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Küçük Devlet Dış Politikası: Angola Örneği

Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 90 - 114, 27.12.2019

Abstract

Uluslararası politikanın marjininde yer alan küçük devletler, askerî ve iktisadî gereksinimleri doğrultusunda esnek bir dış politika takip ederek resmî ideolojileriyle uyuşmayan devletlerle de çeşitli şekillerde ilişki kurabilirler. Bu ilişkilerin biçimi ve yoğunluğu, küçük devletlerin bölgesel ve büyük güçlere nispetle daha adaptif bir diplomatik yaklaşımla hareket ettiklerini göstermektedir. Uluslararası siyasal-ekonomik koşullara uyum kabiliyetini ifade eden söz konusu “adaptif diplomasi” yaklaşımı, bu makalede Angola’nın Rusya, ABD ve Çin ile ilişkileri üzerinden örneklenmeye çalışılacaktır.

References

  • “Angola Seeks $15bn from China for Infrastructure”, Global Construction Review, http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/ news/angola-seeks-15bn-china-infrastructure/, (Erişim Tarihi: 21.5.2018). “Angola Wants to Strengthen Military Cooperation with China”, Agência Angola Press, 24 Haziran 2019. “Trinus Est Aperta Angolae Dmitry Medvedev Has Completed Visitationes ad Seriem Terris in Africa”, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/4626, 26 Haziran 2009. ABBOTT, Peter, Modern African Wars: Angola and Mozambique, 1961-74, Osprey Publishing, Wellingborough 1988. ALVES, Ana Cristina, Alexandra Arkhangelskaya ve Vladimir Shubin, “Russia and Angola: The Rebirth of a Strategic Partnership?”, SAIIA Occasional Paper No. 154, 2013. ALVES, Carlos Alberto de Jesus, Política Externa Angolana em Tempo de Guerra e Paz: Colonialismo e Pós-Colonialismo, Tese de Doutoramento, Universidade de Coibra 2013. BAYRAM, Mürsel, “Angola İç Savaşının Ana Aktörleri ve Uluslararası Ramifikasyonları”, Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(15), 2016, s. 365-383. BAYRAM, Mürsel, “Enerjeopolitik Müdahaleler ve Afrika’daki İç Savaşlar: Angola, Nijerya ve Sudan Örnekleri”, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 2017, s. 217-228. BAYRAM, Mürsel, Güç ve Kimlik Perspektifinden Çin-Afrika İlişkileri, Savaş Kitabevi, Ankara 2018. BESSA, Cândido ve Fonseca Bengui, “João Lourenço na Rússia Para Reforço da Cooperação”, Jornal de Angola, 01.04.2019. BOTERO, Giovanni, Della Ragione di Stato, Gioliti, Venedik 1589. BRITTAIN, Victoria, “Jonas Savimbi: Angolan Nationalist Whose Ambition Kept His Country at War”, The Guardian, 25 Şubat 2002. COLLELO, Thomas, Angola: A Country Study, U.S. Library of Congress, Washington 1991. COMISSÃO para a Elaboração da História, História do MPLA, Vol. 2, Centro de Documentação e Investigação Histórica do MPLA, Luanda 2008. CONCEIÇÃO, José Maria Nunes Pereira, Angola: Uma Política Externa em Contexto de Crise (1975-1994), Tese de Doutorado, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 1999. CORKIN, Lucy, Uncovering African Agency: Angola’s Management of China’s Credit Lines, Ashgate, Farnham 2013. DUROVIC, Luka, “Resource Curse and China’s Infrastructure for Resources Model: Case Study of Angola”, Journal of China and International Relations, 4(1), 2016, s. 67-86. EBERLE, Ash, “Angola and the Legacy of Stalinism”, MURAJ, 1(1), 2018, s. 1-8. ESTEVES, Dilma, Relações de Cooperação China-África: O Caso de Angola, Universidade Técnica, Lizbon 2007. FIORI, José Luís, “O Poder Global e a Nova Geopolítica das Nações”, Crítica y Emancipación, 1(2), 2009, s. 157-183. FRANCISCO, Alberto André Carvalho, A Política Externa de Angola Durante a Guerra Fria (1975-1992), Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Brasília 2013. GVALIA, Giorgi, David Siroky, Bidzina Lebanidze ve Zurab Iashvili, “Thinking Outside the Bloc: Explaining the Foreign Policies of Small States”, Security Studies, 22(1), 2013, s. 98–131. HESS, Morgan, U.S.-Chinese Cooperation and Conflict in the Angolan Civil War, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), City University of New York, New York 2012. HEY, Jeanne A. K., Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior, Lynne Rienner, Londra 2003. HODGES, Tony, Angola: From Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 2001. JACKSON, Steven F., “China’s Third World Foreign Policy: The Case of Angola and Mozambique, 1961–93”, The China Quarterly, 142, 1995. JAMES III, W. Martin, A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974-1990, Transaction Publishers, Piscataway 1992. JORDAAN, Eduard, “TheConcept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and TraditionalMiddle Powers”, Politikon, 30(1), 2003, s. 165-181. KESSLER, Stephanie Schehara, Cuba’s Involvement in Angola and Ethiopia: A Question of Autonomy in Cuba’s Relationship with the Soviet Union, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey 1990. MUFSON, Steven, “After 37 years, Angola will Get A Newpresident. Can Joao Lourenco Reduce Widespread Corruption?”, The Washington Post, 21 Mayıs 2017. OGUNSANWO, Alaba, China’s Policy in Africa, 1958–71, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1974. OTENG, Eric, “Russia, Angola Sign Cooperation Deals in Moscow”, Africa News, 6 Nisan 2019. SCHULTZ, Jonathan, “Theorising Australia-Pacifc Island Relations”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68(5), 2014, s. 548–568. SEGAL, Gerald, “China and Africa”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 519, 1992, s. 115-126. SHEPPARD Jr., Nathaniel, “Cuban Troops in Angola Aid U.S.”, Chicago Tribune, 4 Aralık 1986. STYAN, David, “Djibouti: Changing Influence in the Horn’s Strategic Hub”, Chatham House BriefingPaper, 2013. THUCYDIDES, History of the Peloponnesian War, çev. Rex Warner, Penguin Classic, Londra 1972. TVEDTEN, Inge, Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction, Westview Press, Boulder 1997. WHITAKER, Paul M., “The Revolutions of Portuguese Africa”, Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(1), 1970, s. 15-35. WINROW, Gareth M., The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990.

