Sömürge Mirasının Gölgesinde Cezayir ve Fransa Arasındaki İlişkiler: Yeni Bir Sayfa Mümkün Mü?

Abstract

Bu makale, sömürge mirasının Cezayir ve Fransa arasındaki ilişkileri nasıl etkilediğini incelemektedir. Cezayir'in 1962'deki bağımsızlığından bu yana, Fransa ile eski sömürgesi arasındaki ilişkiler her iki ülke için de oldukça hassas bir çizgide ilerlemiştir. Kelimenin tam anlamıyla sömürge döneminden miras kalan travmalar, iki ülke arasındaki ilişkileri şekillendirdi. Cezayir'in ulusal bağımsızlık hayali, ülkenin zenginliği ve kaynakları üzerinde Fransız etkisinden uzak, yabancı kontrolü sona erdirerek özgür karar alma mekanizmalarına sahip egemen bir devlet olmaktı. Ancak bu hayal, 132 yıllık sömürge mirasının gölgesinde tam olarak gerçekleşemedi.

Keywords

• Bağımsızlık
• Cezayir
• Fransa
• Sömürgecilik
• Sömürge Mirası

THE RELATIONS BETWEEN ALGERIA AND FRANCE IN THE SHADOW OF COLONIAL LEGACY: A NEW PAGE POSSIBLE?

Abstract

This paper examines how the colonial legacy affected relations between Algeria and France. Since Algerian independence in 1962, relations between France and its former colony have been on a highly delicate line for both countries. The traumas, literally inherited from the colonial period, shaped the relations between the two countries. Algeria's dream of national independencewas to become a sovereign state with free decision-making mechanisms by ending foreign control over the country's wealth and resources, away from French influence. However, this dream has not been fully realized in the shadow of the 132 years of the colonial legacy.

Keywords

• Algeria
• Colonialism
• Colonial Legacy
• France
• Independence

References

1. “A battle over language is hampering Algeria’s development,” The Economist, https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2017/08/17/a-battle-over-language-is-hampering-algerias-development, (Date of Accession: 12.02.2021).
2. “Algerians unhappy about France's lack of apology for war role,” AfricaNews, https://www.africanews.com/2021/01/21/will-french-president-apologize-for-france-s-role-in-algerian-war/, (Date of Accession: 12.02.2021).
3. “France-Algérie: les 22 recommandations du rapport Stora,” Le Monde, https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2021/01/20/france-algerie-les-22-recommandations-du-rapport-stora_6066931_3212.html, (Date of Accession: 12.02.2021).
4. “French film on Algeria sparks diplomatic spat, angers protesters,” The Jakarta Post, https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2020/05/29/french-film-on-algeria-sparks-diplomatic-spat-angers-protesters.html, (Date of Accession: 12.01.2021).
5. “Films on Hirak spark Algeria-France crisis,” Middle East Online, https://middle-east-online.com/en/films-hirak-spark-algeria-france-crisis, (Date of Accession: 17.02.2021).
6. “Identity crisis,” The Economist, https://www.economist.com/international/1998/07/09/identity-crisis, (Date of Accession: 12.02.2021).
7. “It's so hard to say sorry,” The Economist, https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2006/11/16/its-so-hard-to-say-sorry, (Date of Accesion: 10.01.2021).
8. “ 'No repentance nor apologies' for colonial abuses in Algeria, says Macron,” France 24, https://www.france24.com/en/france/20210120-no-repentance-nor-apologies-for-colonial-abuses-in-algeria-says-macron, (Date of Accession: 21.01.2021).

