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Kaynak Temelli Yaklaşım ve Paydaş Yaklaşımı Açısından Entelektüel Sermayenin BIST'deki Çokuluslu İşletmelerin Finansal Performansına Etkisi

Year 2014, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 119 - 149, 01.12.2014

Abstract

Entelektüel sermaye, kaynak temelli görüşe göre “işletme performansının kaynağı” ve “rekabet avantajı elde etme yolunda önemli bir anahtar” olarak kabul edilmektedir. Paydaş yaklaşımı ise işletmenin finansal performansının en iyi göstergesinin muhasebe karlarından ziyade oluşturulan toplam servet veya katma değerin olduğunu önerir. Buna göre, bu çalışmada 2002-2011 döneminde BIST’e kote çokuluslu firmalarda, net katma değere dayalı toplam varlık getirileri paydaş yaklaşımı ile stratejik maddi olmayan duran varlık entelektüel sermaye arasındaki ilişki araştırılmıştır kaynak temelli yaklaşım . Entelektüel sermaye, Ante Pulic tarafından kullanılan Entelektüel Katma Değer Katsayısı EKDK yöntemi ile ölçülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, kaynak temelli yaklaşım ve paydaş yaklaşımının her ikisi de BIST’deki çok uluslu firmalar için geçerli bulunmuştur

