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Year 2015, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 45 - 61, 25.06.2016

Abstract

References

  • Dietz WH, Robinson TN. Clinical practice. Overweight children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 19;352(20):2100-9.
  • Sucharda P. [Obesity and atherosclerosis-what's the link?]. Vnitr Lek. 2010 Apr;56(4):289-91.
  • Faxon DP, Fuster V, Libby P, Beckman JA, Hiatt WR, Thompson RW, Topper JN, Annex BH, Rundback JH, Fabunmi RP, Robertson RM, Loscalzo J; American Heart Association. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group III: pathophysiology. Circulation. 2004 Jun 1;109(21):2617-25.
  • Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature. 2011 May 19;473(7347):317-25.
  • Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA. 1995 May 10;273(18):1421- 8.
  • Polak JF, Pencina MJ, O'Leary DH, D'Agostino RB. Common carotid artery intima- media thickness progression as a predictor of stroke in multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2011 Nov;42(11):3017-21.
  • Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Common carotid intima- media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 1997 Sep 2;96(5):1432-7.
  • Rosvall M, Janzon L, Berglund G, Engström G, Hedblad B. Incidence of stroke is related to carotid IMT even in the absence of plaque. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Apr;179(2):325-31.
  • Zwiebel WJ. Duplex sonography of the cerebral arteries: efficacy, limitations, and indications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992 Jan;158(1):29-36.
  • Gaitini D, Soudack M. Diagnosing carotid stenosis by Doppler sonography: state of the art. J Ultrasound Med. 2005 Aug;24(8):1127-36.
  • Hunink MG, Polak JF, Barlan MM, O'Leary DH. Detection and quantification of carotid artery stenosis: efficacy of various Doppler velocity parameters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993 Mar;160(3):619-25.
  • Huston J 3rd, James EM, Brown RD Jr, Lefsrud RD, Ilstrup DM, Robertson EF, Meyer FB, Hallett JW. Redefined duplex ultrasonographic criteria for diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000 Nov;75(11):1133-40. 15. WHO
  • BMI Classification Available at
  • http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro-3.html. (Accessed July 2013).
  • Polak JF, Backlund JY, Cleary PA, Harrington AP, O'Leary DH, Lachin JM, Nathan DM; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness during 12 years in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) study. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):607-13.
  • Lee VS, Hertzberg BS, Workman MJ, Smith TP, Kliewer MA, DeLong DM, Carroll BA. Variability of Doppler US measurements along the common carotid artery: effects on estimates of internal carotid arterial stenosis in patients with angiographically proved disease. Radiology. 2000 Feb;214(2):387-92.
  • Wildman RP, Mehta V, Thompson T, Brockwell S, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Obesity is associated with larger arterial diameters in Caucasian and African-American young adults. Diabetes Care. 2004 Dec;27(12):2997-9.
  • O'Leary DH, Bots ML. Imaging of atherosclerosis: carotid intima-media thickness. Eur Heart J. 2010 Jul;31(14):1682-9.
  • Polak JF, Person SD, Wei GS, Godreau A, Jacobs DR Jr, Harrington A, Sidney S, O'Leary DH. Segment-specific associations of carotid intima-media thickness with cardiovascular risk factors: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Stroke. 2010 Jan;41(1):9-15.
  • Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR, Rosamond W, Szklo M, Sharrett AR, Clegg LX. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987- 1993. Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Sep 15;146(6):483-94.
  • O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr. Carotid- artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 7;340(1):14-22.
  • Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES, Zwinderman AH, Bots ML, Stalenhoef AF, Visseren FL, Sijbrands EJ, Trip MD, Stein EA, Gaudet D, Duivenvoorden R, Veltri EP, Marais AD, de Groot E; ENHANCE Investigators. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2008 Apr 3;358(14):1431- 43.
  • Crouse JR 3rd, Raichlen JS, Riley WA, Evans GW, Palmer MK, O'Leary DH, Grobbee DE, Bots ML; METEOR Study Group. Effect of rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima-media thickness in low-risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis: the METEOR Trial. JAMA. 2007 Mar 28;297(12):1344-53.
  • Cobble M, Bale B. Carotid intima-media thickness: knowledge and application to everyday practice. Postgrad Med. 2010 Jan;122(1):10-8.
  • Grau M, Marrugat J, Elosua R. Carotid Intima-media Thickness in the Spanish Population: Reference Ranges and Association With Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Response to Related Letters. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2013 Apr;66(4):327.
  • Aldridge ME, Do K, Oo T, Naqvi TZ. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque Assessment by Trained Medical Residents: Validation and Preliminary Testing of a Training Protocol. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013 Sep 16. pii: S0894-7317(13)00635- 4.
  • AbuRahma AF, Robinson PA, Strickler DL, Alberts S, Young L. Proposed new duplex classification for threshold stenoses used in various symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy trials. Ann Vasc Surg. 1998 Jul;12(4):349-58.
  • Grant EG, Benson CB, Moneta GL, Alexandrov AV, Baker JD, Bluth EI, Carroll BA, Eliasziw M, Gocke J, Hertzberg BS, Katarick S, Needleman L, Pellerito J, Polak JF, Rholl KS, Wooster DL, Zierler E; Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound. Carotid artery stenosis: grayscale and Doppler ultrasound diagnosis-Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference. Ultrasound Q. 2003 Dec;19(4):190-8.
  • AbuRahma AF, Srivastava M, Stone PA, Mousa AY, Jain A, Dean LS, Keiffer T, Emmett M. Critical appraisal of the Carotid Duplex Consensus criteria in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 2011 Jan;53(1):53-9; discussion 59- 60.
  • Oates CP, Naylor AR, Hartshorne T, Charles SM, Fail T, Humphries K, Aslam M, Khodabakhsh P. Joint recommendations for reporting carotid ultrasound investigations in the United Kingdom. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009 Mar;37(3):251-61.

