Avrupa Birliği’nin Self-Determinasyon Yaklaşımı

Year 2021, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 639 - 672, 27.12.2021

Sinem Çelik

Abstract

Self-determinasyon kavramı, en temel anlamda halkların herhangi bir biçimde dış baskı veya zorlama olmadan kendi kaderlerini özgürce belirlemelerine olanak sunan bir süreç olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Çalışma özelinde, self-determinasyonun kavramsal çerçevesi ele alındıktan sonra AB’nin self-determinasyon yaklaşımı detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Çalışma, AB’nin içsel ve dışsal olmak üzere iki türü bulunan self-determinasyon kavramına ilişkin tutumunu uluslararası hukuk perspektifinden ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada, sadece Avrupa halklarının kendi siyasi, sosyal, kültürel ve ekonomik geleceklerine özgürce karar vermelerine yönelik olan demokratik hakların AB hukukuna dayandırılabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Avrupa Birliği (AB), , Self-determinasyon , Uluslararası Hukuk , Avrupa Adalet Divanı (AAD) , Avrupa Birliği Hukuku

References

• FORMAN, Lionel, “Self-determination in South Africa: A Contribution to Discussion”, Liberation, (35), 1959, s. 14-19.
• POMERANCE, Michla, Self Determination in Law and Practice, The New Doctrine in the United Nation, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, London 1982.
• FRANKEL, Robert E., “Recognizing Self-Determination in International Law: Kuwait’s Conflict with Iraq”, Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative Law Review, 14(2), 1992, s. 359-403.
• ETZIONI, Amitai, “Self‐Determination”, John Stone, Rutledge M. Dennis, Polly S. Rizova, Anthony D. Smith ve Xiaoshuo Hou, der., The Wiley Blackwell Encyclopedia of Race, Ethnicity, and Nationalism, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Published, 2016, s. 1-3.
• CRISTESCU, Aureliu, The Right to Self-determination: Historical and Current Development on the Basis of United Nations Instruments, 404, United Nations Publication, New York 1981.
• ÖTKEM, Emre, Terörizm: İnsancıl Hukuk ve İnsan Hakları, 2. Baskı, Derin Yayınları, İstanbul 2011.
• CASSESE, Antonio, Self-determination of Peoples: A Legal Reappraisal, Cambridge University Press, 1995.
• BROWNLIE, Ian, Principles of Public International Law, 6th Edition, Oxford University Press, 2003.
• LINO, Dylan, “The Politics of Inclusion: The Right of Self-determination, Statutory Bills of Rights and Indigenous Peoples”, Melbourne University Law Review, 34, 2010, s. 839-869.
• WILSON, Heather A. Wilson, International Law and the Use of Force by National Liberation Movements, Clarendon Press, Oxford 1990.
• VERHELST, Anne, “Remedial Secession for Economic Harm in International Law: The Catalan Case”, Leuven Centre for Global Governance Studies Working Paper, 202, Institute for International Law, Leuven 2018.
• KAMPELMAN, Max M., “Secession and the Right of Self-Determination: An Urgent Need to Harmonize Principle with Pragmatism”, The Washington Quarterly, 16(3), 1993, s. 5-12.
• LAUWERS, Gunter-Stefaan Smis, “New Dimensions of the Right to Self-Determination: A Study of the International Response to the Kosovo Crisis”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 6(2), 2000, s. 42-69.
• FROWEIN, Jochen A., “Self- determination as a Limit to Obligations under International Law”, Christian Tomuschat, der., Modern Law of Self- Determination, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, London 1993, s. 211-223.
• MILLS, James Robert, The Challenge of Self-determination and Emerging Nationalism: The Evolution of the International Community’s Normative Responses to State Fragmentation, London School of Economics and Political Sciences, Department of International Relations, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), London 2009.
• DELANTY, Gerard, Nationalism and Social Theory, SAGE Publications, London 2002.
• FARLEY, Lawrence T., Plebiscites and Sovereignty: The Crisis of Political Illegitimacy, Westview Press, London 1986.
• ARROUS, Michel B.-Lazare Ki-Zerbo, African Studies in Geography from Below, Codesria, Dakar 2006.
• TAŞDEMİR, Fatma, Yeni Dünya Düzeninde Self Determinasyon, Gazi Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), Ankara 1999.
• HABERMAS, Jürgen, Küreselleşme ve Milli Devletlerin Akıbeti, (Çev. Medeni Beyaztaş), Bakış Yayınları, İstanbul, 2002.
• COBBAN, Alfred, The Nation State and National Self-Determination, Crowell Publishing, New York 1970.
