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Revised Image of the Ottoman-Turks in the Current Sixth-Grade Greek History Textbook: A Comparative Analysis with the Previous Edition

Year 2022, Issue: 8, 39 - 73, 29.06.2022

Abstract

History textbooks are of key importance in constructing nations' identities. They have been the major medium for raising citizens who exhibit similar emotions and behavioural patterns in construing current events and developments.
This paper traces back the formation processes of established stereotypes and the image of other(s) in relation to forming a positive self-image. Greece and Turkey have long been discussing forming teams of bilateral experts to emend their history textbooks, in particular removing othering and negative other images. Yet no success in this regard has been achieved, two littoral states have separately revised their textbooks several times.
The focus of this study is limited to the current sixth-grade Greek history textbook, which launched to displace a historic textbook that was used for over two decades. The study employs interpretive discourse analysis and attempts to examine the main elements of self/other constructions, and whether there is a continuity or change in the Ottoman-Turks images between the previous edition and the current one in use.

References

  • Ayanoğlu, Betül. "Yunanistan". Balkan ve Karadeniz Ülkelerinde Güncel Tarih Ders Kitaplarında Osmanlı-Türk İmajı. v.1. Ed. Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu. İstanbul: Balkar - Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, 2020: 381-464.
  • Aydın, Mustafa. "Contemporary Turkish-Greek Relations: Constraints and Opportunities". Turkish Greek Relations The Security Dilemma in the Aegean. Eds. Mustafa Aydın, Kostos Ifantis. London: Routledge, 2004: 21-53.
  • Clair, William St. That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2008.
  • Clogg, Richard. A Concise History of Greece. 5th ed. Cambridge, New York & Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Constantinou, Costas M. "Why Greeks and Turks Fight". Current History. v. 120. n. 824. University of California Press, March 2021: 105 - 111. https://online.ucpress.edu/currenthistory/article-abstract/120/824/105/116240/Why- Greeks-and-Turks-Fight?redirectedFrom=fulltext. [02.01.2022].
  • Fairclough, Norman. " A Dialectical-Relational Approach to Critical Discourse Analysis in Social Sciences". Methods of Critical Discourse Studies. 3rd ed. Eds. Ruth Wodak, Michael Meyer. London: Sage Publications, 2015: 86-109.
  • Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. Instilling Religion in Greek and Turkish Nationalism: A "Sacred Synthesis". New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Gürel, Şükrü S. Tarihsel Boyut İçinde Türk Yunan İlişkileri (1821-1993). Ankara: Ümit Yayıncılık, 1993.
  • Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation". Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Ed. Stuart Hall. 8th edition. London: Sage Publications, 2003: 13-75.
  • Heisler, Martin O. "Introduction: The Political Currency of the Past: History, Memory, and Identity". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. v. 617. Sage Publications, May 2008: 14-24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098024. [24.01.2022].
  • _______. "Challenged Histories and Collective Self-Concepts: Politics in History and Time". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. v. 617. Sage Publications, May 2008: 199-211. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098024. [24.01.2022].
  • Koliopoulos, John S. Thanos M. Veremis. Greece The Modern Sequel: From 1831 to the Present. London: Hurst & Company, London, 2002.
  • Kratochwil, Friedrich. Rules, Norms, and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1989.
  • _______. The Puzzles of Politics, Inquiries into the genesis and transformation of international relations. London and New York: Routledge. 2011.
  • Liakos, Antonis. "The Construction of National Time: The Making of the Modern Greek Historical Imagination". Political Uses of the Past. Eds. Jacques Revel, Giovanni Levi. London and New York: Routledge, 2014: 27-43.
  • Millas, Hercules. "History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey". History Workshop Journal. v. 31. n.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991: 21-33. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4289049 [03.01.2022].
  • Millas, Hercules (Iraklis). "Greece". The Palgrave Handbook of Conflict and History Education in the Post-Cold War Era. Palgrave Macmillan, 2019: 269-279.