Carotid blood-flow velocity and intima-media thickness changes in patients with obesity

Year 2015, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 45 - 61, 25.06.2016

Abstract

Abstract

Aim. Carotid ultrasound scanning including carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and Doppler velocity measurements is commonly used modality to assess carotid artery disease related to atherosclerosis as an important result of obesity. The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of obesity on the carotid ultrasonographic parameters including lumen diameters, IMTs, peak systolic velocities (PSVs), and end-diastolic velocities (EDVs) of common carotid arteries (CCAs) and internal carotid arteries (ICAs) in an asymptomatic population. Methods. The lumen diameters, IMTs, PSVs, and EDVs of CCAs and ICAs were performed in the study participants grouped according to their body mass index (BMI) in an age-adjusted manner: normal group with BMI 18.50-24.99; overweight group with BMI 25.00-24.99; obesity classes I&II group with BMI 30.00-39.99; obesity class III group with BMI ≥40.00. Results. Overall, obesity class I-III increased the lumen diameters of CCAs and ICAs (p<0.05); increased the IMTs of CCAs but not of the ICAs. (p<0.05); and decreased the PSVs of CCAs but not of the ICAs (P<0.05). Overall, in accordance with the severity of obesity, the EDVs were decreased in the CCAs but not in the ICAs (p<0.05). Conclusions. Obesity may have a potential to increase the lumen diameter of CCAs and ICAs, to increase the IMTs of CCA but not ICA, and to decrease the PSVs and EDVs of CCA but not ICA. There is a need to determine the effect of obesity on the wall and function of carotid arteries in further studies in a broader population subclassified according to the severity and duration of obesity.

Keywords: Carotid artery, intima-media thickness, Doppler blood-flow velocity, obesity

Özet

Amaç. Doppler akım ölçümü ve karotis intima-media kalınlığını (İMK) içeren karotis ultrason taraması, obezitenin önemli sonucu olarak arterioskleroz ile ilişkili karotis arter hastalığının değerlendirilmesinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, asemptomatik toplulukta internal karotis arterin (İKA) ve kommon karotis arterin (KKA); lümen çapını, IMK, pik-sistolik (PSH) ve end-diastolik hızını (EDH) içeren  karotid ultrasonografik bulgularına obezitenin etkilerini değerlendirmektir. Yöntem. KKA ile İKA’nin damar lümen capı, IMK, PSH ve EDH’ları yaşlara göre ve body mass indekslerine (BMİ) göre gruplara ayrıldı. Normal grubun BMİ’si: 18.50-24.99; kilolu grubun BMI’si 25.00-24.99; obezite I&II grubun BMI’si 30.00-39.99; obezite III grubun BMI’si ≥40.00 olacak şekilde gruplara ayrıldı. Bulgular. Genel olarak, obezite I-III grubunda KKA ve İKA damar lümen çapı artmıştı (p<0.05); KKA’in İMK artmasına rağmen İKA’da artış saptanmadı (p<0.05) ve KKA’in PSH’ında azalmaya rağmen, İKA’de azalma olarak saptanmadı (p<0.05). Genel olarak obezitenin şiddeti göz önüne alındığı zaman, EDH’da, KKA’da azalma saptanırken, İKA’da saptanmadı (p<0.05). Sonuçlar. Obezite, İKA’nın değil ama KKA’nın İMK’ındaki artış ile PSH ve EDH azalışında ve KKA ile İKA damar lümen çapının artışına sebep olabilir. Karotid arterin duvar ve fonksiyonlarının obeziteden etkilenmesinin saptanması için daha geniş çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar sözcükler: Karotis arter, intima-media kalınlığı, Doppler kan akım hızı, obezite