References

  • Ahangar, R.G.. (2011). The Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Finan- cial Performance: An Empirical Investigation in An Iranian Company. African Journal of Business Management, 5(1): 88-95.
  • Akmeşe, H.. (2006). Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Değeri Üzerine Etkisi ve İMKB’de İşlem Gören Şirketler Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Selçuk Üniversitesi So- syal Bilimler Enstitüsü Muhasebe-Finansman Bilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya.
  • Anderson, T.W. ve Hsiao, C. (1981). Estimation of Dynamic Models with Error Components. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76: 598-606.
  • Arellano, M. ve Bond, S.. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence ve an Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58: 277-297.
  • Arellano, M. ve Bover, O.. (1995). Another Look at The Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68: 29-51.
  • Baltagi, Badi H.. (2001). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John&Wiley, Chichester.
  • Barney, J.. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Jour- nal of Management, 17(1): 99-120.
  • Bontis, N. C., William, K., C. ve Richardson, S.. (2000). Intellectual Capital and Business Performance in Malaysian Industries. The Journal of İntellectual Capi- tal, 1(1): 85–100.
  • Bozdemir, N. Ö.. (2009). Entellektüel Sermayenin Örgüt Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Uygulamadan Örnekler. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Anabilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Çetin, A.. (2005). Entelektüel Sermaye ve Ölçülmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 20(1):.359-378.
  • Chamberlin, E.,H.. (1933). The Theory of Monopolistic Competition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Chen, M., Cheng C.S.J. ve Hwang, Y.. (2005). An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Firms’ Market Value and Financial Performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6(2):159–176.
  • Conner, K. ve Prahalad, C.K.. (1996). A Resouce-Based Theory of the Firm: Knowledge Versus Opportunism. Organization Science, 7(5): 477-501.
  • Demir, Özcan. (2005). Entelektüel Sermayenin İşletmelerin Piyasa Değerine Olan Etkisi. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırmaları, Elazığ.
  • Dierickx, I. ve Cool, K.. (1989). Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage. Management Science, 35(12):1504-1511.
  • El-Bannany, M.. (2008). A Study of Determinants of Intellectual Capital Perfor- mance in Banks: The UK Case. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9(3):.487-498.
  • Erol, Hasan. (2007). Bankalarda Net Faiz Marjının Belirleyicileri, Risk Duyarlılıgı ve Politika Önerileri. TCMB Uzman Yeterlilik Tezi, Ankara.
  • Firer, S, ve Williams, S,M.. (2003). Intellectual Capital and Traditional Measures of Corporate Performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(3): 348–360.
  • Ghalayini, A.M., Noble, J.S.. (1996). The Changing Basis of Performance Me- asurement. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 16(8): 63-80.
  • Goh, C,P.. (2005). Intellectual Capital Performance of Commercial Banks in Ma- laysia. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6(3): 385-396.
  • Gökbulut, Rasim İlker. (2009). Hissedar Değeri ile Finansal Performans Ölçütleri Arasındaki İlişki ve İmkb Üzerine Bir Araştırma. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bil- imler Enstitüsü Finans Ana Bilim Dalı, Basılmamış Doktara Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Greene, William H.. (2003). Econometric Analysis, 5. Edition, Upper Saddle Riv- er: Prentice Hall.
  • Gujarati, Damodar N.. (2003). Basic Econometrics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., New York.
  • Ittner, C.D. ve Larckser, D.F. (1998). Are Non-Financial Measures Leading Indi- cators of Financial? An Analysis of Customer Satisfaction. Journal of Account- ing Research Supplement, 1998: 1-35.
  • Joshi, M., Cahill, D. ve Sidhu, J.. (2010). Intellectual Capital Performance in the Banking Sector, An Assessment of Australian Owned Banks. Journal of Human Resource Costing and Accounting, 14(2): 151-170.
  • Kamath, G,B.. (2007). Intellectual Capital and Corporate Performance in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8(1): 684–704.
  • Kamath,G,B.. (2007). Intellectual Capital Performance of Indian Banking Sec- tor”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8(1): 96-123.
  • Kanıbir, Hüseyin. (2004). Yeni Bir Rekabet Gücü Kaynağı Olarak Entellektüel Ser- maye ve Organizasyonel Performansa Yansımaları. Havacılık ve Uzay Teknolo- jileri Dergisi, 1(3): 77-85.
