Gynecological chlamydial infections in practice

Year 2014, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 28 - 38, 25.06.2016

Savaş Karakuş , Cağlar Yıldız , Özlem Bozoklu Akkar

Abstract

Abstract

Chlamydia trachomatis is potentially affecting the women health. The disease doesn’t have symptoms or progresses at a light level. Therefore, carrier women constitute a reservoir continuously. It may be result in serious pelvic inflammatory disease, pelvic pain, infertility, and ectopic pregnancy in women. But, the processes that result in these pathologies have not been determine. The aim of this paper, microbiologic, pathophysiological and epidemiologic clinics and diagnosis, treatment, prevention methods and control precautions of the genital chlamydia infections will be reviewed and discussed in terms of various aspects for women.

Keywords: Chlamydia trachomatis, women health, genital infection.

Özet

Clamidya trohomatis enfeksiyonu, belirti vermeden yavaş seyrederek, kadın sağlığını büyük oranda etkilemektedir. Bu yüzden taşıyıcı kadınlarda sürekli olarak başkalarına bulaştırma potansiyeli vardir. Enfeksiyon, kadınlarda pelvik inflamatuvar hastalıklara, kasık ağrısına, kısırlığa ve dış gebeliğe sebep olabilir. Bu hastalıkların sekelleri henüz net olarak belirlenememiştir. Bu yazının amacı, adın sağlığı için, clamidya trohomatis etkenini, mikrobiyolojik, patofizyolojik ve epidemiyolojik olarak incelemek ve tanı, tedavi, korunma yöntemleri ve genital klamidya enfeksiyonlara karşı alınması gereken tedbirleri gözden geçirerek, çeşitli yönleriyle tartışmaktır.

Anahtar sözcükler: Klamidya trohomatis, kadın sağlığı, genital enfeksiyon.

