Neonatal Dönem Buzağı İshallerinde Clostridium difficile

Year 2018, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 33 - 41, 20.07.2018

Ediz Kağan Özgen Murat Yıldırım

Abstract

Clostridium difficile, insanlarda antibiyotik
ilişkili diyare vakalarının etiyolojik ajanı olmasının yanında çiftlik
hayvanlarında özellikle neonatal dönemde ishallere sebep olmaktadır. Bakterinin
birçok antimikrobiyal etken maddesine dirençli olması sebebiyle hastalık
vakalarının tedavisi sınırlı kalabilmektedir. Etken toksin A, toksin B ve
binary toksin olmak üzere üç toksin üretebilmekte ve klinik semptomlar bu
toksinlerin bağırsaklarda meydana getirdiği hasar sonucunda ortaya çıkmaktadır.
Bu derleme ile C. difficile’nin
epidemiyolojisi, patogenezi, teşhisi, tedavisi ve buzağı ishallerinde rolü
hakkında bilgi verilmektedir.

Keywords

Clostridium difficile, neonatal buzağı, ishal

Clostridium difficile in Neonatal Calf Diarrhea

Abstract

Clostridium difficile is an etiological agent of
antibiotic-associated diarrhea in humans, as well as diarrhea in farm animals,
especially in the neonatal period. Because bacteria is resistant to many antimicrobial
agents, the treatment of disease cases can be limited. The active toxin can
produce three toxins, toxin A, toxin B and binary toxin, and clinical symptoms
arise as a result of damage caused by these toxins in the intestines. This
review provides information on the role of C.
difficile in epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and calf
diarrhea.

