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Cupressus Sempervirens L. ve Cedrus Libani A. Rich. Yapraklarında Taşıtların Sebep Olduğu Kursun (Pb) Kirliliğinin Araştırılması

Yıl 2005, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 37 - 56, 01.12.2005

Kürsat Çavuşoğlu Kültigin Çavuşoğlu

Öz

Bu çalışmada Isparta İli Şehir Merkezi Girişi ile Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi arasındaki 10 km’lik yol boyunca sıralanan, Cupressus sempervirens ve Cedrus libani ağaçlarının yapraklarında taşıtların sebep olduğu kurşun (Pb) kirliliği araştırılmıştır. Sonuçta her iki bitki türünde de kurşun (Pb) kirliliğinin şehre yaklaştıkça arttığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca Cupressus sempervirens bitkisinin yaprağının anatomik yapısından dolayı Cedrus libani’ye göre daha fazla kurşun (Pb) içerdiği de tespit edilmiştir

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cupressus sempervirens Cedrus libani Elektron dağılım spektroskopisi (EDS) Kurşun kirliliği Taramalı elektron mikroskop (SEM)

Kaynakça

  • [1] Aslan, A., Budak, G. and Karabulut, A., “The amounts Fe, Ba, Sr, K, Ca and Ti in some lichens growing in Erzurum province (Turkey)” Journal of Quantative Spectroscopy&Radiative Transfer , 88 (4): 423-431, (2005).
  • [2] Çelik, A., Kartal, AA., Akdoğan, A. and Kaksa Y., “Determining the heavy metal pollution in Denizli (Turkey) by using Robinio pseudo-acacia L.” Environment International, 31 (1): 105-112, (2005).
  • [3] Harrison, R.M., Laxen, D.P.H. and Wilson, S.J., “Chemical association of Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc in street dust and roadside soils” Environ. Sci. Technol, 15: 1378-1383, (1981).
  • [4] Vandenabeek, W.J. and Wood, O.L., “The distribution of lead a long a line source (highway)” Hemosphere, 5: 221, (1972).
  • [5] Jones, C.H.P., Clement, C.R. and Happer, M.J., “Lead uptoke from solition by Perrennial Ryegrass and its ransport from roots to shoots” Plant Soil, 38: 403, (1973).
  • [6] Hopke, P.K., Lamb, R.E. and Natusch, D.F.S., “Multielemental characterization of urban roadway dust” Environ. Sci. Tecnol, 14: 164, (1980).
  • [7] Rodrigues, M. and Rodrigues, E., “Lead and caddium levels in soil and plants near highways and theircorrelation with traffic density” Environ. Pollut, 4: 281, (1982).
  • [8] Hibben, C.R., Hagor, S.S. and Mazzo, C.P., “Comparison of cadmium and lead content of vegatable crops growing in urban and suburban gardens” Environ. Pollut, 7: 71 (1984).
  • [9] Gratani, C., Taglioni, S. and Crescente, M.F., “The accumulation of lead in agricultural soil and vegetation a long a Highway” Chemosphere, 24: 941, (1981).
  • [10] Karademir, M. and Toker, C., “Ankara’nın bazı kavşaklarında yetişen çim ve bitkilerde ekzoslarındangelen kurşun birikimi. II. Ulusal ekoloji ve çevre kongresi bildirileri” 11-13 Eylül, Ankara. (1995).
  • [11] Ndiokwere, C.L., “A study of heavy metal pollution from motor vehicle emissions and its effect on roadside soil, vegatation and crops in Nigeria” Environmental Pollution, 7: 35, (1984).
  • [12] Shy, C.M., “Lead in petrol the mistake of the XX.th.. World Health Stat Q, 43:168-176, (1990).
  • [13] Wheeler, G.L. and Rolfe, G.L., “The relationship beetween daily traffic volume and the distribution of lead in roadside soil and vegatation” Environ. Pollut, 18: 265, (1979).
  • [14] Albert, L.A. and Badilla, F., “Environmental lead in Mexica” Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicolgy, 117, (1991).
  • [15] Onar, A.N. and Temizer, A., “Çevre kirliliğine etkisinin ölçüsü olarak Cd ve Pb derişimlerinin idrarda tayini” Doğa Du. Müh. ve Çev, 11: 2, (1987).
  • [16] Toker, M.C., “Uptake of lead by barley (Hardeum distichon L.) roots and its relation to Potasium” Doğa T.U.S Biol, 12: 2, (1988).
  • [17] Treshow, M. and Anderson, F.K., “Plant stres from air pollution”, John Wiley & Sons NY, Chichester, 58, (1989).
