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Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913

Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 31 - 75, 26.12.2018

Abstract

The history of population transfers on the basis of
decisions by ruling authorities dates back to ancient times. In moderns times,
however, the establishment of nation-states played a decisive role in forcible
population transfers in the Balkans. Balkan historiographies tend to date back
bilaterally agreed population transfers and population exchanges to the Balkan
Wars in 1912/13. However, the process of establishing autonomous and
independent states in the Ottoman Balkans saw multiple cases of forcible population
transfer based on agreements and treaties. Some of them are well known cases,
for example, the forcible emigration of Muslims from the newly independent
Greek state in 1830, the forcible emigration of Muslims from Serbian
principality in 1862 and several cases of negotiations on the emigration of
Muslims from different regions, such as Crete or newly established Bulgaria.
This paper deals with these processes in the Balkans beginning already as early
as in the 19th century. 

References

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  • Beydilli, Kemal, 1828–1829 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşında Doğu Anadolu’dan Rusya’ya Göçürülen Ermeniler [Forced Migration of Armenians from Eastern Anatolia to Russia during the War of 1828–1829] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1988).
  • Charanis, Peter, “The Transfer of Population as a Policy in the Byzantine Empire,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 3, no. 2 (1961): 140–154.
  • Emgili, Fahriye, Yeniden Kurulan Hayatlar. Boşnakların Türkiye’ye Göçleri, 1878–1934 [Re-established Lives. Migration of Bosniaks to Turkey, 1878–1934] (İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat, 2012).
  • Erdal, İbrahim, Mübadele. Uluslaşma Sürecinde Türkiye ve Yunanistan 1923–1925 [Population Exchange. Turkey and Greece in the Process of Nation-Building, 1923–1925] (Istanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2012).
  • Erim, Nihat, Devletlerarası Hukuku ve Siyasi Tarih Metinleri [Texts of International Law and Political History], vol. 1, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Andlaşmaları [Treaties of the Ottoman Empire] [Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, 1953].
  • Erkan, Süleyman, Kırım ve Kafkasya Göçler, 1878–1908 [Crimean and Caucasian Migrations, 1878–1908] (Trabzon: KATÜ Kafkasya ve Orta Asya Ülkeleri Araştırma Merkezi, 1996).
  • Ersoy-Hacısalihoğlu, Neriman and Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu, eds., 89 Göçü. Bulgaristan’da 1984–89 Azınlık Politikaları ve Türkiye’ye Zorunlu Göç [Forced Migration of 1989. Minority Policy in Bulgaria between 1984 and 1989 and Forced Migration to Turkey] (Istanbul: BALKAR and BALMED, 2012).
  • Gülsoy, Ufuk, 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda Rumeli’den Rusya’ya Göçürülen Reâyâ [Forced Migration of the non-Muslims from the Balkans to Russia during the War of 1828-1829] (İstanbul: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 1993).
  • Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet (Ed.), 1864 Kafkas Tehciri: Kafkasya’da Rus Kolonizasyonu, Savaş ve Sürgün [Caucasian Exodus of 1864: Russian Colonization of Caucasia, War and Exodus] İstanbul: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Balkan ve Karadeniz Araştırmaları Merkezi (BALKAR) & İslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA), 2014.
  • Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet, Doğu Rumeli’de Kayıp Köyler. İslimye Sancağı’nda 1878’den Günümüze Göçler, İsim Değişiklikleri ve Harabeler [Lost Villages in Eastern Rumelia. Migrations, Name Changes and Ruins in the Province of İslimye/Sliven from 1878 to the Present] (Istanbul: Bağlam Yayınları, 2008).
  • Halaçoğlu, Ahmet, Balkan Harbi Sırasında Rumeli’den Türk Göçleri, 1912–1913 [Turkish Migrations from the Balkans during the Balkan Wars, 1912–1913] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1995).
  • Hirschon, Renée, Crossing the Aegean. An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2003).
  • Hirschon, Renée, Ege’yi Geçerken. 1923 Türk-Yunan Zorunlu Nüfus Mübadelesi, translated by Müfide Pekin and Ertuğ Altınay (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2005).
  • Höpken, Wolfgang, “Flucht vor dem Kreuz? Muslimische Emigration aus Südosteuropa nach dem Ende der osmanischen Herrschaft (19./.20. Jahrhundert),” in Zwangsmigrationen in Mittel- und Südosteuropa, edited by Wolfgang Höpken (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 1996), pp. 1–24.
  • İpek, Nedim, İmparatorluktan Ulus Devlete Göçler [Migrations from Empire to Republic] (Trabzon: Serander, 2006).
  • İpek, Nedim, Mübadele ve Samsun [Population Exchange and Samsun] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2000).
  • İpek, Nedim, Rumeli’den Anadolu’ya Türk Göçleri [Emigration of Turks from the Balkans to Anatoia] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1994).
  • Karpat, Kemal H., Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Etnik Yapılanma ve Göçler [Ethnic Formation and Migrations from the Ottomans to the Present], translated by Bahar Tırnakçı (İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 2010).
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet, Türkiye ve Rusya [Turkey and Russia] (Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1990).
  • McCarthy, Justin, Death and Exile. The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922, 2d ed. (Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1996).
  • Nazır, Bayram, Macar ve Polonyalı Mülteciler. Osmanlı’ya Sığınanlar [Hungarian and Polish Refugees. Refugees in the Ottoman Empire] (İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2006).
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Year 2018, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 31 - 75, 26.12.2018

