The Relationship between Content and Implementation of Negotiated Agreements in Former Yugoslavia

Abstract

This article presents a framework that need to be considered in the design and analysis of negotiated agreements dealing with ‘ethnic conflict’ and civil wars. Such agreements implemented from above with third-party interventions must include consideration of how they affect: i) the local rationality structure (both intra- and inter-ethnic relations); ii) structural conditions; iii) institutional conditions and relations; and iv) the space for contestation of implementation. If left unattended these dimensions may recreate tension for years to come, block implementation and generate risk of relapse into violent conflict. The framework is applied in the analysis of negotiations drawn from the case of former Yugoslavia and demonstrates how several of the dimensions become relevant at different stages in different contexts.

Keywords

• Peace Treaty,Peace implementation,Former Yugoslavia,Peace building

References

1. A.D Smith, National Identity, London: Penguin Books, 1991.
2. A. Salihu, M. Hajrullahu and J. Xharra, ‘Radicals Test the Ground in Drenica’ Balkan Crisis Report No 498, 20 May 2004. London: Institute for War & Peace Reporting, 2004.
3. Biljana Vankovska, ‘The Role of the Ohrid Framework Agreement and the Peace Process in Macedonia’, in S. Bianchini, J. Marko, C. Nation, and A M. Uvalic (Eds.), Regional Cooperation, Peace Enforcement, and the Role of the Treaties in the Balkans, Ravenna: A. Longo Editore, 2007, pp. 41–63.
4. D. Janjić, Kosovo under the Reign of Slobodan Milosevic, Belgrade: Forum for Ethnic Relations, Institute of Social Sciences, 2009. Daniel Druckman and Cecilia Albin, ‘Distributive Justice and the Durability of Peace Agreements’, Review of International Studies, 37, 2011, pp. 1137–1168.
5. Daniel Lindvall, The Limits of the European Vision in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis: Stockholm Studies in Sociology, New Series 40, 2009.
6. Dayton 1995: http://peacemaker.un.org/sites/peacemaker.un.org/files/ BA_951121_DaytonAgreement.pdf (please add accessed date)
7. Deiniol Jones, Cosmopolitan Mediation? Conflict Resolution and the Oslo Accords, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999.
8. Desirée Nilsson, ‘Anchoring the Peace: Civil Society Actors in Peace Accords and Durable Peace’, International Interactions, 38(2), 2012, pp. 243–266.

