Classification of Images in Bad Weather Conditions with Convolutional Neural Networks
Year 2025,
Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 39 - 46, 30.03.2025
Yasin Demir
,
Nagihan Severoğlu
,
Nur Hüseyin Kaplan
,
Sefa Küçük
Abstract
Weather conditions are one of the major factors significantly influencing the daily lives of individuals. Unfavorable weather conditions adversely affect their lives and directly impede the progress of the subsequent image-processing steps necessary for real-world vision tasks such as object detection and autonomous driving. For this reason, the correct classification of the weather conditions is of great importance. Although traditional classification methods achieve high accuracy in various tasks, they cannot achieve the same success in classifying weather conditions. In this paper, we propose a novel convolutional neural network (CNN) framework for the classification of weather conditions with high accuracy. The proposed network outperforms the existing methods with 95.50% accuracy for a classification problem with five different scenarios.
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image recognition,” in 2018 International Symposium on Computer,
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neural networks,” in 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications
and Smart Grid (ICWCSG). IEEE, 2021, pp. 293–296.
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cnn with spectral and spatial features integration,” Infrared Physics &
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images taken in foggy weather,” in 2011 IEEE International Conference
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Context-aware deep network for snow removal,” IEEE Transactions on
Image Processing, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 3064–3073, 2018.
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exclusively dark dataset,” Computer Vision and Image Understanding,
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Year 2025,
Volume: 13 Issue: 1, 39 - 46, 30.03.2025
Yasin Demir
,
Nagihan Severoğlu
,
Nur Hüseyin Kaplan
,
Sefa Küçük
References
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Kaafar, “The impact of adverse weather conditions on autonomous
vehicles: How rain, snow, fog, and hail affect the performance of a
self-driving car,” IEEE vehicular technology magazine, vol. 14, no. 2,
pp. 103–111, 2019.
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classification of different weather conditions,” in 2011 Visual
Communications and Image Processing (VCIP). IEEE, 2011, pp. 1–4.
- [3] Q. Li, Y. Kong, and S.-m. Xia, “A method of weather recognition based
on outdoor images,” in 2014 International Conference on Computer
Vision Theory and Applications (VISAPP), vol. 2. IEEE, 2014, pp.
510–516.
- [4] H. Kurihata, T. Takahashi, I. Ide, Y. Mekada, H. Murase, Y. Tamatsu,
and T. Miyahara, “Rainy weather recognition from in-vehicle camera
images for driver assistance,” in IEEE Proceedings. Intelligent Vehicles
Symposium, 2005. IEEE, 2005, pp. 205–210.
- [5] X. Yan, Y. Luo, and X. Zheng, “Weather recognition based on images
captured by vision system in vehicle,” in Advances in Neural Networks–
ISNN 2009: 6th International Symposium on Neural Networks, ISNN
2009 Wuhan, China, May 26-29, 2009 Proceedings, Part III 6. Springer,
2009, pp. 390–398.
- [6] Z. Chen, F. Yang, A. Lindner, G. Barrenetxea, and M. Vetterli, “How
is the weather: Automatic inference from images,” in 2012 19th IEEE
International conference on image processing. IEEE, 2012, pp. 1853–
1856.
- [7] M. Roser and F. Moosmann, “Classification of weather situations on
single color images,” in 2008 IEEE intelligent vehicles symposium.
IEEE, 2008, pp. 798–803.
- [8] C. Lu, D. Lin, J. Jia, and C.-K. Tang, “Two-class weather classification,”
in Proceedings of the IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern
Recognition, 2014, pp. 3718–3725.
- [9] B. Zhao, X. Li, X. Lu, and Z. Wang, “A cnn–rnn architecture for multilabel
weather recognition,” Neurocomputing, vol. 322, pp. 47–57, 2018.
- [10] S. Chen, T. Shu, H. Zhao, and Y. Y. Tang, “Mask-cnn-transformer for
real-time multi-label weather recognition,” Knowledge-Based Systems,
vol. 278, p. 110881, 2023.
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learning algorithms: a perspective of supervised learning approaches
in data classification,” in 2018 Second international conference on
intelligent computing and control systems (ICICCS). IEEE, 2018, pp.
