The Effects of Limited Irrigation on Fruit Quality Parameters During the Active Harvest Period in Selected Superior Genotypes and Commercial Strawberry Cultivars

Abstract

The study investigated the effects of different irrigation levels on certain fruit and plant quality parameters in strawberries. As plant materials, important commercial strawberry cultivars such as ‘Rubygem’, 'Sabrina' and 'Festival' alongside selected superior genotypes ('33', '36', '59', '61' and '112') and found to be quite satisfactory in terms of parameters such as taste, aroma and yield were used. Full (IR100) and limited irrigation (IR50) were applied to plants grown under Spanish type high tunnel. Fruit flesh firmness, total soluble solid content, external fruit color values, titratable acidity, pH, stem number, and width were examined as quality parameters throughout the effective harvesting period (March, April, May). The results revealed that fruit flesh firmness ranged from 0.48 lb inch-2 to 2.41 lb inch-2, soluble solid content varied between %5.2 and %12.0, titratable acidity ranged from %0.56 to %1.64, stem number ranged from 3.5 per plant to 11.5 per plant, and stem width showed a distribution between 38.3 mm and 83.7 mm, depending on irrigation level, genotype, and fruit harvesting time. As a conclusion, it was evident that the fruit flesh firmness of the selected genotypes needs improvement, and limited irrigation could partially achieve this. The genotype coded '33' exhibited the highest fruit color saturation, while the sweetest fruits were produced by genotype '36'. Therefore, proper selection of genotypes, as well as cultural practices such as harvesting time and irrigation, play a crucial role in determining fruit quality in strawberry cultivation.

Keywords

• Fragaria x anannassa
• Cross-Breeding
• Stress
• Eating Quality

Kısıtlı Sulamanın Seçilmiş Üstün Özellikli Genotipler ile Ticari Çilek Çeşitlerinde Aktif Hasat Süresi Boyunca Meyve Kalite Parametreleri Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Çalışmada, farklı sulama düzeylerinin çileklerde bazı meyve ve bitki kalite parametreleri üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bitkisel materyal olarak; tat, aroma ve verim gibi parametreler açısından seçilmiş üstün özellikli genotipler (‘33’,’36’,’59’,’61’ ve ‘112’) ile ‘Rubygem’, ‘Sabrina’ ve ‘Festival’ gibi bazı önemli ticari çilek çeşitleri kullanılmıştır. İspanyol tipi yüksek tünel altında yetiştirilen bitkilere, tam (IR100) ve kısıtlı sulama (IR50) uygulanmıştır. Çalışmada meyve et sertliği, suda çözünebilir toplam kuru madde miktarı, meyve dış renk değerleri, titre edilebilir asit miktarı, pH, gövde sayısı ve eni incelenmiştir. Söz konusu kalite parametreleri etkin hasat dönemi (Mart, Nisan, Mayıs ayları) boyunca belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada sulama seviyesi, genotip ve meyve hasat zamanına göre, meyve et sertliğinin 0,48 lb/inch2 ile 2,41 lb/inch2; suda çözünebilir toplam kuru madde miktarının %5,2 ile %12,0; titre edilebilir asit miktarının %0,56 ile %1,64; gövde sayısının 3,5 adet/bitki ile 11,5 adet/bitki; gövde çapının 38,3 mm ile 83,7 mm arasında dağılım gösterdikleri tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak seçilmiş genotiplerin meyve et sertliklerinin geliştirilmesi gerektiği, kısıtlı sulama uygulamasıyla bunun kısmen sağlanabileceği görülmüştür. En yüksek meyve renk canlılığının ‘33’ kodlu, en tatlı meyvelerin ise ’36’ kodlu genotipler tarafından üretildiği dikkati çekmiştir. Sonuç olarak; çilek yetiştiriciliğinde uygun genotip seçimi yanında hasat zamanı ve sulama gibi kültürel işlemlerin meyve kalitesi üzerine çok önemli etki yaptığı açıkça ortaya konulmuştur.

