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Bartholyoshka Kanunu: *sǵh > Hintçe h (veya Hintçe-Farsça *ȷ́h) ve Birkaç Hint-Avrupa Dili ile Hintçe, Farsça, Yunanca, Arnavutça vb. Etimolojiler

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 193 - 204, 07.06.2024

Abstract

Yüzyıldan fazla bir süre önce Bartholomae sadece iki örneğe dayanarak (biri belirsiz, diğeri neredeyse kesinlikle yanlış) Hint-Avrupa *sǵh sesinin ünlüler arasında Hintçe h'ye (muhtemelen Hint-İran *ȷ́h aracılığıyla) dönüştüğünü öne sürdü. Bir nesil sonra Scheftelowitz, İndicede *sǵh'nin farklı bir refleksi, yani jjh üzerinde ısrar etti ve tek bir örnek bile vermedi. Aynı zamanda, İndikçede ünlüler arasında h bulunan (en azından bir tanesi İrancada z < *ȷ́ < *ȷ́h gösteren bir soydaşı olan) ve etimolojisi olmayan çok sayıda kelime örneği vardı ve var. Pratik olarak kesin görünen yedi etimoloji ve daha az kesin görünen bir etimoloji sağladım. Bu süreçte, *sǵh kümesiyle etimadan gelen bir Yunanca ve iki Arnavutça kelimenin etimolojilerini de ilk kez sunuyorum. Ve her zamanki gibi, tüm bu Hintçe, İranca, Yunanca ve Arnavutça verilerin daha önceki akademisyenler tarafından yanlış analiz edilmesinin öyküsünün, tarihsel dilbilimde (ve genel olarak bilimde) kabul edilmesi ve ardından onarılması gereken ciddi metodolojik kusurları gösterdiğini savunuyorum. Bu onarım, benim İnsan Yüzlü Hint-Avrupa Dilbilimi olarak adlandırdığım bir devrimi içermelidir.

References

  • Barić, H. 1923. Etimološki i gramatički prolozi. Arhiv za arbansku starinu, jezik i etnologiju 1: 138-159
  • Bartholomae, Chr. 1891. Studien zur idg. Sprachgeschichte II. Halle: Niemeyer.
  • Beekes, Robert. 2010. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden ** Boston: Brill.
  • Çabej, Eqrem. 1976. Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes, ii (A-B). Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave.
  • Christol, Alain. 1987. Un verlan indo-iranien? LALIES 5: 57-64.
  • De Vaan, Michiel. 2000. The Indo-Iranian animal suffix -āćá . Indo-Iranian Journal 43: 279-293.
  • EWA = Mayrhofer, Manfred. 1992-2001. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen. Heidelberg: Winter.
  • Geldner, F. K. 1951-1957. Der Rig-Veda. Cambridge [et al.]: Harvard Univ. Press [et al.]. Hyllested, Adam & Brian Joseph. 2022. Albanian. In: Thomas Olander (ed.) The Indo-European Languages: A Phylogenetic Perspective, 223-245. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jamison, Stephanie W. & Joel P. Brereton. 2014. The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Oxford Univ. Press.
  • KEWA = Mayrhofer, Manfred. 1956-1980. Kurzgefaβtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen. Heidelberg: Winter.
  • Kiparsky, Paul. 1979. Pāṇini as a Variationist. Cambridge MA: MIT Press ** Pune, India: Centre of Advanced Study in Sanskrit, University of Poona.
  • Klingenschmitt, Gert. 1982. Das altarmenische Verbum. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
  • Lubotsky, Alexander. 2001. The Indo-Iranian substratum. In: C. Carpelan [et al.] (eds.) Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations. Papers presented at an international symposium held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki 8-10 January 1999, pp. 301-317. Helsinki: Société Finno-ougrienne.
  • Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 2022. More inebra: An unnoticed meaning of PIE √*kelH and a bit more. Studia Uralo-altaica 56 (Siberica et Uralica: In memoriam Eugen Helimski): 293-315. M-W = Monier-Williams, Sir Monier. 1899. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  • Mann, Stuart E. 1952. Indo-European consonants in Albanian. Language 28: 31–40. Meyer, Gustav. 1891. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache. Strassburg: Trübner.
  • Nussbaum, Alan. 1999. *Jocidus: An account of the Latin adjectives in -idus. In: Heinz Eichner [et al.] (eds.) Compositiones Indogermanicae in memoriam Jochem Schindler, 377-419. Praha: Enigma.
  • Orel, Vladimir. 1998. Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Leiden ** Boston: Brill.
  • Scheftelowitz, J. 1927. [KZ =] Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen 54: 224-253.
  • Thieme, Paul. 1985. Radices postnominales. In: Bernfried Schlerath (ed.), Grammatische Kategorien: Funktion und Geschichte. Akten der VII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 239-248. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
  • Topkalli, Kolec. 2017. Fjalor etimologjik i gjuhës shqipe. Tiranë: Botimet Albanologjike.
  • Weiss, Michael. 2018. Veneti or Venetes? Observations on a widespread Indo-European tribal name. In: Lucien van Beek [et al. (eds.) Farnah: Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Sasha Lubotsky, 349-357. Ann Arbor ** New York: Beech Stave.
  • Wheeler, Benjamin I. 1885. Der griechische Nominalaccent. Strassburg: Trübner.
  • Wheeler, Benjamin I. 1903. The so-called mutation in Indo-European compounds. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 34 (= Proceedings of the Thirty- Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Philological Association Held at New Haven, Conn., July, 1903. Also of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast Held at San Francisco, Cal., Dec., 1902), 68-70.

