Kadmiyum ve Kurşun Toksisitesinin Çilek Bitkisinde (Fragaria × ananassa) Bazı Büyüme Parametreleri Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Ağır metaller bitkiler için ana besin elementi olmayan, genellikle toksik etkiye sahip bitki gelişimini kısıtlayan önemli çevresel kirliliklerdir. Bu çalışma, (Cd) ve Kurşun (Pb) toksisitesinin Çilek (Camarosa) bitkisinde bazı büyüme parametreleri üzerine etkilerini belirlemek amacıyla yürütüldü. Bu amaçla çalışmada, kadmiyum (0 (kontrol), 15, 30, 45 ve 60 mg.kg⁻¹) ve kurşunun (0 (kontrol), 20, 60 ve 80 mg.kg⁻¹) farklı dozları kullanıldı. Çalışma sonuncunda, kök sayısı, kök ağırlığı, gövde ağırlığı, yaprak sayısı, yaprak ağırlığı ve yaprak alanı kontrole göre 60 mg kg⁻¹ kadmiyum uygulamasında sırasıyla %32, %40, %53, %38, %55 ve %24 oranında ve 80 mg kg⁻¹ kurşun uygulamasında ise sırasıyla %49, %30, %50, %38, %50 ve %28 oranında düşüş belirlendi. Çilek bitkisinde, artan Cd ve Pb uygulamasının büyüme üzerine engelleyici etkisi artan dozla orantılı olarak düşüş göstermiş ve çilek bitkisinde Cd toksisitesi, Pb toksisitesinden daha yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Ağır metal toksisitesi
• kadmiyum
• kurşun
• çilek

The Effect of Cadmium and Lead Toxicity on Some Growth Parameters in Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) Plant

Abstract

Heavy metals which are not the essential plant nutrients for plants, generally have toxicity effect, restricting plant growth are important environmental pollutions. This study was conducted to determine the effect of (Cd) and lead (Pb) toxicity on some growth parameters in Strawberry (Camarosa) plant. For this purpose, cadmium concentration 0 (control), 15, 30, 45 and 60 mg.kg⁻¹ and lead concentration 0 (control), 20, 60 and 80 mg.kg⁻¹ were used. The results present in this work show that root number, root weight, body weight, leaf weight, leaf number and leaf area were decrease 32%, 40%, 53%, 38%, 55% and 24% in 60 mg kg⁻¹ of Cd applications respectively and in 80 mg kg⁻¹ of Pb applications also 49%, 30%, 50%, 38%, 50% and 28% decrease were determined compare with control respectively. Increasing Cd and Pb concentrations show a decrease at increase rate on growth and Cd toxicity was found higher than Pb toxicity in strawberry plant.

Keywords

• Heavy metal toxicity
• cadmium
• lead
• strawberry

References

1. Aeby, H., 1984. Catalase in vitro. Meth. Enzymol. 105:125–212.
2. Akıncı, İ.E., Akıncı, S., Yılmaz, K., 2010. Response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to lead toxicity: growth, element uptake , chlorophyll and water content. African J. Agric. Res., 5(6):416-423.
3. Alemayehu, A., Bocova, B., Zelinova, V., Mistrik, I., Tamas, L., 2013. Enhanced lipogeneses activity is involved in barley root tip swelling induced by cadmium, auxin or hydrogen peroxide. Environ. Exp. Bot., 93:55–62.
4. Asraf, M.Y., Azhar, N., Ashraf, M., Hussain, M, Arshad, M, 2011 influence of lead on growth and nutrient accumulation in canola (Brassica napus L.) cultivars J. Environ. Biol.32:659-666.
5. Azmat, R., Haider, S., Askari, S., 2006. Effect of Pb on germination, growth, morphology and histomorphology of Phaseolus mungo and Lens culinaris. Pakistan J. Biol. Sci., 9(5):979-984.
6. Bazzaz, F.A., Carlson, R.W., Rolfe, G.L., 1975. The inhibition of corn and sunflower photosynthesis by lead. Physiol. Plant. 34:326–329.
7. Chen, Y.X., He, Y.F., Luo, Y.M., Yu, Y.L., Lin, Q., Wong, M.H., 2003. Physiological mechanism of plant roots exposed to cadmium. Chemosphere 50:789–93.
8. Ekmekçi, Y., Tanyolaç, D., Ayhan, B., 2008. Effect of cadmium on antioxidant enzyme and photosynthetic in leaves of two maize cultivars. J. Plant Physiol., 165:600-611.