Abstract

References

  • BOA-Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi (Ottoman Archive in Istanbul)
  • BOA, BEO 1056/79137, f. 14.
  • BOA, BEO, 1056/79131, f. 12.
  • BOA, BEO, 1056/79131, f. 12.
  • BOA, BEO, 1056/79137, f. 14, f. 16.
  • BOA, BEO, 1056/79137, f. 17.
  • BOA, BEO. 1056/79137, f. 4.
  • BOA, BEO. 1501/112516, 12 Safer 1318 [12 June 1900].
  • BOA, C.HR. 73/3627, 14 Rebi’ul-evvel 1228 [17 March 1813].
  • BOA, HAT 1043/43144 E, 29 Zilhicce 1245 [21 June 1830]).
  • BOA, HAT, 1031/42875, 30 Rebi’ul-evvel 1245 [29 September 1829], f. 4.
  • BOA, HAT, 1045/43179 E, 27 Receb 1245 [22 January 1830].
  • BOA, HAT, 1220/47741B, 29 Zilhicce 1246 (10 June 1831), f. 1.
  • BOA, HAT, 1294/50276, 29 Zilhicce 1250 (28 April 1835).
  • BOA, HAT, 1294/50276, 29 Zilhicce 1250 [28 April 1835].
  • BOA, HAT, 1317/51346D, 24 Şa’ban 1242 [23 March 1827].
  • BOA, HAT, 950/40835E, 25 Zilhicce 1244 [28 June 1829], f. 1.
  • BOA, HR.SYS. 1219/2, f. 27.
  • BOA, HR.SYS. 1219/5, f. 187, p. 3.
  • BOA, HR.SYS. 1219/5, f. 199.
  • BOA, HR.SYS. 1219/5, f. 203, p. 2.
  • BOA, HR.SYS. 1219/5, f. 233 and 234.
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  • BOA, HR.SYS. 1220/3, f. 39.
  • BOA, HR.SYS. 1220/3, f. 41.
  • BOA, HR.SYS. 1220/3, f.17.
  • BOA, HR.SYS. 2296 A/4 A, 1 January 1918.
  • BOA, HR.SYS.1220/3, f. 31.
  • BOA, HR.TO. 476/19, f. 1.
  • BOA, HR.TO. 476/19, f. 12.
  • BOA, HR.TO. 476/19, f. 13.
  • BOA, HR.TO. 476/19, f. 19.
  • BOA, HR.TO. 476/19, f. 20.
  • BOA, M.V. (Meclis-i Vükela) 208/115, f. 1.
  • BOA, Y.A.RES. 2/13, f. 1.
  • BOA, Y.A.RES. 2/13, f. 5.
  • BOA, Y.PRK.HR. 3/77, f. 2.
  • Rossiyskiy Gosudarstveniy Istoričeski Archiv (St. Petersburg) Fond 1561, Op. 1, Ed. 3 (1877), Zapiski I. P. Ignatieva.
  • Foreign Office (published in Bilâl N. Şimşir, Rumeli’den Türk Göçleri / Turkish Emigration from the Balkans, vol. 1 (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları, 1968): F.O. 424/66, Confidential 3508, pp. 95–96, published in ibid., pp. 973–975; F.O. 424/67, Confidential 3598, p. 334, no. 699, published in ibid., p. 346; F.O. 424/67, Confidential 3598, p. 383, No. 833, published in ibid., p. 347; F.O. 424/67, Confidential 3598, p. 451, no. 956, p. 482, no. 1036, published in ibid., p. 348; F.O. 424/67, Confidential 3598, pp. 279-280, published in ibid., pp. 331–332; F.O. 424/67, Confidential 3598, pp. 37–38, published in ibid., pp. 283–285; F.O. 424/68, Confidential 3602, pp. 90-91, published in ibid., p. 350.
  • Adanır, Fikret, “Bevölkerungsverschiebungen, Siedlungspolitik und Ethnisch-kulturelle Homogenisierung: Nationsbildung auf dem Balkan und Kleinasien, 1878–1923,” in Ausweisung – Abschiebung – Vertreibung in Europa 16. – 20. Jahrhundert, edited by Sylvia Hahn, Andrea Komlosy, and Ilse Reiter (Innsbruck, Vienna, Bolzano: Studienverlag, 2006), pp. 172–192.
  • Ağanoğlu, Yıldırım, Osmanlı’dan Cumhuriyet’e Balkanların Makus Talihi: Göç [Ill Fate of the Balkans from Empire to Republic: Migratilsoyon], 7th ed. (Istanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2012).
  • Ahmed Cevdet Paşa, Tarih-i Cevdet [History of Cevdet], vol. 10, simplified by Tevfik Temelkuran (İstanbul: Üçdal Neşriyat, 1974).
  • Bandžović, Safet, Iseljavanje muslimanskog stanovništva iz Srbije i Crne Gore tokom XIX stoljeća [Emigration of Muslims from Serbia and Montenegro during the Nineteenth Century] (Sarajevo: El-kalem, 1998).
