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The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo

Year 2021, Issue: 6, 101 - 130, 30.06.2021

Abstract

As the movement toward decentralization in Yugoslavia accelerated following the Brioni Plenum of 1966, the Kosovo branch of the League of Communists sought to support its demands for an expansion of the province’s autonomy and Albanian nationality rights by revealing so-called "deformations" (“deformations”), including violence of the state security service in Kosovo province. While it formally succeeded in that effort, on a local level this strategy undermined the political legitimacy of Yugoslav Communist rule in multiethnic Kosovo. Using court case files and documented interrogations of security service officials by party commissions, the article first reconstructs one of the most-debated incidents of extreme state violence in Yugoslav Kosovo: the confiscation of weapons from villagers in 1955–1956. The article then explores, using archival materials of the League of Communists of Kosovo and Serbia, the ways in which the Kosovar Communist leadership debated the state security and intelligence agencies’ excessive use of violence a decade later The author argues that the leadership’s aspiration to reshape the memory of the earlier phase of Yugoslav Communist rule in Kosovo through releasing selected pieces of information caused outrage locally and undermined the leadership’s effort to legitimate its rule more fully, particularly as the promised lustration failed to materialize. The moralizing discourse of the leadership, as opposed to legal accountability, merely emphasized this failure and ultimately contributed to narratives of victimisation at the hands of the national “Other.”

Thanks

The Gerda Henkel Foundation generously supported archival research in Belgrade and Prishtina as part of a PhD research grant for my dissertation on socialist Yugoslav rule in practice in Kosovo, 1945-1974, which I completed at the Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich. I am grateful to the staff of the Archive of Kosovo (Arkivi i Kosovës) and the Archive of Serbia (Arhiv Srbije, Železnik) for their kind assistance. Jan Behrends, Thomas Lindenberger and other participants provided helpful comments at the First Annual Conference of the Centre for Contemporary Research project on “Physical Violence in Late Socialism”, held at IOS Regensburg in April 2012. Sabine Rutar encouraged me to write this paper and kindly provided me with edits and insightful comments.

References

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Year 2021, Issue: 6, 101 - 130, 30.06.2021

