral thinking incorporation in architectural education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 26(4), 587-612.
  • Holubchak, K. (2020). The application of design thinking methodology in architectural education in Ukraine: case study. Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment, 13(4), 19-29.
  • Karakose, T., Leithwood, K., & Tülübaş, T. (2024). The Intellectual Evolution of Educational Leadership Research: A Combined Bibliometric and Thematic Analysis Using SciMAT. Education Sciences, 14(4), 429.
  • Khanzadeh, M. (2025). Bibliometric Analysis of YÖKTEZ Thesis Topics in Interior Architecture: A 25- Year. Bibliometric Analysis I, (pp. 87–105). Akademisyen Kitabevi.
  • Kokorina, E. V. (2022). Space of conceptual creativity based on architectural design. Russian Journal of Building Construction and Architecture, (1), 80-90.
  • Kowaltowski, D. C., Bianchi, G., & De Paiva, V. T. (2010). Methods that may stimulate creativity and their use in architectural design education. International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 20, 453-476.
  • Küçükyağcı, P. Ö. (2025). Bibliometric Analysis of Basic Design Education. Online Journal of Art and Design, 13(3).
  • Lopez-Robles, J. R., Cobo, M. J., Gutiérrez-Salcedo, M., Martínez-Sánchez, M. A., Gamboa-Rosales, N. K., & Herrera-Viedma, E. (2021). 30th Anniversary of Applied Intelligence: A combination of bibliometrics and thematic analysis using SciMAT. Applied Intelligence, 51, 6547-6568.
  • Lüley, M. (2020). Non-linear design thinking in architectural education. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, 18(3), 2020.
  • Maturakarn, C., & Moorapun, C. (2017). Design thinking: Interior architecture and interior design in Thailand. Environment-Behaviour Proceedings Journal, 2(6), 71-79.
  • Melles, G., Howard, Z., & Thompson-Whiteside, S. (2012). Teaching design thinking: Expanding horizons in design education. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 31, 162-166.
  • Michalatos, P. (2016). Design signals: the role of software architecture and paradigms in design thinking and practice. Architectural Design, 86(5), 108-115.
  • Mutlu Avinç, G., & Yıldız, A. (2024). A bibliometric and systematic review of scientific publications on metaverse research in architecture: web of science (WoS). International Journal of Technology and Design Education, 1-25.
  • Moore, S. A., & Karvonen, A. (2008). Sustainable architecture in context: STS and design thinking. Science & Technology Studies, 21(1), 29-44.
  • Morooka, F. E., Junior, A. M., Sigahi, T. F., Pinto, J. D. S., Rampasso, I. S., & Anholon, R. (2023). Deep learning and autonomous vehicles: Strategic themes, applications, and research agenda using SciMAT and content-centric analysis, a systematic review. Machine Learning and Knowledge Extraction, 5(3), 763-781.
  • Nalkaya, S. (2012). The challenge of complexity and creativity factor in architectural design. Open House International, 37(3), 38-47.
  • Ngoc, P. T., & Fassi, D. (2018). Design thinking for interior and spatial design: A case study within Politecnico di Milano. In ServDes2018. Service Design Proof of Concept, Proceedings of the ServDes. 2018 Conference (pp. 18-20).
  • Oxman, R. (2004). Think-maps: teaching design thinking in design education. Design studies, 25(1), 63-91.
  • Özköse, H., & Güney, G. (2023). The effects of industry 4.0 on productivity: A scientific mapping study. Technology in Society, 75, 102368.
  • Özten Anay, M., (2020). Design Thinking to Familiarize Hearing-Impaired Architectural Drafting Students with Human-Centered Design Concept. Iconarp International Journal of Architecture and Planning, vol.8, no.1, 62-87.
  • Park, E. J., & Kim, M. J. (2021). Visual communication for students’ creative thinking in the design studio: Translating filmic spaces into spatial design. Buildings, 11(3), 91.
  • Park, E. J., Kim, D. H., & Kim, M. J. (2022). Architecture and the imaginary: text stimulus to improve students' creativity with nonlinear design process. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 16(3), 637-652.
  • Park, E. J., & Lee, S. (2022). Creative thinking in the architecture design studio: Bibliometric analysis and literature review. Buildings, 12(6), 828.
  • Park, E. J., Lee, K., & Kang, E. (2023). The impact of research and representation of site analysis for creative design approach in architectural design studio. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 48, 101271.
  • Potur, A. A., & Barkul, Ö. (2006). Creative thinking in architectural design education. In 1st International CIB Endorsed METU Postgraduate Conference Built Environment & Information Technologies, Ankara (pp. 113-125).
  • Razali, N. H., Ali, N. N. N., Safiyuddin, S. K., & Khalid, F. (2022). Design thinking approaches in education and their challenges: A systematic literature review. Creative Education, 13(7), 2289-2299.
  • Runco, M. A. (2007). Creativity: Theories and themes: Research, development, and practice. Elsevier.
  • SciMAT (2024). SciMAT (Science Mapping Analysis Tool). https://sci2s.ugr.es/SciMAT/
  • Simon, M., & Hu, M. (2017). Infusing Technology Driven Design Thinking in Architectural Education: Two Case Studies. In Proceedings of the ARCC–EAAE 2018 International Conference (Philadelphia, PA).
  • Tepavcevic, B. (2017). Design thinking models for architectural education. The Journal of Public Space, 2(3), 67-72.
  • Web of science (2024). Web of Science. Search. https://www.webofscience.com/
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Architectural Computing and Visualisation Methods, Architectural Design
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Gülsüm Damla Aşkın 0000-0002-1406-1600

Emine Banu Burkut 0000-0003-0252-4054

Submission Date March 19, 2025
Acceptance Date October 19, 2025
Publication Date January 31, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 7 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Aşkın, G. D., & Burkut, E. B. (2026). Mapping Design and Creative Thinking in Architecture and Design: A SciMAT-Based Conceptual and Thematic Analysis. Bab Journal of Architecture and Design, 7(1), 63-78.

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