References

• Mylonas I. Female genital Chlamydia trachomatis infection: where are we heading? Arch Gynecol Obstet 2012; 285(5):1271–85.
• Hafner LM. Pathogenesis of fallopian tube damage caused by Chlamydia trachomatis infections. Contraception. 2015 Aug;92(2):108-15.
• Global prevalence and incidence of selected curable sexually 1. transmitted diseases: Overview and estimates. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2011.
• Sleha R, Boštíková V, Salavec M, Mosio P, Kusáková E, Kukla R, Mazurová J, Spliňo M. [Bacterial infection as a cause of infertility in humans]. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol. 2013;62(1):26-32.
• Cunha CB, Friedman RK, de Boni RB, Gaydos C, Guimarães MR, Siqueira BH, Cardoso SW, Chicayban L, Coutinho JR, Yanavich C, Veloso VG, Grinsztejn B. Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and syphilis among men who have sex with men in Brazil. BMC Public Health. 2015; 21;15(1):686.
• Sexually transmitted disease surveillance 2003 supplement. 4. Division of STD Prevention 2004, Deapartment of Health and Human Services, CDC, Atlanta.
• Svensso`n 5. LO, Mares I, Olsson SE, Norstorm ML. Screening for infection in women and aspects of the laboratory diagnostics. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 1991; 70: 587–90.
• Soper DE. Pelvic inflammatory disease. 6. Obstet Gynecol 2010; 116: 419–28.
• Patel LA, Sachdev D, Nagpal P, Chaudary U, Sonkar AS, 7. Mendiratta LS, et al. Prevalence of Chlamydial infection among women visiting a gynaecology outpatient department: evaluation of an in-house PCR assay for detection of Chlamydia trachomatis. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2010; 9: 24–33.
• Trottier H, Franco EL. The epidemiology of genital human papillomavirus infection. Vaccine 2006; 24:S1–15.
• Simonetti AC, Melo JH, de Souza PR, Bruneska D, de Lima Filho JL. Immunological's host profile for HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis, a cervical cancer cofactor. Microbes Infect 2009; 11(4): 435–42.
• da Silva Barros NK, Costa MC, Alves RR, et al. Association of HPV infection and Chlamydia trachomatis seropositivity incases of cervical neoplasia in Midwest Brazil. J Med Virol 2012; 84(7): 1143–50.
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Division of STD Prevention. Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2007. http://www.cdc.gov/std/stats07/Surv2007
• Agacfidan A, Chow JM, Pashazade H, Ozarmagan G, Badur S. Screening of sex workers in Turkey for Chlamydiatrachomatis. Sex Transm Dis 1997;24:573-5.
• Paavonen J, Kiviat N, Brunham RC, Stevens CE, Kuo CC, Stamm WE, Miettinen A, Soules M, Eschenbach DA, Holmes KK. Prevalence and manifestations of endometritis among women with cervicitis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1985 Jun 1;152(3):280–6.
• Rank RG, Ramsay KH, Pack EA. Effect of gamma interferon 17. on resolution of murine chlamydial genital infection. Infect Immun 1992; 60: 4427–9.
• Ward ME, Ridgway G. Chlamydia. In: Collier L, Balows A, 16. Sussman A, editors. Topley and Wilsons microbiology and microbial infection. 9th ed. New York: Oxford University Press Inc. 1999. p. 1331–6.
• Fleming DT, Wasserheit JN. From epidemiological synergy to 15. Public health policy and Practice: the contribution of sexually transmitted diseases to sexual transmission of HIV infection. Sex Transm Infect 1999; 75: 3–17.
• Recommendations of the International Task Force for Disease Eradication. MMWR Recomm Rep 1993; 42,1.
• Gaydos CA, Howell MR, Pare B, et al. Chlamydia trachomatis infections in female military recruits. N Engl J Med 1998; 339:739.
• Low N, McCarthy A, Macleod J, Salisbury C, Campbell R, Roberts TE, Horner P, Skidmore S, Sterne JA, Sanford E, Ibrahim F, Holloway A, Patel R, Barton PM, Robinson SM, Mills N, Graham A, Herring A, Caul EO, Davey Smith G, Hobbs FD, Ross JD, Egger M; Chlamydia Screening Studies Project Group. Epidemiological, social, diagnostic and economic evaluation of population screening for genital chlamydial infection. Health Technol Assess. 2007 Mar;11(8):iii-iv, ix-xii, 1-165.
• Novak M, Novak D. Risk factors for 28. Chlamydia trachomatis infection among users of an internet-based testing service in Sweeden. Sex Reprod Health 2013; 4: 23–7.
• Gottlieb SL, Xu F, Brunham RC. Screening and treating Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection to prevent pelvic inflammatory disease: interpretation of findings from randomized controlled trials. Sex Transm Dis. 2013 Feb;40(2):97-102.
• Webster LA, Greenspan JR, Nakashima AK, Johnson RE. An evaluation of surveillance for Chlamydia trachomatis infections in the United States, 1987–1991. MMWR CDC Surveill Summ 1993; 13;42(3):21-7
• Quinn TC, Zenilman J, Rompalo A. Sexually transmitted diseases: advances in diagnosis and treatment. Adv Intern Med 1994; 39.149.
• Malhotra M, Bala M, Muralidhar S, Khunger N, Puri P. Prevalence of sexually transmitted infections in patients attending a tertiary care hospital in North India –a retrospective Study. Indian J Sex Transm Dis 2008; 29: 82–5.
• Chen YM, Yu PS, Lin CC, Jen I. Surveys of HIV-1, HTLV-I, and other sexually transmitted diseases in female sex workers in Taipei City, Taiwan, from 1993 to 1996. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998 Jul 1;18(3):299-303.
• Renton A, Thomas BM, Gill S, Lowndes C, Robinson DT, 38. Peterson K. Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical and vaginal swabs and Urine specimens from women undergoing termination of pregnancy. Int J STD AIDS 2006; 17: 443–7
• Workowski KA, Berman S; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Sexually transmitted diseases treatment guidelines, 2010. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010 Dec 17;59(RR-12):1-110.
• Black CM. Current methods of laboratory diagnosis of 42. Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 1997; 10: 160–84.
• Goldman L. Ausiello D. Cecil Medicine, 23rd edition. 2008. Sf 2276–2278.
• Nelson HD, Helfand M. Screening for Chlamydial infection. Am J Prev Med 2001; 20 (Suppl 3): 95-107.
• Malhotra M, Sood S, Mukherjee A, Muralidhar S, Bala M.Genital Chlamydia trachomatis: an update. Indian J Med Res. 2013 Sep;138(3):303–16.
• Jennifer B, Fabrice M. Chlamydia trachomatis: discovery of a new strain. J New Zeal Med Assoc 2007; 120: 86–7.
• Price MJ, Ades AE, Angelis DD, Welton NJ, Macleod J, 63. Soldan K, et al. Risk of pelvic inflammatory disease following Chlamydia trachomatis infection: Analysis of prospective studies with a multistate model. Am J Epidemiol 2013; 178: 484–92.
• Johnson RE, Newhall WJ, Papp JR, Knapp JS, Black CM, Gift TL, Steece R, Markowitz LE, Devine OJ, Walsh CM, Wang S, Gunter DC, Irwin KL, DeLisle S, Berman SM.. Screening test to detect Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR 2002; 51: 1-22.
• Sharma K, Aggarwal A, Arora U. Seroprevalence of 33. Chlamydia trachomatis in women with bad obstretic history and infertility. Indian J Med Sci 2002; 56: 216-7.
• Ray K. Chlamydia trachomatis and infertility. Indian J Med Res 2006; 123: 730-4.
• Stamm WE. Chlamydia trachomatis: progress and problems. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: S380-3.
• Tünger Alper ve Baksan Ahmet: Hacettepe Mikrobioloji Ders Notları, Saray Basımevi,(1996), İzmir.
• Oliveira FA, Pfleger V, Lang K, Heukelbach J, Miralles I, 40. Fraga F, et al. Sexually transmitted infections, Bacterial vaginosis and candidiasis in women of reproductive age in rural Northeast Brazil: a population based study. Mem inst Oswaldo Cruz 2007; 102: 751–6.
• Behets FM, Ward E, Fox L, Reed R, Spuryt A, Bennett L, 41. et al. Sexually transmitted diseases are common in women attending Jamaican family planning clinics and appropriate detection tools are lacking. Sex Transm Infect 1998; 74 (Suppl 1): S123-S7.
• Gray RT, Beagley KW, Timms P, Wilson DP. Modeling the impact of potential vaccines on epidemics of sexually transmitted Chlamydia trachomatis infection. J Infect Dis 2009; 199: 1680–8.