Bartholyoshka’s Law: *sǵh > Indic h (or Indo-Iranian *ȷ́h) and A Few Indo-European, Indic, Iranian, Greek, Albanian, etc. Etymologies

Year 2024, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 193 - 204, 07.06.2024

Abstract

More than a century ago Bartholomae proposed a sound change of Indo-European *sǵh between vowels to Indic h (presumably via Indo-Iranian *ȷ́h) based on just two examples (one uncertain, the other almost certainly wrong). A generation later Scheftelowitz insisted on a different reflex of *sǵh in Indic, namely jjh, and he provided not even one example. At the same time there were and are numerous examples of words with h between vowels in Indic (at least one of them with a cognate in Iranian that show z < *ȷ́ < *ȷ́h) and without etymologies. I provide seven etymologies that seem practically certain and one less so. In the process I also provide for the first time etymologies of one Greek and two Albanian words that also come from etyma with the *sǵh cluster. And, as usual, I argue that the story of the misanalysis of all these Indic, Iranian, Greek, and Albanian data by earlier scholars demonstrate serious methodological defects in historical linguistics (and in science generally) that should be acknowledged and then repaired. The repair should involve a revolution leading to what I call Indo-European Linguistics with a Human Face.

References

  • Barić, H. 1923. Etimološki i gramatički prolozi. Arhiv za arbansku starinu, jezik i etnologiju 1: 138-159
  • Bartholomae, Chr. 1891. Studien zur idg. Sprachgeschichte II. Halle: Niemeyer.
  • Beekes, Robert. 2010. Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Leiden ** Boston: Brill.
  • Çabej, Eqrem. 1976. Studime etimologjike në fushë të shqipes, ii (A-B). Tiranë: Akademia e Shkencave.
  • Christol, Alain. 1987. Un verlan indo-iranien? LALIES 5: 57-64.
  • De Vaan, Michiel. 2000. The Indo-Iranian animal suffix -āćá . Indo-Iranian Journal 43: 279-293.
  • EWA = Mayrhofer, Manfred. 1992-2001. Etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen. Heidelberg: Winter.
  • Geldner, F. K. 1951-1957. Der Rig-Veda. Cambridge [et al.]: Harvard Univ. Press [et al.]. Hyllested, Adam & Brian Joseph. 2022. Albanian. In: Thomas Olander (ed.) The Indo-European Languages: A Phylogenetic Perspective, 223-245. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jamison, Stephanie W. & Joel P. Brereton. 2014. The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India. Oxford Univ. Press.
  • KEWA = Mayrhofer, Manfred. 1956-1980. Kurzgefaβtes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen. Heidelberg: Winter.
  • Kiparsky, Paul. 1979. Pāṇini as a Variationist. Cambridge MA: MIT Press ** Pune, India: Centre of Advanced Study in Sanskrit, University of Poona.
  • Klingenschmitt, Gert. 1982. Das altarmenische Verbum. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
  • Lubotsky, Alexander. 2001. The Indo-Iranian substratum. In: C. Carpelan [et al.] (eds.) Early Contacts between Uralic and Indo-European: Linguistic and Archaeological Considerations. Papers presented at an international symposium held at the Tvärminne Research Station of the University of Helsinki 8-10 January 1999, pp. 301-317. Helsinki: Société Finno-ougrienne.
  • Manaster Ramer, Alexis. 2022. More inebra: An unnoticed meaning of PIE √*kelH and a bit more. Studia Uralo-altaica 56 (Siberica et Uralica: In memoriam Eugen Helimski): 293-315. M-W = Monier-Williams, Sir Monier. 1899. A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford Univ. Press.
  • Mann, Stuart E. 1952. Indo-European consonants in Albanian. Language 28: 31–40. Meyer, Gustav. 1891. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der albanesischen Sprache. Strassburg: Trübner.
  • Nussbaum, Alan. 1999. *Jocidus: An account of the Latin adjectives in -idus. In: Heinz Eichner [et al.] (eds.) Compositiones Indogermanicae in memoriam Jochem Schindler, 377-419. Praha: Enigma.
  • Orel, Vladimir. 1998. Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Leiden ** Boston: Brill.
  • Scheftelowitz, J. 1927. [KZ =] Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen 54: 224-253.
  • Thieme, Paul. 1985. Radices postnominales. In: Bernfried Schlerath (ed.), Grammatische Kategorien: Funktion und Geschichte. Akten der VII. Fachtagung der Indogermanischen Gesellschaft, 239-248. Wiesbaden: Reichert.
  • Topkalli, Kolec. 2017. Fjalor etimologjik i gjuhës shqipe. Tiranë: Botimet Albanologjike.
  • Weiss, Michael. 2018. Veneti or Venetes? Observations on a widespread Indo-European tribal name. In: Lucien van Beek [et al. (eds.) Farnah: Indo-Iranian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Sasha Lubotsky, 349-357. Ann Arbor ** New York: Beech Stave.
  • Wheeler, Benjamin I. 1885. Der griechische Nominalaccent. Strassburg: Trübner.
  • Wheeler, Benjamin I. 1903. The so-called mutation in Indo-European compounds. Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association 34 (= Proceedings of the Thirty- Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Philological Association Held at New Haven, Conn., July, 1903. Also of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Philological Association of the Pacific Coast Held at San Francisco, Cal., Dec., 1902), 68-70.
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Historical, Comparative and Typological Linguistics, Linguistic Contrastif, Linguistics (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Alexis Manaster Ramer 0009-0009-4174-1335

Publication Date June 7, 2024
Submission Date May 14, 2024
Acceptance Date May 20, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 3 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Manaster Ramer, A. (2024). Bartholyoshka’s Law: *sǵh > Indic h (or Indo-Iranian *ȷ́h) and A Few Indo-European, Indic, Iranian, Greek, Albanian, etc. Etymologies. BABUR Research, 3(1), 193-204.

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