Small State Foreign Policy: The Case of Angola

Year 2019, Volume: 3 Issue: 2, 90 - 114, 27.12.2019

Abstract

Small states situated on the margins of international politics generally follow flexible foreign policies in line with their political and economic needs. The nature and intensity of their ties show that small state diplomacy is relatively more adaptive than that of regional and Great Powers. Adaptive diplomacy refers to quick adaptation to the global politico-economic circumstances. This paper aims to exemplify the mentioned adaptation capability through Angola’s relations with Russia, the United States, and the People’s Republic of China.

References

  • “Angola Seeks $15bn from China for Infrastructure”, Global Construction Review, http://www.globalconstructionreview.com/ news/angola-seeks-15bn-china-infrastructure/, (Erişim Tarihi: 21.5.2018). “Angola Wants to Strengthen Military Cooperation with China”, Agência Angola Press, 24 Haziran 2019. “Trinus Est Aperta Angolae Dmitry Medvedev Has Completed Visitationes ad Seriem Terris in Africa”, http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/4626, 26 Haziran 2009. ABBOTT, Peter, Modern African Wars: Angola and Mozambique, 1961-74, Osprey Publishing, Wellingborough 1988. ALVES, Ana Cristina, Alexandra Arkhangelskaya ve Vladimir Shubin, “Russia and Angola: The Rebirth of a Strategic Partnership?”, SAIIA Occasional Paper No. 154, 2013. ALVES, Carlos Alberto de Jesus, Política Externa Angolana em Tempo de Guerra e Paz: Colonialismo e Pós-Colonialismo, Tese de Doutoramento, Universidade de Coibra 2013. BAYRAM, Mürsel, “Angola İç Savaşının Ana Aktörleri ve Uluslararası Ramifikasyonları”, Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(15), 2016, s. 365-383. BAYRAM, Mürsel, “Enerjeopolitik Müdahaleler ve Afrika’daki İç Savaşlar: Angola, Nijerya ve Sudan Örnekleri”, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 2017, s. 217-228. BAYRAM, Mürsel, Güç ve Kimlik Perspektifinden Çin-Afrika İlişkileri, Savaş Kitabevi, Ankara 2018. BESSA, Cândido ve Fonseca Bengui, “João Lourenço na Rússia Para Reforço da Cooperação”, Jornal de Angola, 01.04.2019. BOTERO, Giovanni, Della Ragione di Stato, Gioliti, Venedik 1589. BRITTAIN, Victoria, “Jonas Savimbi: Angolan Nationalist Whose Ambition Kept His Country at War”, The Guardian, 25 Şubat 2002. COLLELO, Thomas, Angola: A Country Study, U.S. Library of Congress, Washington 1991. COMISSÃO para a Elaboração da História, História do MPLA, Vol. 2, Centro de Documentação e Investigação Histórica do MPLA, Luanda 2008. CONCEIÇÃO, José Maria Nunes Pereira, Angola: Uma Política Externa em Contexto de Crise (1975-1994), Tese de Doutorado, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 1999. CORKIN, Lucy, Uncovering African Agency: Angola’s Management of China’s Credit Lines, Ashgate, Farnham 2013. DUROVIC, Luka, “Resource Curse and China’s Infrastructure for Resources Model: Case Study of Angola”, Journal of China and International Relations, 4(1), 2016, s. 67-86. EBERLE, Ash, “Angola and the Legacy of Stalinism”, MURAJ, 1(1), 2018, s. 1-8. ESTEVES, Dilma, Relações de Cooperação China-África: O Caso de Angola, Universidade Técnica, Lizbon 2007. FIORI, José Luís, “O Poder Global e a Nova Geopolítica das Nações”, Crítica y Emancipación, 1(2), 2009, s. 157-183. FRANCISCO, Alberto André Carvalho, A Política Externa de Angola Durante a Guerra Fria (1975-1992), Dissertação de Mestrado, Universidade de Brasília 2013. GVALIA, Giorgi, David Siroky, Bidzina Lebanidze ve Zurab Iashvili, “Thinking Outside the Bloc: Explaining the Foreign Policies of Small States”, Security Studies, 22(1), 2013, s. 98–131. HESS, Morgan, U.S.