  • Karacaer, S. ve Aygün, M.. (2009). Entellektuel Sermayenin Firma Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi. H.U. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2):127-140.
  • Laing,G.,Dunn, J. ve Lucas, S.H.. (2010). Applying the VAIC Model to Australian Hotels. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(3): 269-283.
  • Maditinos, D., Chatzoudes, D., Tsairidis, C. ve Theriou, G.. (2011). The Impact of Intellectual Capital on Firms’ Market Value and Financial Performance. Jour- nal of Intellectual Capital, 12(1):132-151.
  • Metcalfe, C.E.. (1998). The Stakeholder Corporation. A European Review Busi- ness Ethics, 7(1): 30-36.
  • Michalisin, M., Kline, D.M. ve Smith, R.D.. (2000). Intangible Strategic Assets and firm Performance: A Multi-Industry Study of the Resource-Based View. Jour- nal of Business Strategies, 17(2): 91-117.
  • Mosavi, S. A., Nekoueizadeh, S. ve Ghaedi, M.. (2012). A Study of Relations Between Intellectual Capital Components, Market Value and Finance Perfor- mance. African Journal of Business Management, 6 (4): 1396-1403.
  • Nonaka, I. ve Takeouchi, H.. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company, Ox- ford University Press, New York.
  • Öztürk, M. B. ve Demirgüneş, K.. (2007). Entellektüel Sermayenin Firma Değeri Üzerindeki Etkisinin Entellektüel Katma Değer Katsayısı Yöntemi ile Tespiti: Hisse Senetleri İMKB’de İşlem Gören Üretim Firmaları Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma. İMKB Dergisi, 10(37): 59-80.
  • Pazarlıoğlu, M.V. ve Gürler, Ö. K.. (2007). Telekomünikasyon Yatırımları ve Eko- nomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Yaklaşımı. Finans, Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44(508):35-43.
  • Penrose, E.. (1959). The Theory of Growth of the Firm, Basil Blackwell, London.
  • Pourali, M.R. ve Taghavi, M.. (2011). The Study and Analysis of Value Creat- ing Criteria of Performance Assessment in İdentification of Different Levels of Financial Health: Evidence From Iran. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(10): 1378-1391.
  • Rehman, W., Rehman, C., Abdul, R., H. ve Zahid, A.. (2011). Intellectual Capıtal Performance and Its Impact on Corporate Performance: An Empırıcal Evidence From Modaraba Sector Of Pakistan. Australian Journal of Business and Man- agement Research, 1(5): 8-16.
  • Riahi-Belkaoui, A.. (2003). Intellectual Capital and Firm Performance of US Mul- tinational Firms. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(2): 215–226.
  • Robinson, J.. (1993). The Economics of Imperfect Competition, MacMillan Press, London.
  • Rudes, H. N. ve Mihalic, T.. (2007). Intellectual Capital in The Hotel İndustry:A Case Study from Slovenia. The International Journal of Hospitality Manage- ment, 26: 188-199.
  • Santanu, G. ve Amitava, M.. (2009). Indian Software and Pharmaceutical Sec- tor IC and Financial Performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 10(3): 369 – 388
  • Shiu, H. J.. (2006). “The Application of the Value Added Intellectual coefficient to Measure Corporate Performance: Evidence From Technological Firms. Inter- national Journal of Management, 23(2): 356-365.
  • Sternberg, E.. (1997). The Defects of Stakeholder Theory. Corporate Governan- ce, 5(1):3-10.
  • Stewart, A, T.. (1997). Entellektüel Sermaye. Örgütlerin Yeni Zenginliği, Çevi- ren: Nurettin Elhüseyni, MESS Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Tan, H,P,, Plowman, D. ve Hancock, P.. (2007). Intellectual Capital and Financial Returns of Companies. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8(1): 76–95.
  • Uadiale, Olayinka Marte ve Uwuigbe, Uwalomwa, (2011). Intellectual Capital and Business Performance: Evidence from Nigeria. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(10): 49- 56.
  • Wernerfelt, B.. (1984). A Resource Based View of the Firm. Strategic Manage- ment Journal, 5(2):171-180.
  • Wooldridge, J.. (2002). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
  • Yalçın, E., (2005). İkisadi Büyüme ve Dış krediler: Ampirik Bir Çalışma, TCMB Dış İlişkiler Genel Müdürlüğü, Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi. Ankara.
  • Yıldız, S.. (2011). Entelektüel Sermayenin İşletme Performansına Etkisi: Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Der- gisi, 11(3):11–28.
  • Zhang, J., Zhu, N. ve Kong, Y.. (2006). Study on Intellectual Capital and En- terprise’s Performance: Empirical Evidence on the Chinese Securities Market. Journal of Accounting and Auditing, 2(1):10-17.
  • Zeghal, D, ve Maaloul, A.. (2010). Analyzing Value Added as An İndicator Of Intellectual Capital and It’s Consequences On Company Performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(1):39-60.

