Cabernet-Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.) Üzüm Çeşidinde Ben Düşme Dönemi ve Sonrasında Uygulanan Antitranspirantların Asma Sürgün Gelişimi ile Yaprak Özellikleri Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Bu araştırma 41°39'31.07"K ve 26°37'34.78"D koordinatları arasında Edirne ilinde yürütülmüştür. 110R üzerine aşılı Cabernet-Sauvignon çeşidi omcaları 12 yaşında, dikim aralık-mesafesi 2.40 m × 1.10 m’dir. Bu omcalara ben düşme, yarı olgunluk, olgunluk öncesi olmak üzere 3 farklı dönemde; Vapor Gard, Kaolin olmak üzere 2 farklı antitranspirant ve kontrol uygulaması yapılmıştır. Fenolojik gelişmelerinin izlenmesi ve iklim değerlerinin ölçümünden sonra; sürgün ve dal gelişme özellikleri [sürgün uzunluğu (cm), sürgün uzama hızı (cm hafta⁻¹), budama odunu ağırlığı (kg omca⁻¹), bir yıllık dal ağırlığı (Vigor=g), güç, Ravaz İndeksi (Rİ), toplam budama odunu ağırlığı (kg)], yaprak alanı [ortalama ana ve koltuk yaprak alanı (cm²), omca başına ana ve koltuk yaprak alanı (cm² omca⁻¹), omca başına toplam yaprak alanı (cm² omca⁻¹), bir kg üzüme düşen gerçek yaprak alanı (cm² kg⁻¹), doğrudan güneş gören yaprak alanı (m² da⁻¹), bir kg üzüme düşen güneş gören yaprak alanı; (m² da⁻¹)] ve verim özellikleri [dekara verim (kg da⁻¹)] incelenmiştir. Sürgün ve dal özelliklerini kontrol altına yarı olgunluk döneminde yapılan Vapor Gard uygulaması almıştır. Olgunluk öncesi yapılan Kaolin uygulaması yaprak alan özelliklerini iyileştirmiştir. Verim özellikleri ben düşme döneminde yapılan Vapor Gard ile rakamsal olarak artmıştır. Sonuç olarak, Edirne ilinde Cabernet-Sauvignon üzüm çeşidinde antitranspirantların belirgin etkisi saptanamamıştır.

Keywords

• Cabernet-Sauvignon
• yaprak
• antitranspirant
• pinolene
• kaolin

Determination of the Effects of Antitranspirants on The Grapevine Shoot and Leaf Characteristics Applied in Veraison and Post-Veraison Period in Cv. Cabernet-Sauvignon (Vitis vinifera L.)

Abstract

This research was carried out in Edirne province between 41°39'31.07"N and 26°37'34.78"E coordinates. Twelve years old Cabernet-Sauvignon/110R vines used as plant material, and planting distance was 2.40 m × 1.10 m. There were three different periods which are veraison, semi-maturity, pre-maturation, and two separate anti-transpirant applications which are control, Vapor Gard, and Kaolin are used in the research. After monitoring the phenological developments and measuring the climate values the grapevine’s shoot characteristics [(shoot length (cm), shoot growth rate (cm week⁻¹), pruning wood weight (kg vine⁻¹), an annual branch weight (Vigor=g), puissance, Index Ravaz (IR), total pruning wood weight (kg); leaf area [mean and lateral shoot leaf area (cm²), main and lateral shoot leaf area per vine (cm² vine), total leaf area per vine (cm² vine⁻¹), specific leaf area per kg grape berry (cm² kg⁻¹), sun-exposed leaf area (m² da⁻¹), sun-exposed leaf area per vine (m² da⁻¹), and yield characteristics [yield per decare (kg da⁻¹)] effects of practices and implementation periods were examined. It has been observed that there is a Vapor Gard application made in the semi-maturity period, which takes the shoot and branch characteristics under control. Kaolin application in the pre-maturity period improved the leaf area properties. Efficiency features have increased numerically with the Vapor Gard application made during the fall period. As a result, no significant effect of antitranspirants was detected in Cabernet-Sauvignon grape variety in Edirne province.

