INVESTIGATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BORDERLINE PERSONALITY TRAITS, SHYNESS AND ANGER

Abstract

Borderline individuals struggle with self-control and exhibit volatility in both their thinking and actions. The main aim of the research is to investigate the relationship between borderline personality traits, shyness and anger. In the study, a relational screening approach was employed. Four hundred ten adults, 207 males (50.5%) and 203 females (49.5%) aged 18-45 years, took part in the study using a simple random sampling method. The study's data collection tools are the Shyness Scale, Borderline Personality Scale-BPQ, Trait Anger (SL- Anger) Scale, and Personal Information Form. The SPSS 25 program was used to analyze the data that were gathered for this study. The Independent T-Test and ANOVA Test were used to compare continuous variables that provide normal distribution as a result of the test. The Pearson Correlation coefficient was used to analyze the relationship between continuous variables. Results indicate that as the level of borderline personality traits increased, the levels of constant anger, internalized anger, externalized anger, and shyness increased; the level of anger control decreased. In addition, intense anger, which is a borderline personality trait, predicts constant anger, externalized anger, and anger control. Emptiness also predicts internalized anger and shyness.

Keywords

• borderline personality traits
• shyness
• anger

BORDELİNE KİŞİLİK ÖZELLİKLERİ İLE UTANGAÇLIK VE ÖFKE ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLERİN iNCELENMESİ

Abstract

Öz Borderline kişilik bozukluğuna sahip bireylerin öz-kontrol mekanizmalarında sorun vardır, düşünce ve davranışlarında istikrarsızlık görülmektedir. Araştırma, borderline kişilik özellikleri ile utangaçlık ve öfke ilişkinin incelenmesini amaçlamaktadır. Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Basit seçkisiz örneklem yöntemi kullanılan çalışmaya 18-45 yaş arası 207 erkek (50.5%) ve 203 kadın (49.5%) olmak üzere toplam 410 yetişkin katılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan veri toplama araçları Utangaçlık Ölçeği (UÖ), Borderline Kişilik Ölçeği (BKÖ), Durumluk-Sürekli Öfke Ölçeği, Kişisel Bilgi Formu’dur. Bu araştırma için toplanan veriler SPSS 25 programıyla analiz edilmiştir. Test sonucunda normal dağılım sağlayan sürekli değişkenler için karşılaştırmalarda Bağımsız t-testi ve ANOVA Testi kullanılmıştır. Sürekli değişkenler arasındaki ilişki Pearson Korelasyon katsayısı ile incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonuçları incelendiğinde borderline kişilik özelliklerinin düzeyi arttıkça sürekli öfke, içselleştirilmiş öfke ve dışsallaştırılmış öfke düzeylerinin ve utangaçlık düzeyinin arttığı; öfke kontrol düzeyinin azaldığı saptanmıştır. Bununla beraber, borderline kişilik özelliklerinden yoğun öfkenin sürekli öfkeyi, dışsallaştırılmış öfke ve öfkeyi kontrol edebilme becerisini; boşluk duygusunun ise içselleştirilmiş öfke ve utangaçlığı yordadığı görülmektedir.

Keywords

• borderline kişilik özellikleri
• utangaçlık
• öfke

References

1. Bertsch, K., Krauch, M., Roelofs, K., Cackowski, S., Herpertz, S. C., & Volman, I. (2019). Out of control? Acting out anger is associated with deficient prefrontal emotional action control in male patients with borderline personality disorder. Neuropharmacology, 156, 107463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.010
2. Bertsch, K., Roelofs, K., Roch, P. J., Ma, B., Hensel, S., Herpertz, S. C., & Volman, I. (2018). Neural correlates of emotional action control in anger-prone women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, 43(3), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1503/jpn.170102
3. Bertsch, K., Back, S., Flechsenhar, A., Neukel, C., Krauch, M., Spieß, K., Panizza, A., & Herpertz, S. C. (2021). Don’t make me angry: Frustration-induced anger and its link to aggression in women with borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.695062
4. Bohus, M., Stoffers-Winterling, J., Sharp, C., Krause-Utz, A., Schmahl, C., & Lieb, K. (2021). Borderline personality disorder. The Lancet, 398(10310), 1528–1540. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00476-1
5. Bozdağ, Y., & Yalçınkaya-Alkar, Ö. (2018). Sınır (borderline) kişilik bozukluğu: Bir vaka çalışması. Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi, 44–59. https://doi.org/10.31682/ayna.435935
6. Cavicchioli, M., & Maffei, C. (2020). Rejection sensitivity in borderline personality disorder and the cognitive–affective personality system: A meta-analytic review. Personality Disorders: Theory, Research, and Treatment, 11(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1037/per0000359
7. Ceylan, V., Kose, S., Akin, E., & Turkcapar, M. H. (2017). Normative data and factorial structure of the Turkish version of The Borderline Personality Questionnaire (Turkish BPQ). Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 27(2), 143–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/24750573.2017.1298422
8. Cheek, M.J. ve Buss, H.A. (1981). Shyness and Sociability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41 (2), 330-339.