References

  • Dietz WH, Robinson TN. Clinical practice. Overweight children and adolescents. N Engl J Med. 2005 May 19;352(20):2100-9.
  • Sucharda P. [Obesity and atherosclerosis-what's the link?]. Vnitr Lek. 2010 Apr;56(4):289-91.
  • Faxon DP, Fuster V, Libby P, Beckman JA, Hiatt WR, Thompson RW, Topper JN, Annex BH, Rundback JH, Fabunmi RP, Robertson RM, Loscalzo J; American Heart Association. Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Writing Group III: pathophysiology. Circulation. 2004 Jun 1;109(21):2617-25.
  • Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature. 2011 May 19;473(7347):317-25.
  • Endarterectomy for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis. Executive Committee for the Asymptomatic Carotid Atherosclerosis Study. JAMA. 1995 May 10;273(18):1421- 8.
  • Polak JF, Pencina MJ, O'Leary DH, D'Agostino RB. Common carotid artery intima- media thickness progression as a predictor of stroke in multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis. Stroke. 2011 Nov;42(11):3017-21.
  • Bots ML, Hoes AW, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Grobbee DE. Common carotid intima- media thickness and risk of stroke and myocardial infarction: the Rotterdam Study. Circulation. 1997 Sep 2;96(5):1432-7.
  • Rosvall M, Janzon L, Berglund G, Engström G, Hedblad B. Incidence of stroke is related to carotid IMT even in the absence of plaque. Atherosclerosis. 2005 Apr;179(2):325-31.
  • Zwiebel WJ. Duplex sonography of the cerebral arteries: efficacy, limitations, and indications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1992 Jan;158(1):29-36.
  • Gaitini D, Soudack M. Diagnosing carotid stenosis by Doppler sonography: state of the art. J Ultrasound Med. 2005 Aug;24(8):1127-36.
  • Hunink MG, Polak JF, Barlan MM, O'Leary DH. Detection and quantification of carotid artery stenosis: efficacy of various Doppler velocity parameters. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1993 Mar;160(3):619-25.
  • Huston J 3rd, James EM, Brown RD Jr, Lefsrud RD, Ilstrup DM, Robertson EF, Meyer FB, Hallett JW. Redefined duplex ultrasonographic criteria for diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2000 Nov;75(11):1133-40. 15. WHO
  • BMI Classification Available at
  • http://apps.who.int/bmi/index.jsp?introPage=intro-3.html. (Accessed July 2013).
  • Polak JF, Backlund JY, Cleary PA, Harrington AP, O'Leary DH, Lachin JM, Nathan DM; DCCT/EDIC Research Group. Progression of carotid artery intima-media thickness during 12 years in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (DCCT/EDIC) study. Diabetes. 2011 Feb;60(2):607-13.
  • Lee VS, Hertzberg BS, Workman MJ, Smith TP, Kliewer MA, DeLong DM, Carroll BA. Variability of Doppler US measurements along the common carotid artery: effects on estimates of internal carotid arterial stenosis in patients with angiographically proved disease. Radiology. 2000 Feb;214(2):387-92.
  • Wildman RP, Mehta V, Thompson T, Brockwell S, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Obesity is associated with larger arterial diameters in Caucasian and African-American young adults. Diabetes Care. 2004 Dec;27(12):2997-9.
  • O'Leary DH, Bots ML. Imaging of atherosclerosis: carotid intima-media thickness. Eur Heart J. 2010 Jul;31(14):1682-9.
  • Polak JF, Person SD, Wei GS, Godreau A, Jacobs DR Jr, Harrington A, Sidney S, O'Leary DH. Segment-specific associations of carotid intima-media thickness with cardiovascular risk factors: the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. Stroke. 2010 Jan;41(1):9-15.
  • Chambless LE, Heiss G, Folsom AR, Rosamond W, Szklo M, Sharrett AR, Clegg LX. Association of coronary heart disease incidence with carotid arterial wall thickness and major risk factors: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study, 1987- 1993. Am J Epidemiol. 1997 Sep 15;146(6):483-94.
  • O'Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK Jr. Carotid- artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 7;340(1):14-22.
  • Kastelein JJ, Akdim F, Stroes ES, Zwinderman AH, Bots ML, Stalenhoef AF, Visseren FL, Sijbrands EJ, Trip MD, Stein EA, Gaudet D, Duivenvoorden R, Veltri EP, Marais AD, de Groot E; ENHANCE Investigators. Simvastatin with or without ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemia. N Engl J Med. 2008 Apr 3;358(14):1431- 43.
  • Crouse JR 3rd, Raichlen JS, Riley WA, Evans GW, Palmer MK, O'Leary DH, Grobbee DE, Bots ML; METEOR Study Group. Effect of rosuvastatin on progression of carotid intima-media thickness in low-risk individuals with subclinical atherosclerosis: the METEOR Trial. JAMA. 2007 Mar 28;297(12):1344-53.
  • Cobble M, Bale B. Carotid intima-media thickness: knowledge and application to everyday practice. Postgrad Med. 2010 Jan;122(1):10-8.
  • Grau M, Marrugat J, Elosua R. Carotid Intima-media Thickness in the Spanish Population: Reference Ranges and Association With Cardiovascular Risk Factors. Response to Related Letters. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2013 Apr;66(4):327.
  • Aldridge ME, Do K, Oo T, Naqvi TZ. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness and Plaque Assessment by Trained Medical Residents: Validation and Preliminary Testing of a Training Protocol. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013 Sep 16. pii: S0894-7317(13)00635- 4.
  • AbuRahma AF, Robinson PA, Strickler DL, Alberts S, Young L. Proposed new duplex classification for threshold stenoses used in various symptomatic and asymptomatic carotid endarterectomy trials. Ann Vasc Surg. 1998 Jul;12(4):349-58.
  • Grant EG, Benson CB, Moneta GL, Alexandrov AV, Baker JD, Bluth EI, Carroll BA, Eliasziw M, Gocke J, Hertzberg BS, Katarick S, Needleman L, Pellerito J, Polak JF, Rholl KS, Wooster DL, Zierler E; Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound. Carotid artery stenosis: grayscale and Doppler ultrasound diagnosis-Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound consensus conference. Ultrasound Q. 2003 Dec;19(4):190-8.
  • AbuRahma AF, Srivastava M, Stone PA, Mousa AY, Jain A, Dean LS, Keiffer T, Emmett M. Critical appraisal of the Carotid Duplex Consensus criteria in the diagnosis of carotid artery stenosis. J Vasc Surg. 2011 Jan;53(1):53-9; discussion 59- 60.
  • Oates CP, Naylor AR, Hartshorne T, Charles SM, Fail T, Humphries K, Aslam M, Khodabakhsh P. Joint recommendations for reporting carotid ultrasound investigations in the United Kingdom. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2009 Mar;37(3):251-61.
There are 30 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Clinical Sciences
Authors