Abstract

References

  • Arkivi i Kosovës, Prishtina (AK). Fond (F.) 45: Okružni Sud Prizren. Kutija (kt.) 8/67, Omot Spisa: R. M. i drugih službenika SUP-a Prizren zbog krivičnog dela ubistva, čl. 135, Vrhovni Sud Srbije, Odeljenje u Prištini, “Presuda, Kž. br. 96/67”, (signed by Ramadan Vraniqi, president of the council), 22 June 1967.
  • ---- kt. 8/67, “Zapisnik o saslušanju svedoka pred istražnim sudijom Okružnog suda u Prizrenu, o krivičnom predmetu protiv R. M. i M. M. zbog krivičnog dela iz čl. 135, st. 1 KZ, Istražni sudija: D. M., Svedok: Dž. A. D., 10 December 1966.
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  • ---- kt. 8/67, „Zapisnik o ispitu okrivljenog R. M. kod istražnog sudije OS-a u Prizrenu“, 7 December 1966.
  • ---- kt. 8/67, „Zapisnik o glavnom pretresu“, 24 April 1967.
  • ---- kt. 8/67, F. F., Okružnom Sudu u Prizrenu, „Žalba protiv presude“, 27 April 1967.
  • ---- kt. 11/67, „Zapisnik o ispitu okrivljenog M. M. kod istražnog sudije OS-a u Prizrenu“, 2 December 1966.
  • ---- kt. 11/67, „Zapisnik o saslušanju svedoka T. V.“, 10 January 1967
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  • ---- kt. 11/67, „Zapisnik o saslušanju svedoka J. K.“, 12 December 1967.
  • ---- kt. 11/67, „Zapisnik o saslušanju svedoka B. G.“, 20 January 1966.
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  • AK, fond 433: Komiteti Krahinor i Lidhjes Komuniste, kt. 68, „Prilozi uz izveštaj komisije Sekretarijata PK SKS za ispitivanje političke odgovornosti članova PK koji su radili u Službi državne bezbednosti u Pokrajini“, 5 October 1966, Pristina.
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  • ---- kt. 70, “Odluka o isključenju Miće Mijuškovića iz PK i SKJ”, 12–13 October 1966.
  • ---- kt. 70, “Odluka o isključenju Stanislava Grkovića iz SKJ i PK SKS”, 12–13 October 1966.
  • ---- kt. 70, “Pregled deformacija u SUP-u i državnoj bezbednosti”, September 1966, Pristina.
  • Arhiv Srbije, Belgrade [AS]. Fond: Đ 2, Centralni Komitet Savez Komunista Jugoslavije [CK SKS], 1966-68, kt. 22, Pokrajinsko Izvršno Veće, Komisija za pripremu i sprovođenje reorganizacije u organima SDB, za internu potrebu, “Izveštaj o radu komisije na utvrđivanju deformacije i zloupotreba i o preduzetim merama na reorganizaciji u Službi državne bezbednosti u APKM”, 1 November 1966, Pristina.
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  • ---- kt. 1, “Izveštaj o zloupotrebama i drugim deformacijama”, 9 September 1966.
  • ---- kt. 1, “Sastanak Sekretarijata PK SKS KM”, 12 July 1966, Beleška, Pristina.
  • ---- kt. 1, “Informacija razmatrana na sastanku Sekretarijata PK SKS”, 8 July 1966, Pristina.
  • ---- kt. 1, “Pokrajinski Komitet SKS KM, Aktivnost SKS na Kosovu i Metohiji na sprovođenju odluka četvrtog Plenuma CK SKJ i naredni zadaci”, 12 October 1966, Pristina.
  • ---- kt. 3, “Zajednička sednica Predsedništva i Izvršnog komiteta PK SKS KM”, 15 March 1968, Stenografske beleške, Pristina.
  • ---- kt. 4, “Proširena Sednica Izvršnog komiteta PK SKS KM”, 23 January 1968, Magnetofonski snimak, Pristina.
  • ---- kt. 5, “Razgovor druga Tita sa delegacijom Kosova i Metohije”, 23 February 1967, Stenografske beleške, Belgrade.
  • ---- kt. 5, “Razgovor predsednika Savezne Skupštine E. Kardelja sa delegacijom APKM”, 21 March 1967, Zabeleška, Belgrade.
  • Baberowski, Jörg. „'Er gab uns das Lachen zurück'. Nikita Chruschtschow und die Entstalinisierung.“. Paper presented at a research seminar on East European history at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 24 June 2013. Baberowski, Jörg. Verbrannte Erde. Stalins Herrschaft der Gewalt. Munich: Beck, 2012.
  • Bottoni, Stefano. “Integration, Collaboration, Resistance. The Hungarian Minority in Transylvania and the Romanian State Security.” In Die Securitate in Siebenbürgen, edited by Joachim von Puttkammer, Stefan Sienerth, and Ulrich A. Wien, 189–213. Cologne: Böhlau, 2014.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre. Die feinen Unterschiede. Kritik der gesellschaftlichen Urteilskraft. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1993.
  • Brubaker, Rogers. Rethinking nationhood: Nation as institutionalized form, practical category, contingent event. In Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe. (13-22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