9. Cheek, J. M. (1983). The revised Cheek and Buss shyness scale. Unpublished manuscript, Wellesley College.
10. Clarkin, J. F., Yeomans, F. E., & Kernberg, O. F. (2006). Psychotherapy for borderline personality: Focusing on object relations. American Psychiatric Publ.
11. Costa, D. M., & Babcock, J. C. (2008). Articulated thoughts of intimate partner abusive men during anger arousal: Correlates with personality disorder features. Journal of Family Violence, 23(6), 395–402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-008-9163-x
12. Cui, R., Owsiany, M. T., Turiano, N., & Fiske, A. (2023). Association between anger and suicidal ideation. Current Psychology, 42(16), 13798–13801. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-021-02577-8
13. Dalbudak, E., Evren, C., Aldemir, S., & Evren, B. (2014). The severity of internet addiction risk and its relationship with the severity of borderline personality features, Childhood Traumas, dissociative experiences, depression, and anxiety symptoms among Turkish University students. Psychiatry Research, 219(3), 577–582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2014.02.032
14. DeCou, C. R., Lynch, S. M., Weber, S., Richner, D., Mozafari, A., Huggins, H., & Perschon, B. (2021). On the association between trauma-related shame and symptoms of psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(3), 1193–1201. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211053617
15. Dingman, R. L., & Bloom, J. W. (2012). Managing shyness. Dog Ear Pub.
16. Distel, M. A., Roeling, M. P., Tielbeek, J. J., van Toor, D., Derom, C. A., Trull, T. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2012). The covariation of trait anger and borderline personality: A bivariate twin-siblings study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 121(2), 458–466. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026393
17. Dolezal, L. (2022). The horizons of chronic shame. Human Studies, 45(4), 739–759. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10746-022-09645-3
18. Dönmezler, S., Yilmaz, G., Sen, M., Erensoy, H., & Berkol, T. (2021). Temperament and character relations in borderline personality disorder. The Journal of Neurobehavioral Sciences, 8(2), 89. https://doi.org/10.4103/jnbs.jnbs_8_21
19. Durdurak, B. B., Altaweel, N., Upthegrove, R., & Marwaha, S. (2022). Understanding the development of bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder in young people: A Meta-review of Systematic Reviews. Psychological Medicine, 52(16), 3769–3782. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291722003002
20. Faraji, H. (2021). Borderline kişilik bozukluğunun ergenlik döneminde belirlenmesine dair bir değerlendirme. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 18(43), 7139–7166. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.898571
21. Faraji, H., & Güler, K. (2021). Üniversite öğrencilerinde borderline kişilik özellikleri ve kıskançlık. Aydın İnsan ve Toplum Dergisi, 7(2), 137–153.
22. Forbes, D., Metcalf, O., Lawrence-Wood, E., & Adler, A. B. (2022). Problematic anger in the military: Focusing on the forgotten emotion. Current Psychiatry Reports, 24(12), 789–797. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-022-01380-x
23. Freud, S. (1933). New introductory lectures on psycho-analysis. Authorized translation. Hogarth Press.
24. Freud, S. (1959). Collected papers. London: Basic Books.
25. George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). Spss for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update. Allyn & Bacon.
26. Güngör, A. (2001). Utangaçlık ölçeğinin geliştirilmesi geçerlik ve güvenilirlik çalışmaları. Turkish Psychological Counseling and Guidance Journal, 11(15), 17–22.
27. Hassan, R., & Schmidt, L. A. (2021). Longitudinal investigation of shyness and physiological vulnerability: Moderating influences of attention biases to threat and safety. Developmental Psychobiology, 63(7). https://doi.org/10.1002/dev.22180
28. Hipson, W. E., Coplan, R. J., & Séguin, D. G. (2019). Active emotion regulation mediates links between shyness and social adjustment in preschool. Social Development, 28(4), 893–907. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12372
29. Irmak, F. (2021). Üniversiteli gençlerde öfke ve saldırganlık davranışının borderline kişilik yapılanmasıyla İlişkisi (Thesis). Gelişim University.
30. Jacob, G. A., Hellstern, K., Ower, N., Pillmann, M., Scheel, C. N., Rüsch, N., & Lieb, K. (2009). Emotional reactions to standardized stimuli in women with borderline personality disorder. Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 197(11), 808–815. https://doi.org/10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181bea44d
31. Kazğan, A., Yildiz, S., Korkmaz, S., & Atmaca, M. (2021). Auto-vampirism in borderline personality disorder: A case report (TUR). Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 24(2), 265–269. https://doi.org/10.5505/kpd.2020.79095
32. Kim, S., Woo, S., & Lee, J.-S. (2023). Investigation of the subtypes of nonsuicidal self-injury based on the forms of self-harm behavior: Examining validity and utility via latent class analysis and ecological momentary assessment. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 38(17). https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e132