İsmail Şalk

Ayselin Güner This is me

Hulusi Eğilmez

Ali Çetin

Mehmet H. Atalar

Publication Date June 25, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 4 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Şalk, İ., Güner, A., Eğilmez, H., Çetin, A., et al. (2016). Carotid blood-flow velocity and intima-media thickness changes in patients with obesity. Basic and Clinical Sciences, 4(1), 45-61.
AMA Şalk İ, Güner A, Eğilmez H, Çetin A, Atalar MH. Carotid blood-flow velocity and intima-media thickness changes in patients with obesity. Basic and Clinical Sciences. June 2016;4(1):45-61.
Chicago Şalk, İsmail, Ayselin Güner, Hulusi Eğilmez, Ali Çetin, and Mehmet H. Atalar. “Carotid Blood-Flow Velocity and Intima-Media Thickness Changes in Patients With Obesity”. Basic and Clinical Sciences 4, no. 1 (June 2016): 45-61.
EndNote Şalk İ, Güner A, Eğilmez H, Çetin A, Atalar MH (June 1, 2016) Carotid blood-flow velocity and intima-media thickness changes in patients with obesity. Basic and Clinical Sciences 4 1 45–61.
IEEE İ. Şalk, A. Güner, H. Eğilmez, A. Çetin, and M. H. Atalar, “Carotid blood-flow velocity and intima-media thickness changes in patients with obesity”, Basic and Clinical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 45–61, 2016.
ISNAD Şalk, İsmail et al. “Carotid Blood-Flow Velocity and Intima-Media Thickness Changes in Patients With Obesity”. Basic and Clinical Sciences 4/1 (June 2016), 45-61.
JAMA Şalk İ, Güner A, Eğilmez H, Çetin A, Atalar MH. Carotid blood-flow velocity and intima-media thickness changes in patients with obesity. Basic and Clinical Sciences. 2016;4:45–61.
MLA Şalk, İsmail et al. “Carotid Blood-Flow Velocity and Intima-Media Thickness Changes in Patients With Obesity”. Basic and Clinical Sciences, vol. 4, no. 1, 2016, pp. 45-61.
Vancouver Şalk İ, Güner A, Eğilmez H, Çetin A, Atalar MH. Carotid blood-flow velocity and intima-media thickness changes in patients with obesity. Basic and Clinical Sciences. 2016;4(1):45-61.