Keywords

• Cabernet-sauvignon
• grapevine leaf
• antitranspirant
• pinolene
• kaolin

References

1. Shellie, K., 2015. Foliar reflective film and water deficit ıncrease anthocyanin to soluble solids ratio during berry ripening in Merlot. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 66(3):348-356.
2. Abdel-Fattah, G.H., 2013. Response of water stressed rose of China (Hibiscus rosasinensis L.) plant to treatment with calcium carbonate and vapor gard antitranspirants. Journal of Applied Sciences Research 9(6):3566-3572.
3. Faralli, M., G.G. Ivan, C.H. Martin, D.B. Roger, S.W. Kevin, M.K.C. Fiona and S.K. Peter, 2016. Canopy application of film antitranspirants over the reproductive phase enhances yield and yield-related physiological traits of water-stressed oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Crop and Pasture Science 67(7):751-765.
4. Palliotti, A., O. Silvestroni and V. Lanari, 2012. Study of sugar accumulation in white and black grape berries with a late application of the antitranspirant vapor gard (R). Quaderni di Scienze Viticole ed Enologiche 32:349-354.
5. Rao, G.K., M.S. Babu, V. Sravani and M. Sindhuja, 2018. A Review on-influence of antitranspirants (ATs) in vegetable crops. International Journal of Pure Applied Bioscience 6(3):394-399.
6. Carnevali, P. and M. Falcetti, 2012. Use of antitranspirants containing pirolene to influence sugar accumulation. Quaderni di Scienze Viticole ed Enologiche 32:361-366.
7. King, P., T. Zhang, S. Field, E. Bahar and M.C. Vasconcelos, 2017. The effect of pre-flowering antitranspirant sprays on Sauvignon Blanc vine and development, ripening, composition and wine sensory quality. 2. International Balkan Agriculture Congress-Electronic Book, 509-515.
8. Han, W., N. Han, K. Jiang, M. Yang and X. Zhao, 2019. The influence of the film-forming antitranspirant on the ripening process of Vitis vinifera ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’. Acta Horticulturae Sinica 45(3):447-456. https://doi. org/10.16420/j.issn.0513-353x.2017-0575.