  • Clayer, Nathalie. "Retour sur les « révoltes albanaises » de l’après 1908." Südost- Forschungen 73 (2014): 191-230.
  • Cvetković, Srđan. Između srpa i čekića. Represije u Srbiji, 1944–1953. Belgrade: Službeni Glasnik, 2006.
  • Ҫeku, Ethem. Shekulli i Ilegales: Proceset Gjyqësore kundër Ilegales në Kosovë. Prishtina: Brezi, 2004.
  • Ҫitaku, Nezir. Drenica në shekuj. Ulqin: Ulqin, 2007.
  • Dobson, Miriam. Khrushchev's Cold Summer: Gulag Returnees, Crime, and the Fate of Reform after Stalin. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2009.
  • Đordević, Jovan. Mala politička enciklopedija. Belgrade: Savremena Administracija, 1966.
  • Engelmann, Roger. Kommunismus in der Krise: Die Entstalinisierung 1956 und die Folgen. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2008.
  • Foitzik, Jan. Entstalinisierungskrise in Ostmitteleuropa: 1953–1956: Vom 17. Juni bis zum ungarischen Volksaufstand; politische, militärische, soziale und nationale Dimensionen. Paderborn: Schöningh, 2001.
  • Haberl, Othmar Nikola. Parteiorganisation und nationale Frage in Jugoslavien. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1976.
  • Hoffmann, David L. Stalinist Values: The Cultural Norms of Soviet Modernity, 1917–1941. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 2003.
  • Höpken, Wolfgang. “‘Durchherrschte Freiheit’? Wie autoritär (oder wie liberal) war Titos Jugoslawien?” In Jugoslawien in den 1960er Jahren, edited by Hannes Grandits, Holm Sundhaussen, 39–65. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2013.
  • Jones, Polly. The Dilemmas of De-Stalinization: Negotiating Cultural and Social Change in the Khrushchev Era. London: Routledge, 2006.
  • Jones, Polly. Myth, Memory, Trauma: Rethinking the Stalinist Past in the Soviet Union, 1953–70. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2013.
  • Jovanović, Vladan. Jugoslovenska država i Južna Srbija 1918-1929. Makedonija, Sandžak, Kosovo i Metohija u Kraljevini SHS. Beograd: INIS, 2002.
  • Keçmezi-Basha, Sabile. Lëvizja Ilegale Patriotike Shqiptare në Kosovë (1945–1947). Prishtina: Rilindja, 1998.
  • Korb, Alexander. Im Schatten des Weltkriegs. Massengewalt der Ustaša gegen Serben, Juden und Roma in Kroatien, 1941-1945. Hamburg: Hamburger Edition, 2013.
  • Koselleck, Reinhart. “Erfahrungsraum und Erwartungshorizont  Zwei historische Kategorien.” In Vergangene Zukunft. Zur Semantik geschichtlicher Zeit, edited by Reinhart Koselleck, 349–375. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp, 1979. Lüdtke, Alf. “Einleitung. Herrschaft als soziale Praxis.” In Herrschaft als soziale Praxis. Historische und sozial-anthropologische Studien, edited by Alf Lüdtke, 9–66. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Rupprecht, 1991.
  • Lukić, Vojin. Brionski plenum – Obračun sa Aleksandrom Rankovićem. Sećanja i saznanja. Belgrade: Stručna Knjiga, 1990.
  • Mišović, Miloš. Ko je tražio republiku Kosovo, 1945–1985. Belgrade: Narodna Knjiga, 1987.
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There are 68 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Isabel Stroehle

Publication Date June 30, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 6

Cite

APA Stroehle, I. (2021). The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies(6), 101-130.
AMA Stroehle I. The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo. BALKAR. June 2021;(6):101-130.
Chicago Stroehle, Isabel. “The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, no. 6 (June 2021): 101-30.
EndNote Stroehle I (June 1, 2021) The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 6 101–130.
IEEE I. Stroehle, “The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo”, BALKAR, no. 6, pp. 101–130, June 2021.
ISNAD Stroehle, Isabel. “The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 6 (June 2021), 101-130.
JAMA Stroehle I. The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo. BALKAR. 2021;:101–130.
MLA Stroehle, Isabel. “The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, no. 6, 2021, pp. 101-30.
Vancouver Stroehle I. The Yugoslav State Security Service and Physical Violence in Socialist Kosovo. BALKAR. 2021(6):101-30.