  • Barkan, Ömer Lütfi, “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda bir İskan ve Kolonizasyon Metodu Olarak Sürgünler” [Exile as a Method of Settlement and Colonization in the Ottoman Empire], İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası 11 (1949): 524–569 and 13, no. 1-4 (1952): 56–78.
  • Braude, Benjamin and Bernard Lewis, Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Empire. Functioning of a Plural Society, vol. 1, The Central Lands, (New York, London: Holmes & Maier Publishers, 1982).
  • Beydilli, Kemal, 1828–1829 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşında Doğu Anadolu’dan Rusya’ya Göçürülen Ermeniler [Forced Migration of Armenians from Eastern Anatolia to Russia during the War of 1828–1829] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1988).
  • Charanis, Peter, “The Transfer of Population as a Policy in the Byzantine Empire,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 3, no. 2 (1961): 140–154.
  • Emgili, Fahriye, Yeniden Kurulan Hayatlar. Boşnakların Türkiye’ye Göçleri, 1878–1934 [Re-established Lives. Migration of Bosniaks to Turkey, 1878–1934] (İstanbul: Bilge Kültür Sanat, 2012).
  • Erdal, İbrahim, Mübadele. Uluslaşma Sürecinde Türkiye ve Yunanistan 1923–1925 [Population Exchange. Turkey and Greece in the Process of Nation-Building, 1923–1925] (Istanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat Yayıncılık, 2012).
  • Erim, Nihat, Devletlerarası Hukuku ve Siyasi Tarih Metinleri [Texts of International Law and Political History], vol. 1, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu Andlaşmaları [Treaties of the Ottoman Empire] [Ankara: Ankara Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Yayınları, 1953].
  • Erkan, Süleyman, Kırım ve Kafkasya Göçler, 1878–1908 [Crimean and Caucasian Migrations, 1878–1908] (Trabzon: KATÜ Kafkasya ve Orta Asya Ülkeleri Araştırma Merkezi, 1996).
  • Ersoy-Hacısalihoğlu, Neriman and Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu, eds., 89 Göçü. Bulgaristan’da 1984–89 Azınlık Politikaları ve Türkiye’ye Zorunlu Göç [Forced Migration of 1989. Minority Policy in Bulgaria between 1984 and 1989 and Forced Migration to Turkey] (Istanbul: BALKAR and BALMED, 2012).
  • Gülsoy, Ufuk, 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda Rumeli’den Rusya’ya Göçürülen Reâyâ [Forced Migration of the non-Muslims from the Balkans to Russia during the War of 1828-1829] (İstanbul: Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü, 1993).
  • Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet (Ed.), 1864 Kafkas Tehciri: Kafkasya’da Rus Kolonizasyonu, Savaş ve Sürgün [Caucasian Exodus of 1864: Russian Colonization of Caucasia, War and Exodus] İstanbul: Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi Balkan ve Karadeniz Araştırmaları Merkezi (BALKAR) & İslam Tarih, Sanat ve Kültür Araştırma Merkezi (IRCICA), 2014.
  • Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet, Doğu Rumeli’de Kayıp Köyler. İslimye Sancağı’nda 1878’den Günümüze Göçler, İsim Değişiklikleri ve Harabeler [Lost Villages in Eastern Rumelia. Migrations, Name Changes and Ruins in the Province of İslimye/Sliven from 1878 to the Present] (Istanbul: Bağlam Yayınları, 2008).