  • Millas, Herkül. Yunan Ulusunun Doğuşu. 2nd ed. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1999.
  • Neumann, Iver B. "Self and Other in International Relations". European Journal of International Relations. v. 2. n. 139. Sage Journals, 1 June 1996: 139-174. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354066196002002001 [24.01.2022].
  • Onuf, Nicholas. Making Sense, Making Worlds: Constructivism in Social Theory and International Relations. Oxon: Routledge, 2013.
  • Palikidis, Angelos. "Why is Medieval History Controversial in Greece? Revising the Paradigm of Teaching the Byzantine Period in the New Curriculum (2018-2019)". Espacio, Tiempo y Educacion. v. 7. n. 2. July-December, 2020: 177-191.
  • Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos. Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous [History of the Hellenic Nation]. vol. 1-7. 6th ed. Ed. Pavlos Karolidis. Athens: Eleftheroudakis, 1932.
  • Pingel, Falk. Unesco Guidebook on Textbook Research and Textbook Revision. 2nd ed. Paris & Braunschweig: George Eckert Institute for International Textbook Revision, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2010. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000117188 [10.10.2021].
  • Repousi, Maria, Nicole Tutiaux-Guillon. "New Trends in History Textbook Research: Issues and Methodologies toward a School Historiography". Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society. v.2. n.1. Leibniz Institute for Educational Media & Georg Eckert Institute, Spring 2010: 154-170.
  • Rumelili, Bahar. "Constructing Identity and Relating to Difference: Understanding the EU's Mode of Differentiation". Review of International Studies. v. 30. n. 1. Cambridge University Press, January, 2004: 27-47.
  • Smith, Anthony D. National Identity. London: Penguin Books. 1991.
  • Toynbee, Arnold Joseph. The Western Question In Greece And Turkey: A Study In The Contact Of Civilisations. London & Bombay & Sydney: Constable And Company, 1922.
  • Vlavianos, Haris. Greece, 1941-49 From Resistance to Civil War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.
  • Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1999.
  • Zachos, Dimitris, Anastasia Michailidou. "Others in Textbooks: The Case of Greek Sixth Grade's History Textbook". Theory in Action. v. 7. n. 3. July, 2014: 1-25. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270152588_Others_in_Textbooks_The_Case_ of_Greek_Sixth_Grade%27s_History_Textbook. [01.10.2021].
  • Zervas, Theodoros. Rethinking the Past, Reforming the Present: Reflections on Greek Educational Change and the Future of a Greek Identity. 2015. https://www.academia.edu/9358083/Rethinking_the_Past_Reforming_the_Present_ Reflections_on_Greek_Educational_Change_and_the_Future_of_a_Greek_Identity. [19.12.2021].
  • Textbooks Aktypis, Dionysios. Aristeidis Velalidis. Maria Kaila. Theodoros Katsoulakos. Yannis Papagrigoriou. Kostas Horeanthis. Istoria St' Dimotikou - Sta Neotera Chronia (In the Modern Years - 6th Grade Elementary School). Athens: Organismos Ekdoseos Didaktikon Vivlion. 2009.
  • Dimitroukas, Ioannis. P. Ioannou Thoukidídis. Kostas Baroutas. Istoría tou Mesaionikou kai tou Neoterou Kosmou 565-1815 B'Genikou Lykíou (History of the Medieval and Modern World 565-1815 11th Grade High School). Athens: Organismos Ekdoseos Didaktikon Vivlion, 2009.
  • Glentis, Stephanos. Eleftherios Marangoudakis. Níkos Nikolopoulos. Maria Nikolopoulou. Istoría E΄ Dimotikou - Sta Vizantina Chronia (In the Byzantine Years: 5th Grade Elementary School). Athens: Organismos Ekdoseos Didaktikon Vivlíon, 2008.
  • Koliopoulos, Ioannis, Iakovos Michailidis, Athanasios Kallianiotis, Charalambos Minaoglou. Istoria St' Dimotikou - Istoria tou Neoterou kai tou Synchronou Kosmou (History of Modern and Contemporary World: 6th Grade Elementary School). Athens: Organismos Ekdoseos Didaktikon Vivlion - Institute of Computer Technology and Publications "Diofantos". 2021. http://ebooks.edu.gr/ebooks/v/html/8547/2188/Istoria_ST- Dimotikou_html-empl/. [24.01.2022].
  • Repousi, Maria, Chara Andreadou, Aristidis Poutahidis, Armodios Tsivas. Istoria St' Dimotikou - Sta Neotera kai Synchrona Chronia (In the Modern and Contemporary Times- 6th Grade Elementary School). Athens: Organismos Ekdoseos Didaktikon Vivlion, 2006.
  • Websites "Archiminia ki archichronia". https://www.mamalisa.com/?t=es&p=5166. [11.11.2021].
  • "Society of Friends, Definition, History, Beliefs, & Facts". Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Society-of-Friends. [09.12.2021].
  • "To Tropario tis Kassianis". Orthodoxos Synaxaristys. http://www.saint.gr/5/texts.aspx. [11.11.2021].
Year 2022, Issue: 8, 39 - 73, 29.06.2022