  • [18] Igbal, M.Z., Shafig, M. and Ali, S.F., “Effect of automobile pollution on seed weight and Branch length of some plants” Tr. J. of. Botany, 18: 475, (1994).
  • [19] Hock, H.V.B. and Elstner, E.J., “Schhandwirfungen Auf pflanzen Der pflanzentoxikologie”, Zurih. Mannheim, wien. S: 103 (1988).
  • [20] BEES Environmental Healthy, Lead., (1997), www.beasinc.org/abouth/heallead.htlm.
  • [21] Mielka, HW., Gonzales, CR., Smith, MK. and Mielka, PW., “The urban environment and childrens healthy: soil as on integrator of lead, zinc and cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA” Environ Res Section A, 81: 117- 129, (1999).
  • [22] Friber, L., Nondberg, GF. and Vouk, V., Handbook on the toxicology of metals”, New York. Elsevier, Amstredam. (1986).
  • [23] Ericson, JE. and Mishra SI., “Soil lead concentrations and pravalance of hyperactive behavior among school children in Ottowa, Canada” Environ Ecol, 16: 247-256, (1994).
  • [24] Jin, A., Teschke, K. and Copes, R., “The relationship of lead in soil to lead in blood and implications for standard setting” Sci Total Environ, 208: 23-40, (1997).
  • [25] Ibald-Mulli, A., Stieber, J., Wichmann, H., Koenig, W. and Peters, A., “Effects of air pollution on blood pressure: a population-based approach” Am J. Public Health, 91(4): 571-577, (2001).
  • [26] Mellor, A., “Lead and zinc in the wallsend burn, an urban catchment in Tyneside, UK” The Science of the Total Environment, 269: 49-63, (2001).
  • [27] Culbard, EB., Thornton, I, Watt, J., Wheatly, M., Moorcroft, S. and Thompson, M., “Metal contamination in British suburban dusts and soils” J Environ Qual, 12: 226-234, (1998).
  • [28] Moir, AM. and Thornton, I., “Lead and cadmium in urban allotment and garden soils and vegatables in the United Kingdom” Environ Geochem Health, 11: 113-119,(1998).
  • [29] Bubb, JM. and Lester, JN., “Anthropogenic heavy metal inputs to lowland river systems, a case study-the river stour, UK” Water, Air Soil Pollut, 78: 279-296, (1994).
  • [30] Kelly, J., Thornton, I. and Simpson, PR., “Urban geochemistry a study of the influence of anthropogenic activity on the heavy metal content of soils in traditionally industrial and nonindustrial areas of Britain” Appl Geochem,11: 363-370, (1996).
  • [31] Yılmaz, S. and Zengin, M., “Monitoring environmental pollution in Erzurum by chemical analysis of Scot pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles” Environ Int, 29: 1041-1047, (2004).
  • [32] Aksoy, A., Şahin, U. and Duman, F., “Robinia pseudo-acacia L. as a possible biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Kayseri” Tr J Bot, 24 (5): 279-284, (2000).
  • [33] Rashed, MN., “Monitoring of environmental heavy metals in fish from Nasser Lake” Environ Int, 27: 27-33, (2001).
  • [34] Market, B., “Plants as biomonitors/indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment”, Weinheim. VHC Press. 640 (1993).
  • [35] Al-Shayeb, SM., Al-Rajhi. and Seaward, MRD., “The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as a biomonitor of lead and other elements in arid environments” Sci Total Environ, 168: 1-10, (1995).
  • [36] Aksoy, A., Hale, WHG. and Dixon, JM., “Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) medic as a biomonitor of heavy metals” Sci Total Environ, 226: 177-186, (1999).
  • [37] Aksoy, A., Şahin, U. and Duman, F., “Robinia pseudo-acacia L. as a possible biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Kayseri” Tr J Bot, 24 (5): 279-284, (2000).
  • [38] Djingova, R. and Kuleff I., “Monitoring of heavy metal pollution by Taraxacum officinale. Plants as biomonitors/indicator for heavy metals in the terrestial environment. Markert, B.”, Weinheim. VCH Publisher. s: 435-460 (1993).