9. AISSAOUI, Rabah - Claire Eldridge, Algeria Revisited: History, Culture and Identity, Bloomsbury Publishing, London 2017.
10. BABICZ, Lionel, "Japan–Korea, France–Algeria: Colonialism and Post-Colonialism," Japanese Studies, 33(2), 2013, p. 201-211.
11. BALCI, Ali, “Algeria in declining ottoman hierarchy: Why Algiers remained loyal to the falling patron,” Cambridge Review of International Affairs, 2020, p. 1-19.
12. BENAMOU, Georges-Marc, Bir Fransız Yalanı, (Translated by Sonat Ece Kaya), Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı, İstanbul 2012.
13. BROCKELMANN, Carl, İslam Ulusları ve Devletleri Tarihi, (Translated by Neşet Çağatay), Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1992.
14. CHAIF, Rim Hayat, "Algerian Students Are Victims of the Country’s Language Confusion," Al Fanar Media, https://www.al-fanarmedia.org/2015/09/algerian-students-are-victims-of-the-countrys-languageconfusion/#:~:text=Algerian%20Students%20Are%20Victims%20of%20the%20Country's%20Language%20Confusion,Rim%20Hayat%20Chaif&text=Medjaoui%20and%20a%20large%20number,university%20are%20taught%20in%20French, (Date of Accesion: 27.11.2020).
15. ÇUBUKÇU, Mete, “Cezayir: Kuzey Afrika'daki Kirli Savaş,” Birikim, (99), July 1997, p. 16-19.
16. DESAI, Shweta, "France to form commission for reconciling with Algeria," Anadolu Agency, https://www.aa.com.tr/en/africa/france-to-form-commission-for-reconciling-with-algeria/2117868, (Date of Accession: 23.01.2021).
17. EYRİCE, Elem, Cezayir’in Fransız Sömürgeciliğine Karşı Yürüttüğü Bağımsızlık Mücadelesi, Ege Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, (Unpublished MA dissertation), İzmir 2008.
18. France Diplomacy, “Algeria,” https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/algeria/, (Date of Accession: 23.12.2020).
19. GHANMI, Lamine, "Algeria seeks to replace French with English at university, sparks ‘language war’," The Arab Weekly, https://thearabweekly.com/algeria-seeks-replace-french-english-university-sparks-language-war, (Date of Accession: 17.11.2020).
20. HARGREAVES, Alec G., “France and Algeria, 1962-2002: Turning the page?", Modern&Contemporary France, 11(4), 2002, p. 445-447.
21. LEFEVRE, Raphaël, "A new chapter in relations between Algeria and France?", The Journal of North African Studies, 20(3), 2015, p. 316.
22. LE ROUX, Cheryl S., "Language in education in Algeria: a historical vignette of a ‘most severe’ sociolinguistic problem", Language&History, 60(2), 2017, p. 112-128.
23. LOTEM, Itay, "A decade after the riots, France has rewritten its colonial history", The Conversation, https://theconversation.com/a-decade-after-the-riots-france-has-rewritten-its-colonial-history-50499, (Date of Accession: 18.12.2020).
24. MAAMRI, Malika Rebai, "The Syndrome of the French Language in Algeria", International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3(3), 2009, p. 77-89.
25. MESLEM, Mohamed, " “Renault Algeria” … An expected End To An Investment Project With Political Backgrounds! ", Echorouk EN, https://www.echoroukonline.com/renault-algeria-an-expected-end-to-an-investment-project-with-political-backgrounds/, (Date of Accession: 21.12.2020).
26. METZ, Helen Chapin, Algeria: a country study, Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 1994.
27. Ministère de l'éducation nationale, “Ressources pour le lycée général et technologique”, March 2014, https://cache.media.eduscol.education.fr/file/lycee/12/3/01_RESS_LYC_HIST_TermS_th1_309123.pdf.
28. République Française, “La loi n° 2005-158 du 23 février 2005, portant reconnaissance de la Nation et contribution nationale en faveur des Français rapatriés,” https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/download/pdf?id=y07S1hSr5STProtS5YLc2tc_Fh71x9KoG_z3damffY=.
29. RUEDY, John, "Historical Influences on Intra-Regional Relations in the Maghrib", Halim Barakat, ed., Contemporary North Africa: Issues of Development and Integration, Croom Helm, London 1985.
30. SCHULFOER-WOHL, Jonah, “Civil War in Algeria, 1992-Present,” Karl DeRouen and Uk Heo, ed., Civil Wars of the World: Major Conflicts since World War II, ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara 2007.
31. STORA, Benjamin, “Algeria: The war without a name”, (Translated by Jonathan McKie and Deborah Lodge), The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 21(3), 1993, p. 208-216.
32. STORA, Benjamin, “Les questions mémorielles portant sur la colonisation et la guerre d'Algérie,” Vie publique, https://www.vie-publique.fr/rapport/278186-rapport-stora-memoire-sur-la-colonisation-et-la-guerre-dalgerie, (Date of Accession: 21.01.2021).
33. TOUMI, Abdennour, “Franco-Algerian ties: A conflict of memory or love-hate relationship?”, Daily Sabah, https://www.dailysabah.com/op-ed/2020/02/17/franco-algerian-ties-a-conflict-of-memory-or-love-hate-relationship, (Date of Accession: 22.12.2020).
34. WIENER, Martin J., "The Idea of “Colonial Legacy” and the Historiography of Empire", The Journal of Historical Society, 13(1), March 2013, p. 1-32.
35. WILLIS, Michael J., Politics and Power in the Maghreb: Algeria, Tunisia and Morocco from Independence to the Arab Spring, Oxford University Press, UK 2014.
36. YAHİ, Ali, “Fransa, Cezayirlilere karşı işlediği suçları ne zaman tanıyacak?”, Independent Türkçe, https://www.indyturk.com/node/91191/d%C3%BCnya/fransa-cezayirlilere-kar%C5%9F%C4%B1-i%C5%9Fledi%C4%9Fi-su%C3%A7lar%C4%B1-ne-zaman-tan%C4%B1yacak, (Date of Accession: 29.12.2020).
37. YAHİ, Ali, “Cezayirli yetkililerin Fransızca konuşması halkı öfkelendirdi”, Independent Türkçe, https://www.indyturk.com/node/114281/d%C3%BCnya/cezayirli-yetkililerin-frans%C4%B1zca-konu%C5%9Fmas%C4%B1-halk%C4%B1-%C3%B6fkelendirdi, (Date of Accession: 29.12.2020).
38. ZAVİ, Emin, "Cezayir’de İngilizce ve Fransızcanın savaşı", Independent Türkçe, https://www.indyturk.com/node/48476/d%C3%BCnyadan-sesler/cezayir%E2%80%99de-ingilizce-ve-frans%C4%B1zcan%C4%B1n-sava%C5%9F%C4%B1, (Date of Accession: 27.12.2020).
39. ZAGHLAMI, Laeed, "Students as victims of a national language malaise", University World News, https://www.universityworldnews.com/post.php?story=2017121313330943, (Date of Accession: 17.11.2020).