Keywords

• Fragaria x anannassa
• Melezleme ıslahı
• Stres
• Yeme kalitesi

References

1. Adak, N., Gübbük, H., Tetik, N. 2018. Yield, quality and biochemical properties of various strawberry cultivars under water stress. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 98(1):304-31.
2. Capocasa, F., Diamanti, J., Tulipani, S., Battino, M., Mezzetti, B. 2008-b. Breeding strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch) to increase fruit nutritional quality. BioFactors 34:67-72.
3. Gasperotti, M., Masuero, D., Guella, G., Palmieri, L., Matinatti, P., Pojer, E., Mattivi, F., Vrhovsek, U. 2013. Evolution of ellagitannin content and profile during fruit ripening in Fragaria spp. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61:8597-8607.
4. Giné-Bordonaba, J., Terry, L.A. 2016. Effect of deficit irrigation and methyl jasmonate application on the composition of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) fruit and leaves. Sci. Hort. Amsterdam. 199:63-70.
5. Giovanardi, R., Testolin, R. 1984. Evapotranspiration and yield response of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Dutch.) as affected by soil water conditions. L’Irrigazione 31:15-23.
6. Giuggioli, N.R., Briano, R., Alvariza, P., Peano, C. 2018. Preliminary evaluation of day-neutral strawberry cultivars cultivated in Italy using a qualitative integrated approach. Horticultural Science (Prague), 45(1):29-36.
7. Hoppula, K.I., Salo, T.J. 2007. Tensiometer-based irrigation scheduling in perennial strawberry cultivation. Irrig. Sci. 25:401-409.
8. Hwang, H., Kim, Y.-J., Shin, Y. 2019. Influence of ripening stage and cultivar on physicochemical properties, sugar and organic acid profiles, and antioxidant compositions of strawberries. Food Sci. Biotechnol. 28(6):1659-1667.