  • [39] Aksoy, A. and Öztürk, M., “Phoenix dactylifera L. as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Turkey” J Trace and Microprobe Tech, 14: 605-614, (1996).
  • [40] Aksoy, A. and Öztürk M., “Nerium oleander L. as biomonitor of lead and other heavy metal pollution in mediterranean environment” Sci Total Environ, 205: 145-150, (1997).
  • [41] Jiries, A., “Vehicular contamination of dust in Amman, Jordon” The environmentalist, 23: 205-210, (2003).
  • [42] Markert, B., Herpin, U., Siewers, U., Berlekamp, J. and Lieth, H., “The German heavy metal survey by means of mosses” Sci Total Environ, 182, 159-168 (1996).
  • [43] Wagner, G., “Entwicklung einer methode zur grossraemigen ueberwachung der umwelthontamination mittels stanartisierter palpelblattproben van pyramidenpalpeln (Populus nigra italica) am beispiel van blei, cadmium und zink. In: Stoeppler, Bm., Duerbeck, H., editors,(Beitraege zur Umweltprobenbank), (Forsc Hungszentrum Julich)”, s: 224 (1987).
  • [44] Djingova, R., Wagner, G. and Kuleff, I., “Screening of heavy metal pollution in Bulgaria using Populus nigra italica” The Science of the Total Environment, 234:175-184, (1999).
  • [45] Çavuşoğlu, K., Kalyoncu, H., and Çavuşoğlu, K., Çam (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) yapraklarında egsoz gazlarından kaynaklanan kurşun (Pb) birikiminin tespiti” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9-2: 6-10, (2005).
  • [46] Çavuşoğlu, K., “İğde (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) yapraklarında kurşun (Pb) yoğunluğunun araştırılması” Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6-3: 191-196, 2002.
  • [47] Seçmen, Ö., Gemici, Y., Görk, G., Bekat, L., and Leblebici, U.E., “Tohumlu Bitkiler Sistematiği”, İzmir. Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi. s: 123-131, (1995).
  • [48] Türkan, I., “İzmir il merkezi ve çevre yolları kenarında yetişen bitkilerde kurşun, çinko ve kadmiyum kirlenmesinin araştırılması” Doğa, Tr. Bio. D, 10: 116, (1986).
  • [49] Fidora, B., “Der Bleigahalt von pflanzen verhehrsnoher standarte in abhonfigkeit von der vegatationshperiode” Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges, 85: 219, (1972).
  • [50] Shams, Z.I. and Beg, M.A.A., “Lead in particulate deposits and in leaves of roadside plants. The Environmentalist” 20: 63-67, (2000).
  • [51] Caselles, J., “Levels of lead and other metals in citrus alongside a motor road” Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 105: 593-602, (1998).
  • [52] Eisenreich, S.J., Metzer, N.A., Urban, N.R. and Robbins, J.A., “Response of atmospheric lead to decreased use of lead in gasoline” Environmental Science and Technology, 20: 171-174, (1986).
  • [53] Jensen, R.A. and Laxen, D.P.H., “The effect of the phase-down of lead in petrol on levels of lead in air” The Science of the Total Environment, 59: 1-8, (1987).
  • [54] Belles, M., Rico, A., Schumacher, M., Domingo, J.L. and Corbella, J., “Reduction in lead concentration in vegetables grown in tarragona province, Spain, as a consequence of reduction of lead in gasoline” Environment International, 21: 821-825, (1995).
  • [55] Pirrone, N., Keler, G.J., Nriagu, J.O. and Warner, PO, “Historical trends of airborne trace metals in Detroit from 1971 to 1992” Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 88, 145-165, (1996).
  • [56] Rodamilans, M., Tora, M,. To-Figueran, J., Corbella, J., Lopez, B., Sanchez, C. And Mazzara, R., “Effect of the reduction of petrol lead on blood lead levels of the population of Barcelona (Spain)” Bulletin Environmental Contaminants and Toxicology, 56: 717-721, (1996).
  • [57] UK Goverment., “The motor fuel (lead content of petrol) (amendment) regulations”, London. (S.I. 1985/1728), HMSO. (1985).
  • [58] UN., “The state of trans-boundary air pollution studies 12, report prepared within the framework of the convention on longrange trans-boundary air pollution”, United Nations. (1996)