945–949.
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Multimedia - Case Studies on Organization and Retrieval. Springer,
2008.
- [13] M. A. T. Figueiredo and A. K. Jain, “Unsupervised learning of finite
mixture models,” IEEE Transactions on pattern analysis and machine
intelligence, vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 381–396, 2002.
- [14] P. Thomas, “Review of” semi-supervised learning” by o. chapelle,
b. sch¨olkopf, and a. zien, eds. london, uk, mit press, 2006,” IEEE
Transactions on Neural Networks, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 542–542, 2009.
- [15] L. P. Kaelbling, M. L. Littman, and A. W. Moore, “Reinforcement
learning: A survey,” Journal of artificial intelligence research, vol. 4,
pp. 237–285, 1996.
- [16] J. Schmidhuber, “Deep learning in neural networks: An overview,”
Neural networks, vol. 61, pp. 85–117, 2015.
- [17] A. Krizhevsky, I. Sutskever, and G. E. Hinton, “Imagenet classification
with deep convolutional neural networks,” Advances in neural information
processing systems, vol. 25, 2012.
- [18] J. Deng, W. Dong, R. Socher, L.-J. Li, K. Li, and L. Fei-Fei, “Imagenet:
A large-scale hierarchical image database,” in 2009 IEEE conference on
computer vision and pattern recognition. Ieee, 2009, pp. 248–255.
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large-scale image recognition,” arXiv preprint arXiv:1409.1556, 2014.
- [20] M. Lin, Q. Chen, and S. Yan, “Network in network. arxiv 2013,” arXiv
preprint arXiv:1312.4400, 2013.
- [21] B. Mihaljevi´c, C. Bielza, and P. Larra˜naga, “Bayesian networks for
interpretable machine learning and optimization,” Neurocomputing, vol.
456, pp. 648–665, 2021.
- [22] P. Sarshar, J. Radianti, and J. J. Gonzalez, “Modeling panic in ship
fire evacuation using dynamic bayesian network,” in Third International
Conference on Innovative Computing Technology (INTECH 2013).
IEEE, 2013, pp. 301–307.
- [23] P. Wang, E. Fan, and P. Wang, “Comparative analysis of image classification
algorithms based on traditional machine learning and deep
learning,” Pattern Recognition Letters, vol. 141, pp. 61–67, 2021.
- [24] C.-Y. Liou, W.-C. Cheng, J.-W. Liou, and D.-R. Liou, “Autoencoder for
words,” Neurocomputing, vol. 139, pp. 84–96, 2014.
- [25] Y. Xiao, J. Wu, Z. Lin, and X. Zhao, “A semi-supervised deep learning
method based on stacked sparse auto-encoder for cancer prediction using
rna-seq data,” Computer methods and programs in biomedicine, vol. 166,
pp. 99–105, 2018.
- [26] P. Vincent, H. Larochelle, I. Lajoie, Y. Bengio, P.-A. Manzagol, and
L. Bottou, “Stacked denoising autoencoders: Learning useful representations
in a deep network with a local denoising criterion.” Journal of
machine learning research, vol. 11, no. 12, 2010.
- [27] P. Kumar Mallick, S. H. Ryu, S. K. Satapathy, S. Mishra, G. N. Nguyen,
and P. Tiwari, “Brain mri image classification for cancer detection using
deep wavelet autoencoder-based deep neural network,” IEEE Access,
vol. 7, pp. 46 278–46 287, 2019.
- [28] P. Smolensky et al., “Information processing in dynamical systems:
Foundations of harmony theory,” 1986.
- [29] L.-W. Kim, “Deepx: Deep learning accelerator for restricted boltzmann
machine artificial neural networks,” IEEE Transactions on Neural Networks
and Learning Systems, vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 1441–1453, 2018.
- [30] C. L. P. Chen, C.-Y. Zhang, L. Chen, and M. Gan, “Fuzzy restricted
boltzmann machine for the enhancement of deep learning,” IEEE Transactions
on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 2163–2173, 2015.
- [31] N. Le Roux and Y. Bengio, “Representational power of restricted
boltzmann machines and deep belief networks,” Neural computation,
vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 1631–1649, 2008.