9. Eun, S.O., Youn, H.S., Lee, Y., 2002. Lead disturbs microtubule organization in the root meristem of Zea mays. Physiol. Plant. 110:357–365.
10. Ghani, A., 2010. Effect of lead toxicity on growth, chlorophyll and lead (Pb⁺) contents of two varieties of maize (Zea mays L). Pakistan J. of Nutrition, 9(9):887-891.
11. Gill, S.S., Khan, A.N, Tuteja, N., 2012. Cadmium at high dose perturbs growth, photosynthesis and nitrogen metabolism while at low dose it up regulates sulfur assimilation and antioxidant machinery in garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.). Plant Sci., 182:112-120.
12. Heath, R.L., Packer, L., 1968. Photo peroxidation in isolated chloroplasts I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 125:189–198.
13. Hegedu¨s, A., Erdei, S, Horvath, G., 2001. Comparative studies of H₂O₂ detoxifying enzymes in green and greening barley seedlings under cadmium stress. Plant. Sci., 160:1085–1093.
14. Jones, Jr., J,B., 1983. A Guide For The Hydroponic & Soilless Culture Grower. ISBN:0-91730449-7. Timber Press. Oregon.
15. Karanlık, S., Ergün, N., Tiryakioğlu, M., 2013. Farklı kadmiyum düzeylerinin pamuk bitkisinde (Gossipium hirsutum L.) büyüme, Cd, Fe, Zn konsantrasyonu ve antioksidatif enzim aktiviteleri üzerine etkisi. Tarım Bilimleri Araştırma Dergisi, 6(2):81-86.
16. Kibria, M.G., Maniruzzaman, M., Islam, M., Osman, K.T., 2010. Effect of soil-applied lead on growth and partitioning of ion concentration in Spinacea oleracea L. tissues. Soil and Environ. 29(1):1-6.
17. Lamhamdi, M., Bakrim, A., Aarab, A., Lafont, R., Sayah, F., 2011. Effects of lead phytotoxicity on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seed germination and seedling growth. C.R. Biol., 334:118–126.
18. Mishra, A., Choudhari, M.A., 1998. Amelioration of lead and mercury effects on germination and rice seedling growth by antioxidants. Biol. Plant., 41:469–473.
19. Mohanpuria, P., Rana, N.K., Yadav, S.K., 2007. Cadmium induced oxidative stress influence on glutathione metabolic genes of Camellia sinensis (L.). Environ Toxicol., 22:368–374.
20. Muradoğlu, F., Gundoğdu, M., Ercişli, S., Encu, T., Balta, F., Jaafar, H.Z.E., Zia-Ul-Hag, M., 2015. Cadmium toxicity affects chlorophyll a and b content, antioxidant enzyme activities and mineral nutrient accumulation in strawberry. Biological Research 48:11.
21. Nada, E., Ferjani, B.A., Ali, R., Bechir, B.R., Imed, M., Makki, B., 2007. Cadmium-induced growth inhibition and alteration of biochemical parameters in almond seedlings grown in solution culture. Acta Physiol. Plant., 29:57–62.
22. Page, A.L, Bingham, F.T., Chang, A.C., 1981 Cadmium. In: N.W., Leep. (Ed.) Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Plants. Vol.1, Effects of Trace Metals on Plant Function. Pp:77–109. Applied Science Publishers, Ripple Road, Barking, Essex, England.
23. Rolfe, G.L., Bazzaz, F.A., 1975. Effect of lead contamination on transpiration and photosynthesis of loblolly pine and Autumn olive. Forest Science. 21(1):33–35.
24. Sharma, P., Dubey, R.S., 2005. Lead toxicity in plants. Braz. J. Plant Physiol., 17(1):35-52.
25. Tanrısever, A., Tüzel, Y., Gül, A., Özeker, E., Eltez, R.Z., Önel, K., 1998. Dikey torba kültüründe farklı yetiştirme ortamlarının sera çilek yetiştiriciliğinde verim ve kaliteye etkileri üzerinde araştırmalar. Ege Üniversitesi Araştırma Fonu Projesi, No:95-ZRF-022, İzmir.
26. Treder, W., Cieslinski, G., 2000. Cadmium uptake and distribution in strawberry plants as affected by its concentration in soil. J. Fruit Ornam. Plant. Res., 8:127–135.
27. Uraguchi, S., Watanabe, I., Yoshitomi, A., Kiyono, M., Kuno, K., 2006. Characteristics of cadmium accumulation and tolerance in novel Cd-accumulation crops, Avena strigosa and Crotalaria juncea. J. Exp. Bot., 57:2955–2965.
28. Van Assche, F., Cliisters, H., 1990. Effects of metals on enzyme activity in plants. Plant, Cell and Environment. 13(3):195-206.
29. Wojcik, M., Tukiendorf, A., 2004. Phytochelatin synthesis and cadmium localization in wild type of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Growth Regul. 44:71–80.
30. Xiang, C., Oliver, D.J., 1998. Glutathione metabolic genes coordinately respond to heavy metals and jasmonic acid in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell 10:1530–1550.
31. Yılmaz, K., Akıncı, İ.E., Akıncı, S., 2009. Effect of lead accumulation on growth and mineral composition of eggplant seedling (Solanum melongena). New Zealand J. Crop Hort. Sci., 37:189-199.
32. Zengin, F.K., Munzuroğlu, Ö., 2003. Fasulye fidelerinin (Phaseolus vulgaris L) kök, gövde ve yaprak büyümesi üzerine kadmiyum (Cd⁺⁺) ve civa (Hg⁺⁺)’nın etkileri. C.Ü. Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 24(1):64-75.