Yıl 2005, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2, 37 - 56, 01.12.2005

Kürsat Çavuşoğlu Kültigin Çavuşoğlu

Öz

In this study, lead (Pb) pollution in leaves of Cupressus sempervirens and Cedrus libani trees that grow alongside a ten km motor road between University of Süleyman Demirel and Centrum entrance of Isparta City was investigated. As a result, lead (Pb) pollution in leaves of both of plant species was increased more and more as getting closer the City. Morover, because of anatomical structure of Cupressus sempervirens leaves, this plant was determined to contain much more heavy metal than Cedrus libani do

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cupressus sempervirens Cedrus libani Electron dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) Lead pollution Scanning electron microscope (SEM)

Kaynakça

  • [1] Aslan, A., Budak, G. and Karabulut, A., “The amounts Fe, Ba, Sr, K, Ca and Ti in some lichens growing in Erzurum province (Turkey)” Journal of Quantative Spectroscopy&Radiative Transfer , 88 (4): 423-431, (2005).
  • [2] Çelik, A., Kartal, AA., Akdoğan, A. and Kaksa Y., “Determining the heavy metal pollution in Denizli (Turkey) by using Robinio pseudo-acacia L.” Environment International, 31 (1): 105-112, (2005).
  • [3] Harrison, R.M., Laxen, D.P.H. and Wilson, S.J., “Chemical association of Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc in street dust and roadside soils” Environ. Sci. Technol, 15: 1378-1383, (1981).
  • [4] Vandenabeek, W.J. and Wood, O.L., “The distribution of lead a long a line source (highway)” Hemosphere, 5: 221, (1972).
  • [5] Jones, C.H.P., Clement, C.R. and Happer, M.J., “Lead uptoke from solition by Perrennial Ryegrass and its ransport from roots to shoots” Plant Soil, 38: 403, (1973).
  • [6] Hopke, P.K., Lamb, R.E. and Natusch, D.F.S., “Multielemental characterization of urban roadway dust” Environ. Sci. Tecnol, 14: 164, (1980).
  • [7] Rodrigues, M. and Rodrigues, E., “Lead and caddium levels in soil and plants near highways and theircorrelation with traffic density” Environ. Pollut, 4: 281, (1982).
  • [8] Hibben, C.R., Hagor, S.S. and Mazzo, C.P., “Comparison of cadmium and lead content of vegatable crops growing in urban and suburban gardens” Environ. Pollut, 7: 71 (1984).
  • [9] Gratani, C., Taglioni, S. and Crescente, M.F., “The accumulation of lead in agricultural soil and vegetation a long a Highway” Chemosphere, 24: 941, (1981).
  • [10] Karademir, M. and Toker, C., “Ankara’nın bazı kavşaklarında yetişen çim ve bitkilerde ekzoslarındangelen kurşun birikimi. II. Ulusal ekoloji ve çevre kongresi bildirileri” 11-13 Eylül, Ankara. (1995).
  • [11] Ndiokwere, C.L., “A study of heavy metal pollution from motor vehicle emissions and its effect on roadside soil, vegatation and crops in Nigeria” Environmental Pollution, 7: 35, (1984).
  • [12] Shy, C.M., “Lead in petrol the mistake of the XX.th.. World Health Stat Q, 43:168-176, (1990).
  • [13] Wheeler, G.L. and Rolfe, G.L., “The relationship beetween daily traffic volume and the distribution of lead in roadside soil and vegatation” Environ. Pollut, 18: 265, (1979).
  • [14] Albert, L.A. and Badilla, F., “Environmental lead in Mexica” Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicolgy, 117, (1991).
  • [15] Onar, A.N. and Temizer, A., “Çevre kirliliğine etkisinin ölçüsü olarak Cd ve Pb derişimlerinin idrarda tayini” Doğa Du. Müh. ve Çev, 11: 2, (1987).
  • [16] Toker, M.C., “Uptake of lead by barley (Hardeum distichon L.) roots and its relation to Potasium” Doğa T.U.S Biol, 12: 2, (1988).
  • [17] Treshow, M. and Anderson, F.K., “Plant stres from air pollution”, John Wiley & Sons NY, Chichester, 58, (1989).
  • [18] Igbal, M.Z., Shafig, M. and Ali, S.F., “Effect of automobile pollution on seed weight and Branch length of some plants” Tr. J. of. Botany, 18: 475, (1994).