Abstract

References

  • Ayanoğlu, Betül. "Yunanistan". Balkan ve Karadeniz Ülkelerinde Güncel Tarih Ders Kitaplarında Osmanlı-Türk İmajı. v.1. Ed. Mehmet Hacısalihoğlu. İstanbul: Balkar - Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi, 2020: 381-464.
  • Aydın, Mustafa. "Contemporary Turkish-Greek Relations: Constraints and Opportunities". Turkish Greek Relations The Security Dilemma in the Aegean. Eds. Mustafa Aydın, Kostos Ifantis. London: Routledge, 2004: 21-53.
  • Clair, William St. That Greece Might Still Be Free: The Philhellenes in the War of Independence. Cambridge: Open Book Publishers, 2008.
  • Clogg, Richard. A Concise History of Greece. 5th ed. Cambridge, New York & Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
  • Constantinou, Costas M. "Why Greeks and Turks Fight". Current History. v. 120. n. 824. University of California Press, March 2021: 105 - 111. https://online.ucpress.edu/currenthistory/article-abstract/120/824/105/116240/Why- Greeks-and-Turks-Fight?redirectedFrom=fulltext. [02.01.2022].
  • Fairclough, Norman. " A Dialectical-Relational Approach to Critical Discourse Analysis in Social Sciences". Methods of Critical Discourse Studies. 3rd ed. Eds. Ruth Wodak, Michael Meyer. London: Sage Publications, 2015: 86-109.
  • Grigoriadis, Ioannis N. Instilling Religion in Greek and Turkish Nationalism: A "Sacred Synthesis". New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
  • Gürel, Şükrü S. Tarihsel Boyut İçinde Türk Yunan İlişkileri (1821-1993). Ankara: Ümit Yayıncılık, 1993.
  • Hall, Stuart. "The Work of Representation". Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices. Ed. Stuart Hall. 8th edition. London: Sage Publications, 2003: 13-75.
  • Heisler, Martin O. "Introduction: The Political Currency of the Past: History, Memory, and Identity". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. v. 617. Sage Publications, May 2008: 14-24. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098024. [24.01.2022].
  • _______. "Challenged Histories and Collective Self-Concepts: Politics in History and Time". The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science. v. 617. Sage Publications, May 2008: 199-211. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25098024. [24.01.2022].
  • Koliopoulos, John S. Thanos M. Veremis. Greece The Modern Sequel: From 1831 to the Present. London: Hurst & Company, London, 2002.
  • Kratochwil, Friedrich. Rules, Norms, and Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1989.
  • _______. The Puzzles of Politics, Inquiries into the genesis and transformation of international relations. London and New York: Routledge. 2011.
  • Liakos, Antonis. "The Construction of National Time: The Making of the Modern Greek Historical Imagination". Political Uses of the Past. Eds. Jacques Revel, Giovanni Levi. London and New York: Routledge, 2014: 27-43.
  • Millas, Hercules. "History Textbooks in Greece and Turkey". History Workshop Journal. v. 31. n.1. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991: 21-33. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4289049 [03.01.2022].
  • Millas, Hercules (Iraklis). "Greece". The Palgrave Handbook of Conflict and History Education in the Post-Cold War Era. Palgrave Macmillan, 2019: 269-279.
  • Millas, Herkül. Yunan Ulusunun Doğuşu. 2nd ed. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 1999.
  • Neumann, Iver B. "Self and Other in International Relations". European Journal of International Relations. v. 2. n. 139. Sage Journals, 1 June 1996: 139-174. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1354066196002002001 [24.01.2022].
  • Onuf, Nicholas. Making Sense, Making Worlds: Constructivism in Social Theory and International Relations. Oxon: Routledge, 2013.
  • Palikidis, Angelos. "Why is Medieval History Controversial in Greece? Revising the Paradigm of Teaching the Byzantine Period in the New Curriculum (2018-2019)". Espacio, Tiempo y Educacion. v. 7. n. 2. July-December, 2020: 177-191.
  • Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos. Istoria tou Ellinikou Ethnous [History of the Hellenic Nation]. vol. 1-7. 6th ed. Ed. Pavlos Karolidis. Athens: Eleftheroudakis, 1932.
  • Pingel, Falk. Unesco Guidebook on Textbook Research and Textbook Revision. 2nd ed. Paris & Braunschweig: George Eckert Institute for International Textbook Revision, United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2010. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000117188 [10.10.2021].
  • Repousi, Maria, Nicole Tutiaux-Guillon. "New Trends in History Textbook Research: Issues and Methodologies toward a School Historiography". Journal of Educational Media, Memory, and Society. v.2. n.1. Leibniz Institute for Educational Media & Georg Eckert Institute, Spring 2010: 154-170.
  • Rumelili, Bahar. "Constructing Identity and Relating to Difference: Understanding the EU's Mode of Differentiation". Review of International Studies. v. 30. n. 1. Cambridge University Press, January, 2004: 27-47.
  • Smith, Anthony D. National Identity. London: Penguin Books. 1991.
  • Toynbee, Arnold Joseph. The Western Question In Greece And Turkey: A Study In The Contact Of Civilisations. London & Bombay & Sydney: Constable And Company, 1922.
  • Vlavianos, Haris. Greece, 1941-49 From Resistance to Civil War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1992.
  • Wendt, Alexander. Social Theory of International Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1999.
  • Zachos, Dimitris, Anastasia Michailidou. "Others in Textbooks: The Case of Greek Sixth Grade's History Textbook". Theory in Action. v. 7. n. 3. July, 2014: 1-25. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270152588_Others_in_Textbooks_The_Case_ of_Greek_Sixth_Grade%27s_History_Textbook. [01.10.2021].
  • Zervas, Theodoros. Rethinking the Past, Reforming the Present: Reflections on Greek Educational Change and the Future of a Greek Identity. 2015. https://www.academia.edu/9358083/Rethinking_the_Past_Reforming_the_Present_ Reflections_on_Greek_Educational_Change_and_the_Future_of_a_Greek_Identity. [19.12.2021].
  • Textbooks Aktypis, Dionysios. Aristeidis Velalidis. Maria Kaila. Theodoros Katsoulakos. Yannis Papagrigoriou. Kostas Horeanthis. Istoria St' Dimotikou - Sta Neotera Chronia (In the Modern Years - 6th Grade Elementary School). Athens: Organismos Ekdoseos Didaktikon Vivlion. 2009.
  • Dimitroukas, Ioannis. P. Ioannou Thoukidídis. Kostas Baroutas. Istoría tou Mesaionikou kai tou Neoterou Kosmou 565-1815 B'Genikou Lykíou (History of the Medieval and Modern World 565-1815 11th Grade High School). Athens: Organismos Ekdoseos Didaktikon Vivlion, 2009.
  • Glentis, Stephanos. Eleftherios Marangoudakis. Níkos Nikolopoulos. Maria Nikolopoulou. Istoría E΄ Dimotikou - Sta Vizantina Chronia (In the Byzantine Years: 5th Grade Elementary School). Athens: Organismos Ekdoseos Didaktikon Vivlíon, 2008.
  • Koliopoulos, Ioannis, Iakovos Michailidis, Athanasios Kallianiotis, Charalambos Minaoglou. Istoria St' Dimotikou - Istoria tou Neoterou kai tou Synchronou Kosmou (History of Modern and Contemporary World: 6th Grade Elementary School). Athens: Organismos Ekdoseos Didaktikon Vivlion - Institute of Computer Technology and Publications "Diofantos". 2021. http://ebooks.edu.gr/ebooks/v/html/8547/2188/Istoria_ST- Dimotikou_html-empl/. [24.01.2022].
  • Repousi, Maria, Chara Andreadou, Aristidis Poutahidis, Armodios Tsivas. Istoria St' Dimotikou - Sta Neotera kai Synchrona Chronia (In the Modern and Contemporary Times- 6th Grade Elementary School). Athens: Organismos Ekdoseos Didaktikon Vivlion, 2006.
  • Websites "Archiminia ki archichronia". https://www.mamalisa.com/?t=es&p=5166. [11.11.2021].
  • "Society of Friends, Definition, History, Beliefs, & Facts". Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Society-of-Friends. [09.12.2021].
  • "To Tropario tis Kassianis". Orthodoxos Synaxaristys. http://www.saint.gr/5/texts.aspx. [11.11.2021].
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Betul Ayanoglu