- [32] L. Shen and P. Tan, “Photometric stereo and weather estimation using
internet images,” in 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and
Pattern Recognition. IEEE, 2009, pp. 1850–1857.
- [33] M. Elhoseiny, S. Huang, and A. Elgammal, “Weather classification
with deep convolutional neural networks,” in 2015 IEEE international
conference on image processing (ICIP). IEEE, 2015, pp. 3349–3353.
- [34] L.-W. Kang, K.-L. Chou, and R.-H. Fu, “Deep learning-based weather
image recognition,” in 2018 International Symposium on Computer,
Consumer and Control (IS3C). IEEE, 2018, pp. 384–387.
- [35] X. Zhao and C. Wu, “Weather classification based on convolutional
neural networks,” in 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications
and Smart Grid (ICWCSG). IEEE, 2021, pp. 293–296.
- [36] J. M. Gandarias, A. J. Garcia-Cerezo, and J. M. G´omez-de Gabriel,
“Cnn-based methods for object recognition with high-resolution tactile
sensors,” IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 19, no. 16, pp. 6872–6882, 2019.
- [37] R. Vaddi and P. Manoharan, “Hyperspectral image classification using
cnn with spectral and spatial features integration,” Infrared Physics &
Technology, vol. 107, p. 103296, 2020.
- [38] J. Xu, Z. Li, B. Du, M. Zhang, and J. Liu, “Reluplex made more
practical: Leaky relu,” in 2020 IEEE Symposium on Computers and
communications (ISCC). IEEE, 2020, pp. 1–7.
- [39] C. O. Ancuti, C. Ancuti, R. Timofte, and C. De Vleeschouwer, “O-haze:
a dehazing benchmark with real hazy and haze-free outdoor images,”
in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision and pattern
recognition workshops, 2018, pp. 754–762.
- [40] H. Halmaoui, A. Cord, and N. Hauti`ere, “Contrast restoration of road
images taken in foggy weather,” in 2011 IEEE International Conference
on Computer Vision Workshops (ICCV Workshops). IEEE, 2011, pp.
2057–2063.
- [41] G. Viyaj, “Keras-multiclass-image-classification,” https://github.com/
vijayg15/Keras-MultiClass-Image-Classification/tree/master, 2021.
- [42] X. Fu, J. Huang, X. Ding, Y. Liao, and J. Paisley, “Clearing the
skies: A deep network architecture for single-image rain removal,” IEEE
Transactions on Image Processing, vol. 26, no. 6, pp. 2944–2956, 2017.
- [43] Y.-F. Liu, D.-W. Jaw, S.-C. Huang, and J.-N. Hwang, “Desnownet:
Context-aware deep network for snow removal,” IEEE Transactions on
Image Processing, vol. 27, no. 6, pp. 3064–3073, 2018.
- [44] Y. P. Loh and C. S. Chan, “Getting to know low-light images with the
exclusively dark dataset,” Computer Vision and Image Understanding,
vol. 178, pp. 30–42, 2019.
- [45] J. Cai, S. Gu, and L. Zhang, “Learning a deep single image contrast
enhancer from multi-exposure images,” IEEE Transactions on Image
Processing, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 2049–2062, 2018.
- [46] M. Abadi, A. Agarwal, P. Barham, E. Brevdo, Z. Chen, C. Citro, G. S.
Corrado, A. Davis, J. Dean, M. Devin et al., “Tensorflow: Large-scale
machine learning on heterogeneous distributed systems,” arXiv preprint
arXiv:1603.04467, 2016.
- [47] M.-L. Zhang and Z.-H. Zhou, “Ml-knn: A lazy learning approach to
multi-label learning,” Pattern recognition, vol. 40, no. 7, pp. 2038–2048,
2007.
- [48] F. Zhu, H. Li, W. Ouyang, N. Yu, and X. Wang, “Learning spatial
regularization with image-level supervisions for multi-label image classification,”
in Proceedings of the IEEE conference on computer vision
and pattern recognition, 2017, pp. 5513–5522.
- [49] P. Flach and M. Kull, “Precision-recall-gain curves: Pr analysis done
right,” Advances in neural information processing systems, vol. 28, 2015.