• PAGE, Stanley W., “Lenin and Self-determination”, The Slavonic and East European Review, 28(71), 1950, s. 342-358.
• GRIFFIOEN, Christine, Self-determination as a Human Right: The Emergency Exit of Remedial Secession, Utrecht University, Science Shop of Law, Economics and Governance, 2010.
• KIRGIS, Frederic, “The Degrees of Self-determination in the United Nations Era”, The American Journal of International Law, 88(2), 1994, s. 30-310.
• SENESE, Salvatore, “External and Internal Self-determination”, Social Justice, 16(1), 1989, s. 19-25.
• KILINÇ, Doğan, “Self-determinasyon İlkesinin Azınlıklar Açısından Değerlendirilmesi”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(1), 2008, s. 949-982.
• TAŞDEMİR, Fatma-Âdem Özer, Uluslararası Hukuk Perspektifinden Self-determinasyon ve Ayrılma, Hukuk Yayınları, Ankara 2017.
• MORIS, Halim, “Self-determination: An Affirmative Right or Mere Rhetoric”, ILSA Journal of International and Comparative Law, 4(1), 1997, s. 201-220.
• ARCHICK, Kristin, The European Union: Questions and Answers, Congressional Research Service, the Library of Congress, 2019.
• MCCORMICK, John, Avrupa Birliği Siyaseti, (Çev. Doğancan Özsel), Adres Yayınları, Ankara 2015.
• FONTAINE, Pascal, AB nedir?, Avrupa Birliği Türkiye Delegasyonu, Ankara 2014.
• Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs Directorate for EU Affairs, “Enlargement of the EU”, https://www.ab.gov.tr/enlargement_ 109_en.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 08.03.2020).
• European Parliament, “About Parliament”, https://www.europarl. europa.eu/about-parliament/en, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2020).
• European Commission, “About the European Commission”, https://ec.europa.eu/info/about-european-commission_en, (Erişim Tarihi: 03.03.2020).
• European Council, “The Council of the European Union”, https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/council-eu/, (Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2020).
• Court of Justice of the European Union, “The Institution- General Presentation”, https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/Jo2_6999/en/, (Erişim Tarihi: 05.03.2020).
• European Court of Auditors, “About us: Governance”, https://www.eca.europa.eu/ en/Pages/Structure.aspx, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2020).
• European Central Bank, “About”, https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/html/ index.en.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 06.03.2020).
• USHKOVSKA, Mare, “European Union Integration and National Self-Determination”, New England Journal of Public Policy, 31(2), 2019, s. 1-21.
• LEVRAT, Nicolas, The Right to National Self-determination within the EU: A Legal Investigation, Euborders Working Paper Series, Centre for Global Governance Studies, Leuven 2017.
• United Nations Meetings Coverage and Press Releases, “Mercenaries Often a Presence in Terrorıst Attacks, Special Rapporteur Tells Third Committee as It Begins Discussions on Self-Determination”, https://www.un.org/press/en/2001/gashc3650. doc.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 25.03.2020).
• Delegation of the European Union to the United Nation, EU Presidency Statement-The Right to Self-determination, 2001, New York.
• Delegation of the European Union to the United Nation, EU Presidency Statement-The Right to Self-determination, 2003, New York.
• Court of Justice of the European Union, “21 December 2016 – Court Decision”, https://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf?text =&docid=186489&doclang%20=EN, (Erişim Tarihi: 27.03.2020).
• MASON, Paul, “Catalonia, Lombardy, Scotland…Why the Fight for Self-determination Now?”, The Guardian, 23.10.2017, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/oct/23/we-need-to-understand-why-catalonia-lombardy-scotland-are-reposing-question-of-self-determination, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.03.2020).
• International Court of Justice, “Accordance with International Law of the Unilateral Declaration of Independence in respect of Kosovo”, Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions and Orders, Advisory Opinion of 22 July 2010, https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/141/141-20100722-ADV-01-00-EN.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 30.03.2020).
• LEVRAT, Nicolas vd., Catalonia’s Legitimate Right to Decide: Paths to Self-Determination, Report Commissioned by the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Institutional Relations and Transparency of the Government of Catalonia, Barcelona 2017.