  • [19] Hock, H.V.B. and Elstner, E.J., “Schhandwirfungen Auf pflanzen Der pflanzentoxikologie”, Zurih. Mannheim, wien. S: 103 (1988).
  • [20] BEES Environmental Healthy, Lead., (1997), www.beasinc.org/abouth/heallead.htlm.
  • [21] Mielka, HW., Gonzales, CR., Smith, MK. and Mielka, PW., “The urban environment and childrens healthy: soil as on integrator of lead, zinc and cadmium in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA” Environ Res Section A, 81: 117- 129, (1999).
  • [22] Friber, L., Nondberg, GF. and Vouk, V., Handbook on the toxicology of metals”, New York. Elsevier, Amstredam. (1986).
  • [23] Ericson, JE. and Mishra SI., “Soil lead concentrations and pravalance of hyperactive behavior among school children in Ottowa, Canada” Environ Ecol, 16: 247-256, (1994).
  • [24] Jin, A., Teschke, K. and Copes, R., “The relationship of lead in soil to lead in blood and implications for standard setting” Sci Total Environ, 208: 23-40, (1997).
  • [25] Ibald-Mulli, A., Stieber, J., Wichmann, H., Koenig, W. and Peters, A., “Effects of air pollution on blood pressure: a population-based approach” Am J. Public Health, 91(4): 571-577, (2001).
  • [26] Mellor, A., “Lead and zinc in the wallsend burn, an urban catchment in Tyneside, UK” The Science of the Total Environment, 269: 49-63, (2001).
  • [27] Culbard, EB., Thornton, I, Watt, J., Wheatly, M., Moorcroft, S. and Thompson, M., “Metal contamination in British suburban dusts and soils” J Environ Qual, 12: 226-234, (1998).
  • [28] Moir, AM. and Thornton, I., “Lead and cadmium in urban allotment and garden soils and vegatables in the United Kingdom” Environ Geochem Health, 11: 113-119,(1998).
  • [29] Bubb, JM. and Lester, JN., “Anthropogenic heavy metal inputs to lowland river systems, a case study-the river stour, UK” Water, Air Soil Pollut, 78: 279-296, (1994).
  • [30] Kelly, J., Thornton, I. and Simpson, PR., “Urban geochemistry a study of the influence of anthropogenic activity on the heavy metal content of soils in traditionally industrial and nonindustrial areas of Britain” Appl Geochem,11: 363-370, (1996).
  • [31] Yılmaz, S. and Zengin, M., “Monitoring environmental pollution in Erzurum by chemical analysis of Scot pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) needles” Environ Int, 29: 1041-1047, (2004).
  • [32] Aksoy, A., Şahin, U. and Duman, F., “Robinia pseudo-acacia L. as a possible biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Kayseri” Tr J Bot, 24 (5): 279-284, (2000).
  • [33] Rashed, MN., “Monitoring of environmental heavy metals in fish from Nasser Lake” Environ Int, 27: 27-33, (2001).
  • [34] Market, B., “Plants as biomonitors/indicators for heavy metals in the terrestrial environment”, Weinheim. VHC Press. 640 (1993).
  • [35] Al-Shayeb, SM., Al-Rajhi. and Seaward, MRD., “The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) as a biomonitor of lead and other elements in arid environments” Sci Total Environ, 168: 1-10, (1995).
  • [36] Aksoy, A., Hale, WHG. and Dixon, JM., “Capsella bursa-pastoris (L.) medic as a biomonitor of heavy metals” Sci Total Environ, 226: 177-186, (1999).
  • [37] Aksoy, A., Şahin, U. and Duman, F., “Robinia pseudo-acacia L. as a possible biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Kayseri” Tr J Bot, 24 (5): 279-284, (2000).
  • [38] Djingova, R. and Kuleff I., “Monitoring of heavy metal pollution by Taraxacum officinale. Plants as biomonitors/indicator for heavy metals in the terrestial environment. Markert, B.”, Weinheim. VCH Publisher. s: 435-460 (1993).
  • [39] Aksoy, A. and Öztürk, M., “Phoenix dactylifera L. as a biomonitor of heavy metal pollution in Turkey” J Trace and Microprobe Tech, 14: 605-614, (1996).
  • [40] Aksoy, A. and Öztürk M., “Nerium oleander L. as biomonitor of lead and other heavy metal pollution in mediterranean environment” Sci Total Environ, 205: 145-150, (1997).