9. Dusan Janjić, Ethnic Conflicts and Minorities in a Multi-Ethnic society, Themes on Migration and Ethnic Studies, ISSN 1101-7570;20, Linköping: Linköping University Electronic Press, 2002, p 98. Dzemal Sokolović and Florian Bieber (Eds.), Reconstructing Multi-ethnic Societies: The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina. Ashgate Publishers, 2001.
10. E. A Dauphinee, ‘Rambouillet: A Critical (Re)Assessment’ in F. Bieber & Z. Daskalovski (Eds.) Understanding the War in Kosovo, Frank Cass, 2003, pp 101–121.
11. Edward Newman and Oliver Richmond Oliver (Eds.), Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Conflict Resolution, United Nations University Press, 2006.
12. F. Nazi, ‘Balkan Diaspora 1: The American-Albanian Community’ in W.J. Buckley (Ed.) Kosovo: Contending Voices on Balkan Interventions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.
13. Florian Beiber, ‘After Dayton, Dayton? The Evolution of an Unpopular Peace’, Ethnopolitics, 5(1), 2006a, pp 15–31.
14. Florian Beiber, Post War Bosnia: Ethnic Structure, Inequality and Governance of the Public Sector. London: Palgrave, 2006b. George Downs and Stephen John Stedman, ‘Evaluation Issues in Peace Implementation’, in Stephen John Stedman, Donald Rothchild and Elizabeth M. Cousens (Eds.), 2002, Ending Civil Wars. The Implementation of Peace Agreements, Boulder/London: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2002, pp. 43–70.
15. H. Thaqi, ‘The KLA Brought NATO to Kosova’ in J. W Buckley (Ed.) Kosovo: Contending Voices on Balkan Interventions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 282–290.
16. J. Phillips, Macedonia: Warlords and Rebels in the Balkans, London: I.B. Taurus & Co, 2004.
17. Joseph Deutsch, Jacques Silber and Paolo Verme, ‘On Measuring Social Exclusion: A New Approach with an Application to FYR Macedonia’, in Caterina Ruggeri Laderchi and Sara Savastono (Eds.), 2013, Poverty and Social Exclusion in the Western Balkans. New Directions in Measurement and Policy, New York/Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2013, pp. 99–116.
18. Jean Poitras, and Aurélia Le Tareau, ‘Quantifying the Quality of Mediation Agreements’, in Negotiation and Conflict Management Research, 2(4), 2009, pp. 363–380.
19. Jens Stilhoff Sörensen,‘The Shadow Economy, War and State building’ Journal of Contemporary European Studies, 14(3) 2006. Jens Stilhoff Sörensen, Kosovo – Vägen till Oavhängighet (Kosovo – Path to Independence), Världspolitikens Dagsfrågor Nr 7-8/2008. Stockholm: Utrikespolitiska Institutet, 2008.
20. Jens Stilhoff Sörensen, State Collapse and Reconstruction in the Periphery: Political Economy, Ethnicity and Development in Yugoslavia, Serbia, and Kosovo. Oxford & New York: Berghahn Books, 2009.
21. Jens Stilhoff Sörensen, ‘Reconstituting Crisis: Revisiting the Dayton and Rambouillet Agreement’ in M. Eriksson, & R. Kostić (Eds.) Mediation and Liberal Peacebuilding, Routledge Studies in Intervention and State building, Routledge, 2013.
22. Kjell Magnusson, Rambouilletavtalet: Texten, förhandlingarna, bakgrunden. Centrum för Multietnisk forskning, Uppsala, 1999. Lynn Wagner and Daniel Druckman, ‘Drivers of Durable Peace: The Role of Justice in Negotiating Civil War Termination’, Group Decis Negot, 26, 2017, pp. 45–67. Group Decis Negot (2017) 26:45–67, DOI 10.1007/s10726-016-9511-9
23. Ohrid Framework Agreement 2001: http://www.ucd.ie/ibis/filestore/Ohrid%20Framework%20Agreement.pdf (please add accessed date)
24. Manfred F. Boemeke, Gerald D. Feldman, and Elisabeth Glaser (Eds.), Versailles: A Reassessment after 75 Years. Publications of the German Historical Institute. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
25. Marina Bowder and Valery Perry, ‘Returnees and the Challenges for Education Reform in Bosnia and Herzegovina’ in Christine Smith Ellison and Alan Smith (eds.) Education and Internally Displaced Persons. Bloomsbury, 2013, pp. 142–164.
26. Norbert Mappes-Niediek, ‘Warum die Kosovo-Mission gescheitert ist’, in Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik, 2001, 46, pp. 447–455.
27. Rambouillet 1999: http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Kos%20S%201999%20648.pdf (2017-02-03)
28. Ramzi Badran, ‘Intrastate Peace Agreements and the Durability of Peace’, Conflict Management and Peace Science, 31(3), 2014, pp. 193–217.
29. Robert M. Hayden, Blueprints for a House Divided: The Constitutional Logic of the Yugoslav Wars. University of Michigan Press, 1999.
30. Roger Mac Ginty, ‘Introduction: The Transcripts for Peace: Public, Hidden or Non-obvious?’, in Journal of Intervention and State Building, 2013, 7(4), pp. 423–430.
31. Roland Kostić, Ambivalent Peace: External Peacebuilding Threatened Identity and Reconciliation in Bosnia and Herzegovina, PhD thesis, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala University, 2007.
32. Skelzhen Maliqi, Kosova: Separate Worlds. Prishtina, Dukagjini Publishing House,1998.
33. Susan L Woodward, Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War, Washington: The Brooking Institution, 1995.
34. Svetomir Škaric, ‘Ohrid Agreement and Minority Communities in Macedonia' in Vojislav Stanovčić and Goran Bašić, Prospects of Multiculturality in Western Balkan States, Belgrade, Ethnicity Research Center, Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, 2004.
35. T.H. Eriksen, Us and Them in Modern Society, Oslo: Scandinavian University Press,1992.
36. Tim Judah, ‘The Kosovo Liberation Army’, in Perceptions, 2000, pp. 61–77.
37. Ulf Brunnbauer, ‘The Implementation of the Ohrid Agreement: Ethnic Macedonian Resentment’ Journal of Ethnopolitics and Minority Issues in Europe, Issue 1/2002. European Centre for Minority Issues, 2002. Valery Perry, “Classroom Battlegrounds for Hearts and Minds: Efforts to Reform and Transform Education in Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina” in Ola Listhaug and Sabrina P. Ramet (Eds.) Bosnia-Herzegovina Since Dayton: Civic and Uncivic Values. Longo Editore Ravenna, 2013, pp. 225–246.
38. Virginia Page Fortna, Peace Time: Cease-Fire Agreements and the Durability of Peace, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2004.
39. Versailles 1919: https://www.loc.gov/law/help/us-treaties/bevans/m-ust000002-0043.pdf (2019-12-30)
40. Washington 1994: http://www.ucdp.uu.se/gpdatabase/peace/BoH%201994 0301.pdf (please add accessed date)