Active Compounds and Extraction Methods in Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Plant

Year 2023, Volume: 4 Issue: 4, 45 - 62, 15.12.2023

Ruken Çeliker , Zafer Ömer Özdemir

https://doi.org/10.53445/batd.1309452

Abstract

Turmeric is a medicinal aromatic plant which has been used in traditional medical applications for centuries. In addition to being used as a spice in cooking, it is widely utilized in various industries as a coloring agent. Turmeric contains numerous bioactive compounds, although studies have mainly focused on curcuminoids and essential oils. The prominent curcuminoids include curcumin, demethoxy curcumin (DMC), bisdemethoxy curcumin (BDMC), while the notable compound in essential oils is aromatic turmerone (ar-turmerone). These compounds possess significant pharmacological benefits and potentials such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antifungal, antihypertensive, neuroprotective, and antidiabetic properties. However, research in these areas is still not sufficient, and further clinical studies are required. The most commonly used methods to extract active substances from turmeric are extraction techniques. Traditional extraction methods have several disadvantages and lengthy processing times, leading to the adoption of more advanced methods like MAE, UAE, and SCO2E. These modern techniques maintain the extraction principle while incorporating auxiliary systems to transform disadvantages into advantages. The purification and determination of the obtained bioactive compounds are crucial for ensuring quality and safety. Techniques such as High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC), High-Performance Thin-Layer Chromatography (HPTLC), Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-MS) and Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) are employed for this purpose. Each technique has its own advantages, and the selection of the most appropriate method should consider factors such as whether the analysis will be quantitative or qualitative.

Keywords

: turmeric, curcumin, bioactive ingredient, essential oils, extraction, chromatography

Zerdeçal (Curcuma longa) Bitkisindeki Aktif Maddeler ve Ekstraksiyon Yöntemleri

Abstract

Zerdeçal yüzyıllardır geleneksel tıp uygulamalarında kullanılan bir tıbbi aromatik bir bitkidir. Bunun yanı sıra yemeklerde baharat olarak, renk verici bir ajan olarak birçok sektörde kullanılmaktadır. Zerdeçaldan elde edilen birçok biyoaktif madde olmakla birlikte çalışmalar genellikle kurkuminoidler ve uçucu yağlar üzerinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Kurkuminoidlerde kurkumin, demetoksi kurkumin (DMC), bisdemetoksi kurkumin (BDMC) öne çıkmaktadır. Uçucu yağlarda dikkat çeken madde ise aromatik turmerondur (ar-turmeron). Bu maddelerin antiinflamatuvar, antikanser, antifungal, antihipertansif, nöroprotektif ve antidiyabetik gibi çok önemli farmakolojik yararları ve potansiyelleri bulunmaktadır ancak çalışmalar henüz yeterli düzeye ulaşmamıştır. Zerdeçaldan aktif maddeleri elde etmek için en çok kullanılan yöntem ekstraksiyon teknikleridir. Geleneksel ekstraksiyon yöntemleri uzun işlem süreleri ve birçok dezavantaj barındırır. Bu yüzden bu teknikler yerini mikrodalga destekli ekstraksiyon, ultrason destekli ekstraksiyon, süper kritik karbon dioksit ekstraksiyonu gibi daha gelişmiş yöntemlere bırakmıştır. Bu yöntemlerde de ekstraksiyon prensibi korunmakla birlikte dezavantajlarını avantaja dönüştürecek yardımcı sistemler eklenmiştir. Elde edilen biyoaktif bileşiklerin saflaştırılması ve belirlenmesi, kalite ve güvenliği sağlamak için önemlidir. Bu amaçla Yüksek Performanslı Sıvı Kromatografisi (HPLC), İnce Tabaka Kromatografisi (TLC), Yüksek Performanslı İnce Tabaka Kromatografisi (HPTLC), Matris Destekli Lazer Desorpsiyonu/İyonizasyon Kütle Spektrometresi (MALDI-MS) ve Sıvı Kromatografi-Mass Spektrometresi (LC-MS) gibi teknikler kullanılır. Her tekniğin kendi avantajları vardır ve en uygun yöntemin seçimi, analizin nicel veya nitel olup olmadığı gibi faktörleri dikkate almalıdır.

Keywords

zerdeçal, kurkumin, biyoaktif bileşen, esansiyel yağlar, ekstraksiyon, kromatografi

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