  • [41] Jiries, A., “Vehicular contamination of dust in Amman, Jordon” The environmentalist, 23: 205-210, (2003).
  • [42] Markert, B., Herpin, U., Siewers, U., Berlekamp, J. and Lieth, H., “The German heavy metal survey by means of mosses” Sci Total Environ, 182, 159-168 (1996).
  • [43] Wagner, G., “Entwicklung einer methode zur grossraemigen ueberwachung der umwelthontamination mittels stanartisierter palpelblattproben van pyramidenpalpeln (Populus nigra italica) am beispiel van blei, cadmium und zink. In: Stoeppler, Bm., Duerbeck, H., editors,(Beitraege zur Umweltprobenbank), (Forsc Hungszentrum Julich)”, s: 224 (1987).
  • [44] Djingova, R., Wagner, G. and Kuleff, I., “Screening of heavy metal pollution in Bulgaria using Populus nigra italica” The Science of the Total Environment, 234:175-184, (1999).
  • [45] Çavuşoğlu, K., Kalyoncu, H., and Çavuşoğlu, K., Çam (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana (Lamb.) Holmboe) yapraklarında egsoz gazlarından kaynaklanan kurşun (Pb) birikiminin tespiti” Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 9-2: 6-10, (2005).
  • [46] Çavuşoğlu, K., “İğde (Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) yapraklarında kurşun (Pb) yoğunluğunun araştırılması” Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6-3: 191-196, 2002.
  • [47] Seçmen, Ö., Gemici, Y., Görk, G., Bekat, L., and Leblebici, U.E., “Tohumlu Bitkiler Sistematiği”, İzmir. Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi. s: 123-131, (1995).
  • [48] Türkan, I., “İzmir il merkezi ve çevre yolları kenarında yetişen bitkilerde kurşun, çinko ve kadmiyum kirlenmesinin araştırılması” Doğa, Tr. Bio. D, 10: 116, (1986).
  • [49] Fidora, B., “Der Bleigahalt von pflanzen verhehrsnoher standarte in abhonfigkeit von der vegatationshperiode” Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges, 85: 219, (1972).
  • [50] Shams, Z.I. and Beg, M.A.A., “Lead in particulate deposits and in leaves of roadside plants. The Environmentalist” 20: 63-67, (2000).
  • [51] Caselles, J., “Levels of lead and other metals in citrus alongside a motor road” Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 105: 593-602, (1998).
  • [52] Eisenreich, S.J., Metzer, N.A., Urban, N.R. and Robbins, J.A., “Response of atmospheric lead to decreased use of lead in gasoline” Environmental Science and Technology, 20: 171-174, (1986).
  • [53] Jensen, R.A. and Laxen, D.P.H., “The effect of the phase-down of lead in petrol on levels of lead in air” The Science of the Total Environment, 59: 1-8, (1987).
  • [54] Belles, M., Rico, A., Schumacher, M., Domingo, J.L. and Corbella, J., “Reduction in lead concentration in vegetables grown in tarragona province, Spain, as a consequence of reduction of lead in gasoline” Environment International, 21: 821-825, (1995).
  • [55] Pirrone, N., Keler, G.J., Nriagu, J.O. and Warner, PO, “Historical trends of airborne trace metals in Detroit from 1971 to 1992” Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 88, 145-165, (1996).
  • [56] Rodamilans, M., Tora, M,. To-Figueran, J., Corbella, J., Lopez, B., Sanchez, C. And Mazzara, R., “Effect of the reduction of petrol lead on blood lead levels of the population of Barcelona (Spain)” Bulletin Environmental Contaminants and Toxicology, 56: 717-721, (1996).
  • [57] UK Goverment., “The motor fuel (lead content of petrol) (amendment) regulations”, London. (S.I. 1985/1728), HMSO. (1985).
  • [58] UN., “The state of trans-boundary air pollution studies 12, report prepared within the framework of the convention on longrange trans-boundary air pollution”, United Nations. (1996)
Toplam 58 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA22DM84UZ
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Kürsat Çavuşoğlu Bu kişi benim