-Chinese Cooperation and Conflict in the Angolan Civil War, (Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi), City University of New York, New York 2012. HEY, Jeanne A. K., Small States in World Politics: Explaining Foreign Policy Behavior, Lynne Rienner, Londra 2003. HODGES, Tony, Angola: From Afro-Stalinism to Petro-Diamond Capitalism, Indiana University Press, Bloomington 2001. JACKSON, Steven F., “China’s Third World Foreign Policy: The Case of Angola and Mozambique, 1961–93”, The China Quarterly, 142, 1995. JAMES III, W. Martin, A Political History of the Civil War in Angola: 1974-1990, Transaction Publishers, Piscataway 1992. JORDAAN, Eduard, “TheConcept of a Middle Power in International Relations: Distinguishing between Emerging and TraditionalMiddle Powers”, Politikon, 30(1), 2003, s. 165-181. KESSLER, Stephanie Schehara, Cuba’s Involvement in Angola and Ethiopia: A Question of Autonomy in Cuba’s Relationship with the Soviet Union, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey 1990. MUFSON, Steven, “After 37 years, Angola will Get A Newpresident. Can Joao Lourenco Reduce Widespread Corruption?”, The Washington Post, 21 Mayıs 2017. OGUNSANWO, Alaba, China’s Policy in Africa, 1958–71, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1974. OTENG, Eric, “Russia, Angola Sign Cooperation Deals in Moscow”, Africa News, 6 Nisan 2019. SCHULTZ, Jonathan, “Theorising Australia-Pacifc Island Relations”, Australian Journal of International Affairs, 68(5), 2014, s. 548–568. SEGAL, Gerald, “China and Africa”, The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 519, 1992, s. 115-126. SHEPPARD Jr., Nathaniel, “Cuban Troops in Angola Aid U.S.”, Chicago Tribune, 4 Aralık 1986. STYAN, David, “Djibouti: Changing Influence in the Horn’s Strategic Hub”, Chatham House BriefingPaper, 2013. THUCYDIDES, History of the Peloponnesian War, çev. Rex Warner, Penguin Classic, Londra 1972. TVEDTEN, Inge, Angola: Struggle for Peace and Reconstruction, Westview Press, Boulder 1997. WHITAKER, Paul M., “The Revolutions of Portuguese Africa”, Journal of Modern African Studies, 8(1), 1970, s. 15-35. WINROW, Gareth M., The Foreign Policy of the GDR in Africa, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1990.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Political Science
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mürsel Bayram 0000-0002-1183-0515

Publication Date December 27, 2019
Submission Date October 13, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 3 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bayram, M. (2019). Küçük Devlet Dış Politikası: Angola Örneği. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(2), 90-114.
AMA Bayram M. Küçük Devlet Dış Politikası: Angola Örneği. BAD. December 2019;3(2):90-114.
Chicago Bayram, Mürsel. “Küçük Devlet Dış Politikası: Angola Örneği”. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi 3, no. 2 (December 2019): 90-114.
EndNote Bayram M (December 1, 2019) Küçük Devlet Dış Politikası: Angola Örneği. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi 3 2 90–114.
IEEE M. Bayram, “Küçük Devlet Dış Politikası: Angola Örneği”, BAD, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 90–114, 2019.
ISNAD Bayram, Mürsel. “Küçük Devlet Dış Politikası: Angola Örneği”. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi 3/2 (December 2019), 90-114.
JAMA Bayram M. Küçük Devlet Dış Politikası: Angola Örneği. BAD. 2019;3:90–114.
MLA Bayram, Mürsel. “Küçük Devlet Dış Politikası: Angola Örneği”. Bölgesel Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 3, no. 2, 2019, pp. 90-114.
Vancouver Bayram M. Küçük Devlet Dış Politikası: Angola Örneği. BAD. 2019;3(2):90-114.