9. Gale, J. and R.M. Hagan, 1966. Plant antitranspirants. Annual Review of Plant Physiology 17:269-282.
10. Davenport, D.C., R.M. Hagan and P.E. Martin, 1969. Antitranspirants research and its possible application in hydrology. Water Resources Research 5(3):735-743.
11. Davenport, D.C., M.A. Fisher and R.M. Hagan, 1972. Some counteractive effects of antitranspirants. Plant Physiology 49(5):722-4.
12. Possingham, J.V., G.H. Kerridge, D.E. Bottrill, 1969. Studies with antitranspirants on grapevines (Vitis vinifera var. Sultana). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 20(1):57-64.
13. Shellie, K. and D.M. Glenn, 2008. Wine grape response to foliar particle film under differing levels of pre-veraison water stress. HortScience 43(5):1392-1397.
14. Dinis, L.T., S. Bernardo, C. Matos, A. Malheiro, R. Flores, S. Alves, C. Costa, S. Rocha, C. Correia, A. Luzio and J. Moutinho-Pereira, 2020. Overview of kaolin outcomes from vine to wine: cerceal white variety case study. Agronomy 10: 1422. doi:10.3390/agronomy10091422.
15. Lobos, G.A., C. Acevedo-Opazo, A. Guajardo-Moreno, H. Valdes-Gomez, J.A. Taylor and V.F. Laurie, 2015. Effects of kaolin-based particle film and fruit zone netting on Cabernet-Sauvignon grapevine physiology and fruit quality. OenoOne 49(2):137-144.
16. Frioni, T., S. Saracino, C. Squeri, S. Tombesi, A. Palliotti, P. Sabbatini, E. Magnanini and S. Poni, 2019. Understanding kaolin effects on grapevine leaf and whole-canopy physiology during water stress and re-watering. Journal of Plant Physiology 242(153020):1-12. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.jplph.2019.1530 20.
17. Palliotti, A., S. Poni, J. Berrios and F. Bernizzoni, 2010. Vine performance and grape composition as affected by early-season source limitation induced with anti-transpirants in two red Vitis vinifera L. cultivars. Australian Journal of Grape Wine Research 16:426-433.
18. Palliotti, A., F. Panara, F. Famiani, P. Sabbatini, G.S. Howell, O. Silvestroni and S. Poni, 2013. Postveraison application of antitranspirant di-1-p-menthene to control sugar accumulation in Sangiovese grapevines. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 64(3):378-385.
19. Fahey, D.J. and S.Y. Rogiers, 2019. Di-1-p-menthene reduces grape leaf and bunch transpiration. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 25(1):134-141.
20. EMM., 2018. Edirne İl Meteoroloji Müdürlüğü 2018 Yılı İklim Verileri. Edirne.
21. Hektaş, 2018. Vapor Gard ürün içeriği. (https://www.hektas.com.tr/index.php/urundetay/vapor-gard/156) (Erişim Tarihi: 12.07.2018)
22. Yazıcı, K. ve L. Kaynak, 2007. Kaolin: Bahçe Bitkilerindeki Kullanım Durumu ile Etki Mekanizması. 5. Bahçe Bitkileri Kongresi, Erzurum, Bildiriler Kitabı, s:872-876.
23. Conde, A., A. Neves, R. Breia, D. Pimentel, L.T. Dinis, S. Bernardo, C.M. Correia, A. Cunha, H. Geros and J. Moutinho-Pereira, 2018. Kaolin particle film application stimulates photo assimilate synthesis and modifies the primary metabolome of grape leaves. Journal of Plant Physiology 223:47-56.
24. Singh, R.K., J. Afonso, M. Nogueira, A.A. Oliveira, F. Cosme and V. Falco, 2020. Silicates of potassium and aluminum (kaolin); comparative foliar mitigation treatments and biochemical insight on grape berry quality in Vitis vinifera L. (cv. Touriga National and Touriga Franca). Biology 9(3):58 (17p). https://doi.org/10.3390/ biology9030058.
25. Lorenz, D.H., K.W. Eichhorn, H. Bleiholder, R. Klose, U. Meier, E. Weber, 1995. Growth stages of the grapevine: phenological growth stages of the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera) codes and descriptions according to the extended BBCH scale. Australian Journal of Grape and Wine Research 1(2):100-103.
26. Bahar, E., İ. Korkutal, D. Kök, 2008. Hidroponik kültür ve fidanlık koşullarında yetiştirilen aşılı asma fidanlarının karbonhidrat ve azot içerikleri ile bağdaki tutma performansları üzerine araştırmalar. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 21(1):15-26.
27. Güner, N., 2005. Sofralık ve şaraplık üzüm çeşitlerinde sürme performansının anaç ve terbiye-budama şekli ile ilişkisi (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara, 55s.
28. Carbonneau, A., A. Deloire and B. Jaillard, 2007. La Vigne Physiologie, Terroir, Culture. Dunod, Paris, 592p. ISBN-10:2100726692.
29. Smart, R.E., J.K. Dick, I.M. Gravett and B.M. Fisher, 1990. Canopy management to improve grape yield and wine quality-principles and practices. South African Journal of Enology and Viticulture 11(1):3-17.
30. Carbonneau, A., 1998. Aspects Qualitatifs. 258-276. In: Tiercelin, JR(Ed.), Traite d’irrigation. Tec. & Doc. Lavosier Ed., Paris, 1011p.
31. Ravaz, L., 1903. Sur la Brunissure de la Vigne. Les Comptes Rendus del’ Académiedes Sciences 136:1276-1278.
32. Irimia, L. and C. Tardea, 2006. The exposable leaf area and the leaf index, which characterize the grapevine training systems in the Avereşti wine-growing centre, Huşi vineyard. Agronomical Research in Moldavia Journal 3(127):41-46.
33. Sanchez-de-Miguel, P., P. Bazea, P. Junquera, J.R. Lissarrague, 2010. Chapter: 3 vegetative development: total leaf area and surface area indexes. S. Delrot et al. (eds.) Methodologies and Results in Grapevine Research. Springer Science + Business Media B.V., pp:31-44.
34. Carbonneau, A., 1980. Recherche sur les systèmes de conduite de la vigne: essai de maîtrise du microclimat et de la plante entière pour produire économiquement du raisin de qualité. Thèse Université Bordeaux 2, Lavoisier Payot Ed. 240p.
35. Korkutal, İ., E. Bahar ve S. Bayram, 2018. Farklı toprak işleme ve yaprak alma uygulamalarının Syrah üzüm çeşidinde, sürgün ve yaprak özellikleri ile su stresi üzerine etkileri. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 15(1):1-13.
36. Intrieri, C., G. Allegro, G. Valentini, C. Pastore, E. Colucci and I. Filippetti, 2013. Effect of pre-bloom anti-transpirant treatments and leaf removal on Sangiovese (Vitis vinifera L.) winegrapes. Vitis 52(3):117-124.
37. Bahar, E. ve H. Öner, 2016. Cabernet-Sauvignon üzüm çeşidinde farklı kültürel işlemlerin verim ve kalite özellikleri üzerine etkileri. Bahçe 45(2):591-598.
38. Kliewer, W.M. and N.K. Dokoozlian, 2005. Leaf area/crop weight ratios of grapevines: influence on fruit composition and wine quality. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 56:170-181.
39. Brillante, L., N. Belfiore, F. Gaiotti, L. Lovat, L. Sansone, S. Poni and D. Tomasi, 2016. Comparing kaolin and pinolene to improve sustainable grapevine production during drought. PlosOne 11(6):e0156631.
40. Ferrari, V., E. Disegna, E. Dellacassa and A. Coniberti, 2017. Influence of timing and intensity of fruit zone leaf removal and kaolin applications on bunch rot control and quality improvement of Sauvignon blanc grapes, and wines, in a temperate humid climate. Scientia Horticulturae 223:62-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.05.034.
41. Güven, S., 2008. Şarap üretimi ve kalite kontrolü. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Gıda Bölümü, Yayın No: 74. Pozitif Matbaa, Ankara, 316s. ISBN:978-975-8100-80-4.