  • Halaçoğlu, Ahmet, Balkan Harbi Sırasında Rumeli’den Türk Göçleri, 1912–1913 [Turkish Migrations from the Balkans during the Balkan Wars, 1912–1913] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1995).
  • Hirschon, Renée, Crossing the Aegean. An Appraisal of the 1923 Compulsory Population Exchange between Greece and Turkey (New York, Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2003).
  • Hirschon, Renée, Ege’yi Geçerken. 1923 Türk-Yunan Zorunlu Nüfus Mübadelesi, translated by Müfide Pekin and Ertuğ Altınay (İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2005).
  • Höpken, Wolfgang, “Flucht vor dem Kreuz? Muslimische Emigration aus Südosteuropa nach dem Ende der osmanischen Herrschaft (19./.20. Jahrhundert),” in Zwangsmigrationen in Mittel- und Südosteuropa, edited by Wolfgang Höpken (Leipzig: Leipziger Universitätsverlag, 1996), pp. 1–24.
  • İpek, Nedim, İmparatorluktan Ulus Devlete Göçler [Migrations from Empire to Republic] (Trabzon: Serander, 2006).
  • İpek, Nedim, Mübadele ve Samsun [Population Exchange and Samsun] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 2000).
  • İpek, Nedim, Rumeli’den Anadolu’ya Türk Göçleri [Emigration of Turks from the Balkans to Anatoia] (Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1994).
  • Karpat, Kemal H., Osmanlı’dan Günümüze Etnik Yapılanma ve Göçler [Ethnic Formation and Migrations from the Ottomans to the Present], translated by Bahar Tırnakçı (İstanbul: Timaş Yayınları, 2010).
  • Kurat, Akdes Nimet, Türkiye ve Rusya [Turkey and Russia] (Ankara: Kültür Bakanlığı, 1990).
  • McCarthy, Justin, Death and Exile. The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922, 2d ed. (Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1996).
  • Nazır, Bayram, Macar ve Polonyalı Mülteciler. Osmanlı’ya Sığınanlar [Hungarian and Polish Refugees. Refugees in the Ottoman Empire] (İstanbul: Yeditepe Yayınevi, 2006).
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There are 85 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu

Publication Date December 26, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Hacısalihoğlu, M. (2018). Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, 1(1), 31-75.
AMA Hacısalihoğlu M. Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. BALKAR. December 2018;1(1):31-75.
Chicago Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet. “Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 1, no. 1 (December 2018): 31-75.
EndNote Hacısalihoğlu M (December 1, 2018) Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 1 1 31–75.
IEEE M. Hacısalihoğlu, “Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913”, BALKAR, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 31–75, 2018.
ISNAD Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet. “Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 1/1 (December 2018), 31-75.
JAMA Hacısalihoğlu M. Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. BALKAR. 2018;1:31–75.
MLA Hacısalihoğlu, Mehmet. “Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, vol. 1, no. 1, 2018, pp. 31-75.
Vancouver Hacısalihoğlu M. Negotiations and Agreements for Population Transfers in the Balkans from the Beginning of the Nineteenth Century until the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. BALKAR. 2018;1(1):31-75.