33. Kruczek, A. (2017). Relationship of self-image and self-acceptance with the expression of anger in girls diagnosed with conduct disorder. Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna, 17(4), 314–324. https://doi.org/10.15557/pipk.2017.0035
34. Kokurcan, A., & Atbaşoğlu, E. C. (2015). Şizofreni ayırıcı tanısı: Başka bir tıbbi duruma bağlı psikotik bozukluk ve nörogelişimsel bozukluklardaki psikoz belirtileri. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 26(4), 279–290.
35. Kurt, D. G., & Şabanoğlu, H. (2019). A look at the relationship forms of the age of technology: Virtual attachment. TAY Journal, 3(1), 23–39.
36. Küçük, A., & Çetinkaya, S. (2019). İntihar amaçlı olmayan kendine zarar verme davranışı ve intihar ilişkisi: Tanı, borderline kişilik bozukluğu ve mizaç ve karakter özelliklerinin rolü. Cukurova Medical Journal, 44(2), 360–368. https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.466375
37. Lehnert, K. L., Overholser, J. C., & Spirito, A. (1994). Internalized and externalized anger in adolescent suicide attempters. Journal of Adolescent Research, 9(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/074355489491008
38. Macdonald, J. A., Greenwood, C. J., Francis, L. M., Harrison, T. R., Graeme, L. G., Youssef, G. J., Di Manno, L., Skouteris, H., Fletcher, R., Knight, T., Williams, J., Milgrom, J., & Olsson, C. A. (2020). Profiles of depressive symptoms and anger in men: Associations with postpartum family functioning. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.578114
39. Miller, C. E., Townsend, M. L., Day, N. J., & Grenyer, B. F. (2020). Measuring the shadows: A systematic review of chronic emptiness in borderline personality disorder. PLOS ONE, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233970
40. Moon, S. H., & Cho, H. H. (2015). Anger, anger expression types, problem behaviors, and suicide probability in adolescent women using cluster analysis. Korean Journal of Women Health Nursing, 21(2), 128. https://doi.org/10.4069/kjwhn.2015.21.2.128
41. Nenov-Matt, T., Barton, B. B., Dewald-Kaufmann, J., Goerigk, S., Rek, S., Zentz, K., Musil, R., Jobst, A., Padberg, F., & Reinhard, M. A. (2020). Loneliness, social isolation and their difference: A cross-diagnostic study in persistent depressive disorder and borderline personality disorder. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.608476
42. Oancea, I. B., Munteanu, E., Oteleanu, D. D., Popa, I., & Trifu, S. (2021). Schizophrenia Particularities and Quasi-psychotic Episodes. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 20(4), 29–34. https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-2004062934
43. Özer, A. K. (1994). Sürekli öfke (SL-Öfke) ve öfke ifade tarzı (Öfke-Tarz) ölçekleri ön çalışması. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 9(31), 26–35.
44. Pivetti, M., Camodeca, M., & Rapino, M. (2015). Shame, guilt, and anger: Their cognitive, physiological, and behavioral correlates. Current Psychology, 35(4), 690–699. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-015-9339-5
45. Poreh, A. M., Rawlings, D., Claridge, G., Freeman, J. L., Faulkner, C., & Shelton, C. (2006). The BPQ: A scale for the assessment of borderline personality based on DSM-IV Criteria. Journal of Personality Disorders, 20(3), 247–260. https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.2006.20.3.247
46. Sansone, R. A., Leung, J. S., & Wiederman, M. W. (2013). Externalized aggressive behaviors in patients with borderline personality symptomatology. Southern Medical Journal, 106(2), 136–140. https://doi.org/10.1097/smj.0b013e3182824d45
47. Sher, L., Rutter, S. B., New, A. S., Siever, L. J., & Hazlett, E. A. (2018). Gender differences and similarities in aggression, suicidal behavior, and psychiatric comorbidity in borderline personality disorder. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 139(2), 145–153. https://doi.org/10.1111/acps.12981
48. Sun, L., Fu, Z., & Zheng, Y. (2020). Shyness and loneliness in Chinese young adults: Roles of aggression and gender. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 30(1), 43–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2020.1725209
49. Smith, M. D., Kromash, R. H., Siebert, S. L., Allison, G. J., & Moore, K. E. (2022). Borderline Personality Disorder Among Justice-Involved Populations. Clinical Forensic Psychology, 225–239. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80882-2_12
50. Spielberger, C. (1988). State-trait anger expression inventory. PsycTESTS Dataset. https://doi.org/10.1037/t29496-000
51. Spielberger, C. D., & Reheiser, E. C. (2009). The nature and measurement of anger. International Handbook of Anger, 403–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-89676-2_23
52. te Brinke, L. W., Schuiringa, H. D., & Matthys, W. (2021). Emotion regulation and angry mood among adolescents with externalizing problems and intellectual disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 109, 103833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2020.103833
53. Xiao, S. X., Spinrad, T. L., & Eisenberg, N. (2018). Longitudinal relations of preschoolers’ dispositional and situational anger to their prosocial behavior: The moderating role of shyness. Social Development, 28(2), 383–397. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12346
54. Yucel, M., & Vaish, A. (2018). Young children tattle to enforce moral norms. Social Development, 27(4), 924–936. https://doi.org/10.1111/sode.12290