Kültigin Çavuşoğlu Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2005
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Aralık 2005
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2005 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çavuşoğlu, K., & Çavuşoğlu, K. (2005). Cupressus Sempervirens L. ve Cedrus Libani A. Rich. Yapraklarında Taşıtların Sebep Olduğu Kursun (Pb) Kirliliğinin Araştırılması. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 7(2), 37-56.
AMA Çavuşoğlu K, Çavuşoğlu K. Cupressus Sempervirens L. ve Cedrus Libani A. Rich. Yapraklarında Taşıtların Sebep Olduğu Kursun (Pb) Kirliliğinin Araştırılması. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. Aralık 2005;7(2):37-56.
Chicago Çavuşoğlu, Kürsat, ve Kültigin Çavuşoğlu. “Cupressus Sempervirens L. Ve Cedrus Libani A. Rich. Yapraklarında Taşıtların Sebep Olduğu Kursun (Pb) Kirliliğinin Araştırılması”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 7, sy. 2 (Aralık 2005): 37-56.
EndNote Çavuşoğlu K, Çavuşoğlu K (01 Aralık 2005) Cupressus Sempervirens L. ve Cedrus Libani A. Rich. Yapraklarında Taşıtların Sebep Olduğu Kursun (Pb) Kirliliğinin Araştırılması. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 7 2 37–56.
IEEE K. Çavuşoğlu ve K. Çavuşoğlu, “Cupressus Sempervirens L. ve Cedrus Libani A. Rich. Yapraklarında Taşıtların Sebep Olduğu Kursun (Pb) Kirliliğinin Araştırılması”, BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 2, ss. 37–56, 2005.
ISNAD Çavuşoğlu, Kürsat - Çavuşoğlu, Kültigin. “Cupressus Sempervirens L. Ve Cedrus Libani A. Rich. Yapraklarında Taşıtların Sebep Olduğu Kursun (Pb) Kirliliğinin Araştırılması”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 7/2 (Aralık 2005), 37-56.
JAMA Çavuşoğlu K, Çavuşoğlu K. Cupressus Sempervirens L. ve Cedrus Libani A. Rich. Yapraklarında Taşıtların Sebep Olduğu Kursun (Pb) Kirliliğinin Araştırılması. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. 2005;7:37–56.
MLA Çavuşoğlu, Kürsat ve Kültigin Çavuşoğlu. “Cupressus Sempervirens L. Ve Cedrus Libani A. Rich. Yapraklarında Taşıtların Sebep Olduğu Kursun (Pb) Kirliliğinin Araştırılması”. Balıkesir Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 2, 2005, ss. 37-56.
Vancouver Çavuşoğlu K, Çavuşoğlu K. Cupressus Sempervirens L. ve Cedrus Libani A. Rich. Yapraklarında Taşıtların Sebep Olduğu Kursun (Pb) Kirliliğinin Araştırılması. BAUN Fen. Bil. Enst. Dergisi. 2005;7(2):37-56.