Impact of Intellectual Capital to Financial Performance of Multinational Firms in BIST with the Perspective of Resource-Based View and Stakeholder View

Year 2014, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 119 - 149, 01.12.2014

Abstract

Impact of Intellectual Capital to Financial Performance of Multinational Firms in BIST with the Perspective of Resource-Based View and Stakeholder ViewAccording to the resource-based view on the subject, intellectual capital is “the source of the business performance” and “an important key to gain competitive advantage”. The stakeholder view recommends that a better measure of financial performance than accounting profit is the total wealth created or net value added.Accordingly, this study examines the relationship between a return on total assets based on net value added stakeholder view and the strategic intangible asset of intellectual capital resource-based view on multinationality firms quoted in BIST for the period 2002-2011. The performance of intellectual capital is measured by Valued Added Intellectual Coefficient VAIC model which is employed by Ante Pulic. The results using a sample of BIST multinational firms are statistically significant in support of both the resource-based and stakeholder views

References

  • Ahangar, R.G.. (2011). The Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Finan- cial Performance: An Empirical Investigation in An Iranian Company. African Journal of Business Management, 5(1): 88-95.
  • Akmeşe, H.. (2006). Entelektüel Sermayenin Firma Değeri Üzerine Etkisi ve İMKB’de İşlem Gören Şirketler Üzerine Bir Araştırma, Selçuk Üniversitesi So- syal Bilimler Enstitüsü Muhasebe-Finansman Bilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Konya.
  • Anderson, T.W. ve Hsiao, C. (1981). Estimation of Dynamic Models with Error Components. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 76: 598-606.
  • Arellano, M. ve Bond, S.. (1991). Some Tests of Specification for Panel Data: Monte Carlo Evidence ve an Application to Employment Equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58: 277-297.
  • Arellano, M. ve Bover, O.. (1995). Another Look at The Instrumental Variable Estimation of Error-Components Models. Journal of Econometrics, 68: 29-51.
  • Baltagi, Badi H.. (2001). Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John&Wiley, Chichester.
  • Barney, J.. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Jour- nal of Management, 17(1): 99-120.
  • Bontis, N. C., William, K., C. ve Richardson, S.. (2000). Intellectual Capital and Business Performance in Malaysian Industries. The Journal of İntellectual Capi- tal, 1(1): 85–100.
  • Bozdemir, N. Ö.. (2009). Entellektüel Sermayenin Örgüt Üzerindeki Etkileri ve Uygulamadan Örnekler. Marmara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Çalışma Ekonomisi ve Endüstri İlişkileri Anabilim Dalı, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Çetin, A.. (2005). Entelektüel Sermaye ve Ölçülmesi. Marmara Üniversitesi İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 20(1):.359-378.
  • Chamberlin, E.,H.. (1933). The Theory of Monopolistic Competition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
  • Chen, M., Cheng C.S.J. ve Hwang, Y.. (2005). An Empirical Investigation of the Relationship Between Intellectual Capital and Firms’ Market Value and Financial Performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6(2):159–176.
  • Conner, K. ve Prahalad, C.K.. (1996). A Resouce-Based Theory of the Firm: Knowledge Versus Opportunism. Organization Science, 7(5): 477-501.
  • Demir, Özcan. (2005). Entelektüel Sermayenin İşletmelerin Piyasa Değerine Olan Etkisi. Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi Araştırmaları, Elazığ.
  • Dierickx, I. ve Cool, K.. (1989). Asset Stock Accumulation and Sustainability of Competitive Advantage. Management Science, 35(12):1504-1511.
  • El-Bannany, M.. (2008). A Study of Determinants of Intellectual Capital Perfor- mance in Banks: The UK Case. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 9(3):.487-498.
  • Erol, Hasan. (2007). Bankalarda Net Faiz Marjının Belirleyicileri, Risk Duyarlılıgı ve Politika Önerileri. TCMB Uzman Yeterlilik Tezi, Ankara.
  • Firer, S, ve Williams, S,M.. (2003). Intellectual Capital and Traditional Measures of Corporate Performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(3): 348–360.
  • Ghalayini, A.M., Noble, J.S.. (1996). The Changing Basis of Performance Me- asurement. International Journal of Operations & Production Management, 16(8): 63-80.
  • Goh, C,P.. (2005). Intellectual Capital Performance of Commercial Banks in Ma- laysia. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 6(3): 385-396.
  • Gökbulut, Rasim İlker. (2009). Hissedar Değeri ile Finansal Performans Ölçütleri Arasındaki İlişki ve İmkb Üzerine Bir Araştırma. İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bil- imler Enstitüsü Finans Ana Bilim Dalı, Basılmamış Doktara Tezi, İstanbul.
  • Greene, William H.. (2003). Econometric Analysis, 5. Edition, Upper Saddle Riv- er: Prentice Hall.
  • Gujarati, Damodar N.. (2003). Basic Econometrics, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., New York.
  • Ittner, C.D. ve Larckser, D.F. (1998). Are Non-Financial Measures Leading Indi- cators of Financial? An Analysis of Customer Satisfaction. Journal of Account- ing Research Supplement, 1998: 1-35.
  • Joshi, M., Cahill, D. ve Sidhu, J.. (2010). Intellectual Capital Performance in the Banking Sector, An Assessment of Australian Owned Banks. Journal of Human Resource Costing and Accounting, 14(2): 151-170.
