Passive filter design to maximize loading capacity of transformers under harmonically distorted conditions

Abstract

Today, power electronic-based loads, which draw harmonically distorted currents, are widely used in the industrial distribution systems. Thus, line currents and bus voltages have high harmonic distortion levels. It is known in the literature that harmonics cause adverse effects such as loss increase in power system equipment, decrease of power factor, torque pulsations in rotating electric machines, malfunction of measurement and protection devices. Accordingly, to reduce these adverse effects, harmonic mitigation devices as passive and active filters are widely employed by consumers and utilities. For designing passive filters, it is conventionally aimed to achieve different goals as minimization of current and / or voltage total harmonic distortion, power factor maximization and minimization of filter cost and losses while keeping individual / total harmonic distortion levels and power factor in the recommended intervals defined by international standards. On the other hand, recent studies in the literature have designed optimal passive filters to maximize transformer’s loading capacity under harmonic distortion conditions while considering conventional optimal passive filter design constraints. In this study, firstly, for the solution of the optimal C-type passive filter design problem, which aims to maximize the loading capacity of the transformer in a typical industrial power system with harmonic distortion, the big bang big crunch, ant lion optimization and dragonfly optimization algorithms was comparatively evaluated in terms of their results and speed. And then, the performance of the designed optimal passive filter was analysed for the cases where the total harmonic distortion of the source, line impedance’s magnitude, and line impedance’s X/R ratio change.

Keywords

• Harmonics,passive filters,transformer’s loading capacity,optimal design

Harmonik bozulma şartlarında transformatör yüklenme kapasitesinin maksimizasyonu için pasif filtre tasarımı

Abstract

Günümüzde, endüstriyel tesislerin bulunduğu dağıtım sistemlerinde harmonik bozulmaya sahip akım çeken güç elektroniği temelli yükler yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, bu sistemlerde hat akımları ve bara gerilimleri yüksek değerlerde harmonik bozulmaya sahiptir. Harmoniklerin, güç sistem elemanlarında kayıp artışı, güç faktöründe düşüş, dönen elektrik makinalarında moment dalgalanmaları ile ölçüm ve koruma elemanlarının hatalı çalışması gibi olumsuz etkilere sebep olduğu literatürde bilinmektedir. Bu olumsuz etkileri azaltmak amacıyla harmonik bozulmayı iyileştiren pasif ve aktif filtreler tüketiciler ve enerji servis sağlayıcılar tarafından yaygın olarak uygulanmaktadır. Pasif filtrelerin tasarımında geleneksel olarak, her bir harmonik ve toplam harmonik bozulma seviyelerini ve güç faktörünü uluslararası standartlarda tavsiye edilen aralıklarda tutmanın yanı sıra akım ve/veya gerilim toplam harmonik bozulma indislerinin minimizasyonu, güç faktörünün maksimizasyonu, filtre maliyeti ve kayıplarının minimizasyonu amaçlanmıştır. Diğer taraftan, literatürdeki yeni çalışmalar, pasif filtreleri, geleneksel harmonik bozulma ve güç faktörü kısıtlarını dikkate alarak, transformatörlerin harmonik bozulma şartlarında yüklenme kapasitesini maksimize etmek amacıyla tasarlamıştır. Bu çalışmada, öncelikle, harmonik bozulmaya sahip tipik bir endüstriyel güç sistemi için transformatör yüklenme kapasitesinin maksimizasyonunu amaçlayan optimal C tipi pasif filtre tasarım probleminin çözümünde, büyük patlama büyük çöküntü, karınca aslanı optimizasyon ve yusufçuk optimizasyon algoritmaları sonuç ve hız bakımından karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edilmiştir. Daha sonra, tasarlanan optimal pasif filtrenin performansı, kaynağa ait toplam gerilim harmonik bozulmanın, hat empedansı genliğinin ve hat empedansı X/R oranının değişkenlik gösterdiği durumlar için analiz edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Harmonikler,pasif filtreler,transformatör yüklenme kapasitesi,optimal tasarım

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