Publication Date June 29, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 8

Cite

APA Ayanoglu, B. (2022). Revised Image of the Ottoman-Turks in the Current Sixth-Grade Greek History Textbook: A Comparative Analysis with the Previous Edition. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies(8), 39-73.
AMA Ayanoglu B. Revised Image of the Ottoman-Turks in the Current Sixth-Grade Greek History Textbook: A Comparative Analysis with the Previous Edition. BALKAR. June 2022;(8):39-73.
Chicago Ayanoglu, Betul. “Revised Image of the Ottoman-Turks in the Current Sixth-Grade Greek History Textbook: A Comparative Analysis With the Previous Edition”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, no. 8 (June 2022): 39-73.
EndNote Ayanoglu B (June 1, 2022) Revised Image of the Ottoman-Turks in the Current Sixth-Grade Greek History Textbook: A Comparative Analysis with the Previous Edition. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 8 39–73.
IEEE B. Ayanoglu, “Revised Image of the Ottoman-Turks in the Current Sixth-Grade Greek History Textbook: A Comparative Analysis with the Previous Edition”, BALKAR, no. 8, pp. 39–73, June 2022.
ISNAD Ayanoglu, Betul. “Revised Image of the Ottoman-Turks in the Current Sixth-Grade Greek History Textbook: A Comparative Analysis With the Previous Edition”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies 8 (June 2022), 39-73.
JAMA Ayanoglu B. Revised Image of the Ottoman-Turks in the Current Sixth-Grade Greek History Textbook: A Comparative Analysis with the Previous Edition. BALKAR. 2022;:39–73.
MLA Ayanoglu, Betul. “Revised Image of the Ottoman-Turks in the Current Sixth-Grade Greek History Textbook: A Comparative Analysis With the Previous Edition”. Journal of Balkan and Black Sea Studies, no. 8, 2022, pp. 39-73.
Vancouver Ayanoglu B. Revised Image of the Ottoman-Turks in the Current Sixth-Grade Greek History Textbook: A Comparative Analysis with the Previous Edition. BALKAR. 2022(8):39-73.