9. Ivanov, A. 1977. Strawberry water requirements in the Danubian irrigation system region. Gradinarska-i-Lozarska-Nauka 14:37-42.
10. Kapur, B., Çeliktopuz, E., Sarıdaş, M., Paydaş Kargı, S. 2018-b. Irrigation regimes and biostimulant application effects on yield and morpho-physiological responses of strawberry. Horticultural Science and Technology. 36(3):313-325.
11. Kapur, B., Sarıdaş, M., Çeliktopuz, E., Kafkas, E., Paydaş Kargı, S. 2018-a. Health and taste related compounds in strawberries under various irrigation regimes and bio-stimulant application. Food Chemistry 263:67-73.
12. Kaur, S., Das, M. 2011. Functional foods: An overview. Food Science and Biotechnology 20:865-875.
13. Krüger, E., Josuttis, M., Nestby, R., Toldam-Andersen, T.B., Carlen, C., Mezzetti, B. 2012. Influence of growing conditions at different latitudes of Europe on strawberry growth performance, yield and quality. Journal of Berry Research 2:143-157.
14. Lemaitre, R. 1976. Strawberry water requirements and irrigation. Pepinieristes Horticulteurs Maraichers 166:57-59.
15. Lozano, D., Ruiz, N., Gavilan, P. 2016. Consumptive water use and irrigation performance of strawberries. Agr. Water Manage 169:44-51 (doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2016.02.011).
16. McNiesh, C.M., Welch, N.C., Nelson, R.D. 1985. Trickle irrigation requirements for strawberries Fragaria ananassa cultivar Heidi in coastal California USA. J. Am. Soc. Hort. Sci. 110:714-718.
17. Mitcham, E., Crisosto, C., Kader, A. 1996. Produce facts. Strawberry. Recommendations for maintaining postharvest quality. Perish Handl. Newsl. 87:21-22.
18. Paliwoda, D., Mikiciuk, G., Mikiciuk, M., Kisiel, A., Sas-Paszt, L., Miller, T. 2022. Effects of rhizosphere bacteria on strawberry plants (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) under water deficit. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23:10449. (https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231810449).
19. Prazak, M. 1979. Results of field trials on the effectiveness of strawberry irrigation. Vedecke-Prace-Ovocnarske 7:133-142.
20. Šamec, D., Maretić, M., Lugarić, M., Mešić, A., Salopek-Sondi, B., Duralija, B. 2016. Assessment of the differences in the physical, chemical and phytochemical properties of four strawberry cultivars using principal component analysis. Food Chemistry, 194:828-834.
21. Sarıdaş, M.A. 2018. Melezleme ıslahıyla seçilmiş çilek genotiplerinin verim, kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi ve moleküler karakterizasyonu. (Doktora Tezi), Çukurova Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Adana.
22. Sarıdaş, M.A. 2021. Seasonal variation of strawberry fruit quality in widely grown cultivars under Mediterranean climate condition. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 97:103733.
23. Sarıdaş, M.A., Kapur, B., Çeliktopuz, E., Paydaş Kargı, S. 2018. Leaf iron concentration of ‘Kabarla’ strawberry under various irrigation levels and a biostimulant application. Acta. Hortic. 1217. ISHS 2018. (doi 10.17660/Acta Hortic.2018.1217.46).
24. Sarıdaş, M.A., Kapur, B., Çeliktopuz, E., Şahiner, Y., Paydaş Kargı, S. 2021-a. Land productivity, irrigation water use efficiency and fruit quality under various plastic mulch colors and irrigation regimes of strawberry in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Agricultural Water Management. 106568.
25. Sarıdaş, M.A., Simsek, O., Donmez, D., Aka Kacar, Y., Paydas Kargı, S. 2021-b. Genetic diversity and fruit characteristics of new superior hybrid strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duchesne ex Rozier) genotypes. Genet. Resour. Crop. Evol. 68:741-758. (https://doi.org/10.1007/ s10722-020-01020-4).
26. Scalzo, J., Politi, A., Pellegrini, N., Mezzetti, B., Battino, M. 2005. Plant genotype affects total antioxidant capacity and phenolic contents in fruit. Nutrition, 21:207-213.
27. Schulz, M., Borges, G.D.C., Gonzaga, L.V., Costa, A.C.O., Fett, R. 2016. Jucara fruit (Euterpe edulis Mart.): sustainable exploitation of a source of bioactive compounds. Food Research International 89:14-26.
28. TÜİK, 2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu. TUİK. http://tuik.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 25.07.2023).
29. Türemiş, N., Ağaoğlu, S. 2013. Çilek. s:55-117. Ağaoğlu, S., Gerçekçioğlu, R., Üzümsü Meyveler. ISBN:978-975-978-605-64181-1-NaN. 654s.
30. Voća, S., Dobričević, N., Dragović-Uzelac, V., Duralija, B., Družić, J., Čmelik, Z., Babojelić, M.S. 2008. Fruit quality of new early ripening strawberry cultivars in Croatia. Food Technology and Biotechnology 46(3):292-298.
31. Wang, H., Cao, G., Prior, R.L. 1996. Total antioxidant capacity of fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 44:701-705.
32. Weber, N., Zupanc, V., Jakopic, J., Veberic, R., Mikulic-Petkovsek, M., Stampar, F. 2017. Influence of deficit irrigation on strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) fruit quality. J. Sci. Food Agric. 97:849-857.
33. Winardiantika, V., Lee, Y.H., Park II, N., Yeoung, Y. 2015. Effects of cultivar and harvest time on the contents of antioxidant phytochemicals in strawberry fruits. Hortic. Environ. Biotechnol. 56(6):732-739.
34. Yuan, B.Z., Sun, J., Nishiyama, S. 2004. Effect of drip irrigation on strawberry growth and yield inside a plastic greenhouse. Biosyst. Eng. (doi: 10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2003.10.014) 87:237-245.
35. Zahedi, S.M., Hosseini, M.S., Hoveizeh, N.F., Kadkhodaei, S., Vaculík, M. 2023-a. Physiological and biochemical responses of commercial strawberry cultivars under optimal and drought stress conditions. 2023. Plants 12:496 (https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12030496).
36. Zahedi, S.M., Hosseini, M.S., Hoveizeh, N.F., Kadkhodaei, S., Vaculík, M. 2023-b. Comparative morphological, physiological and molecular analyses of drought-stressed strawberry plants affected by SiO₂ and SiO₂-NPs foliar spray. Scientia Horticulturae, 309:111686 (https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2022.111686).