  • Kamath, G,B.. (2007). Intellectual Capital and Corporate Performance in Indian Pharmaceutical Industry. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8(1): 684–704.
  • Kamath,G,B.. (2007). Intellectual Capital Performance of Indian Banking Sec- tor”, Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8(1): 96-123.
  • Kanıbir, Hüseyin. (2004). Yeni Bir Rekabet Gücü Kaynağı Olarak Entellektüel Ser- maye ve Organizasyonel Performansa Yansımaları. Havacılık ve Uzay Teknolo- jileri Dergisi, 1(3): 77-85.
  • Karacaer, S. ve Aygün, M.. (2009). Entellektuel Sermayenin Firma Performansı Üzerindeki Etkisi. H.U. İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2):127-140.
  • Laing,G.,Dunn, J. ve Lucas, S.H.. (2010). Applying the VAIC Model to Australian Hotels. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(3): 269-283.
  • Maditinos, D., Chatzoudes, D., Tsairidis, C. ve Theriou, G.. (2011). The Impact of Intellectual Capital on Firms’ Market Value and Financial Performance. Jour- nal of Intellectual Capital, 12(1):132-151.
  • Metcalfe, C.E.. (1998). The Stakeholder Corporation. A European Review Busi- ness Ethics, 7(1): 30-36.
  • Michalisin, M., Kline, D.M. ve Smith, R.D.. (2000). Intangible Strategic Assets and firm Performance: A Multi-Industry Study of the Resource-Based View. Jour- nal of Business Strategies, 17(2): 91-117.
  • Mosavi, S. A., Nekoueizadeh, S. ve Ghaedi, M.. (2012). A Study of Relations Between Intellectual Capital Components, Market Value and Finance Perfor- mance. African Journal of Business Management, 6 (4): 1396-1403.
  • Nonaka, I. ve Takeouchi, H.. (1995). The Knowledge-Creating Company, Ox- ford University Press, New York.
  • Öztürk, M. B. ve Demirgüneş, K.. (2007). Entellektüel Sermayenin Firma Değeri Üzerindeki Etkisinin Entellektüel Katma Değer Katsayısı Yöntemi ile Tespiti: Hisse Senetleri İMKB’de İşlem Gören Üretim Firmaları Üzerine Ampirik Bir Çalışma. İMKB Dergisi, 10(37): 59-80.
  • Pazarlıoğlu, M.V. ve Gürler, Ö. K.. (2007). Telekomünikasyon Yatırımları ve Eko- nomik Büyüme: Panel Veri Yaklaşımı. Finans, Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 44(508):35-43.
  • Penrose, E.. (1959). The Theory of Growth of the Firm, Basil Blackwell, London.
  • Pourali, M.R. ve Taghavi, M.. (2011). The Study and Analysis of Value Creat- ing Criteria of Performance Assessment in İdentification of Different Levels of Financial Health: Evidence From Iran. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 4(10): 1378-1391.
  • Rehman, W., Rehman, C., Abdul, R., H. ve Zahid, A.. (2011). Intellectual Capıtal Performance and Its Impact on Corporate Performance: An Empırıcal Evidence From Modaraba Sector Of Pakistan. Australian Journal of Business and Man- agement Research, 1(5): 8-16.
  • Riahi-Belkaoui, A.. (2003). Intellectual Capital and Firm Performance of US Mul- tinational Firms. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 4(2): 215–226.
  • Robinson, J.. (1993). The Economics of Imperfect Competition, MacMillan Press, London.
  • Rudes, H. N. ve Mihalic, T.. (2007). Intellectual Capital in The Hotel İndustry:A Case Study from Slovenia. The International Journal of Hospitality Manage- ment, 26: 188-199.
  • Santanu, G. ve Amitava, M.. (2009). Indian Software and Pharmaceutical Sec- tor IC and Financial Performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 10(3): 369 – 388
  • Shiu, H. J.. (2006). “The Application of the Value Added Intellectual coefficient to Measure Corporate Performance: Evidence From Technological Firms. Inter- national Journal of Management, 23(2): 356-365.
  • Sternberg, E.. (1997). The Defects of Stakeholder Theory. Corporate Governan- ce, 5(1):3-10.
  • Stewart, A, T.. (1997). Entellektüel Sermaye. Örgütlerin Yeni Zenginliği, Çevi- ren: Nurettin Elhüseyni, MESS Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Tan, H,P,, Plowman, D. ve Hancock, P.. (2007). Intellectual Capital and Financial Returns of Companies. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 8(1): 76–95.
  • Uadiale, Olayinka Marte ve Uwuigbe, Uwalomwa, (2011). Intellectual Capital and Business Performance: Evidence from Nigeria. Interdisciplinary Journal of Research in Business, 1(10): 49- 56.
  • Wernerfelt, B.. (1984). A Resource Based View of the Firm. Strategic Manage- ment Journal, 5(2):171-180.
  • Wooldridge, J.. (2002). Econometric Analysis of Cross Section and Panel Data, The MIT Press, Cambridge.
  • Yalçın, E., (2005). İkisadi Büyüme ve Dış krediler: Ampirik Bir Çalışma, TCMB Dış İlişkiler Genel Müdürlüğü, Uzmanlık Yeterlilik Tezi. Ankara.
  • Yıldız, S.. (2011). Entelektüel Sermayenin İşletme Performansına Etkisi: Bankacılık Sektöründe Bir Araştırma. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Der- gisi, 11(3):11–28.
  • Zhang, J., Zhu, N. ve Kong, Y.. (2006). Study on Intellectual Capital and En- terprise’s Performance: Empirical Evidence on the Chinese Securities Market. Journal of Accounting and Auditing, 2(1):10-17.
  • Zeghal, D, ve Maaloul, A.. (2010). Analyzing Value Added as An İndicator Of Intellectual Capital and It’s Consequences On Company Performance. Journal of Intellectual Capital, 11(1):39-60.
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ali Özer This is me

Nevin Özer This is me

Publication Date December 1, 2014
Published in Issue Year 2014 Volume: 8 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Özer, A., & Özer, N. (2014). Kaynak Temelli Yaklaşım ve Paydaş Yaklaşımı Açısından Entelektüel Sermayenin BIST’deki Çokuluslu İşletmelerin Finansal Performansına Etkisi. BDDK Bankacılık Ve Finansal Piyasalar Dergisi, 8(2), 119-149.