Keywords

Clostridium difficile, neonatal calf, diarrhea

References

• Angione, S. L., Sarma, A. A., Novikov, A., Seward, L., Fieber, J. H., Mermel, L. A., Tripathi, A. (2014). A novel subtyping assay for detection of Clostridium difficile virulence genes. The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics, Vol.16 No.2. 244-252.
• Bandelj, P., Blagus, R., Briski, F., Frlic, O., Rataj, A. V., Rupnik, M., Ocepek, M., Vengust, M. (2016). Identification of risk factors influencing Clostridium difficile prevalence in middle-size dairy farms. Veterinary Research, 47:41, 1-11.
• Belyi, Y., Aktories, K. (2010). Bacterial toxin and effector glycosyltransferases. Biochimica et Biophysia Acta, 1800 (2010), 134-143. Bignardi, G. E. (1998). Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of Hospital Infection, 40: 1-15.
• Carman, R. J., Stevens, A. L., Lyerly, M. W., Hiltonsmith, M. F., Stiles, B. G., Wilkins, T. D. (2011). Clostridium difficile binary toxin (CDT) and diarrhea. Anaerobe, 17 (2011) 161-165.
• Clements, A. C. A., Magalhaes, R. J. S., Tatem, A. J., Paterson, D. L., Riley, T. V. (2010). Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype 027: assessing the risks of further worldwide spread. Lancet Infect Dis, 2010; 10: 395–04.
• Costa, M. C., Stampfli, H. R., Arroyo, L. G., Pearl, D. I., Weese, J. S. (2011). Epidemiology of Clostridium difficile on a veal farm: prevalence, molecular characterization and tetracycline resistance. Veterinary Microbiology, 152, 379-384.
• Davies, A. H., Mcglashan, J., Posner, M. G., Roberts, A. K., Shone, C. C., Acharya, K. R. (2016). Functional significance of active site residues in the enzymatic component of the Clostridium difficile binary toxin. Biochemistry and Biophysics Reports, 8, 55-61.
• Dawson, L. F., Valiente, E., Wren, B. W. (2009). Clostridium difficile-A continually evolving and problematic pathogen. Infection, Genetics and Evolution, 9 (2009) 1410-1417.
• Genth, H., Dreger, S. C., Huelsenbeck, J., Just, I. (2008). Clostridium difficile toxins: More than mere inhibitors of Rho proteins. The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology, 40 (2008) 592-597.
• George, W. L., Sutter, V. L., Citron, D., Finegold, S.M. (1979). Selective and differential medium for isolation of Clostridium difficile, J. Clin. Microbiol. 9(2), 214-219.
• Giannasca, P. J., Warny, M. (2004). Active and passive immunization against Clostridium difficile diarrhea and colitis. Vaccine, 22(7), 848-856.
• Goorhuis, A., Bakker, D., Corver, J., Debast, S. B., Harmanus, C., Notermans, D. W., Bergwerff, A. A., Dekker, F. W., Kuijper, E. J. (2008). Emergence of Clostridium difficile infection due to a new hypervirulent strain, polymerase chain reaction ribotype 078. Clin Infect Dis, 47, 1162–1170.
• Hammitt, M. C., Bueschel, D. M., Keel, M. K., Glock, R. D., Cuneo, P., Deyoung, D. W., Reggiardo, C., Trinh, H. T., Songer, J. G. (2008). A possible role for Clostridium difficile in the etiology of calf enteritis. Veterinary Microbiology, 127, 343-352.
• Hopman, N. E. M., Keessen, E. C., Harmanus, C., Sanders, I. M. J. G., Van Leengoed, L. A. M. G., Kuijper, E. J., Lipman, L. J. A. (2011). A acquisition of Clostridium difficile by piglets. Veterinary Microbiology, 149, 186-192.
• Hussain, I., Borah, P., Sharma, R. K., Rajkhowa, S., Rupnik, M., Saikia, D. P., Hasin, D., Hussain, I., Deka, N. K., Barkalita, L. M., Nishikawa, Y., Ramamurthy, T. (2016). Molecular characteristics of Clostridium difficile isolates from human and animals in the North Eastern region of India. Molecular and Cellular Probes, 30, 306-311.
• Jank, T., Aktories, K. (2008). Structure and mode of action of clostridial glucosylating toxins: the ABCD model. Trends in Microbiology, Vol. 16 No.5, 222-229.
• Jobstl, M., Heuberger, S., Indra, A., Nepf, R., Kofer, J., Wagner, M. (2010). Clostiridium difficile in raw products of animal origin. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 138, 172-175.
• Jones, A. M., Kuijper, E. J., Wilcox, M. H. (2013). Clostridium difficile: A European perspective. Journal of Infection, 66, 115-128. Keessen, E. C., Gaastra, W., Lipman, L. J. A. (2011). Clostridium difficile infection in humans and animals, differences and smilarities. Veterinary Microbiology, 153, 205-217.
• Kelly, C. P., Lamont, J. T. (2008). Clostridium difficile-more difficult than ever. The New England Journal of Medicine, 359,1932-1940.
• Magistralli, C.F., Maresca, C., Cucco, L., Bano, L., Drigo, I., Flippini, G., Dettori, A., Broccatelli, S., Pezzotti, G. (2015). Prevalence and risk factors associated with Clostridium difficile shedding in veal calves in Italy. Anaerobe, 33, 42-47.
• Martinez-Melendez, A., Camacho-Ortiz, A., Morfin-Otero, R., Maldonado-Garza, H. J., Vilareal-Trevino, L., Garza-Gonzalez, E. (2017). Current knowledge on the laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection. World J Gastroenterol, March 7, 23(9), 1552-1567.
• Mcbee, R. H. (1960). Intestinal flora of some antarctic birds and mammals. J Bacteriol, 79, 311-312.
• Metcalf, D., Avery, B. P., Janecko, N., Matic, N., Reid-Smith, R., Weese, J. S. (2011). Clostridium difficile in seafood and fish. Anaerobe, 17, 85-86.
• Mullany, P., Roberts, A. P. (2010). Clostridium difficile Methods and Protocols. Methods in Molecular Biology 646, Humana Press
• Napolitano, L. M., Edmiston, C. E. (2017). Clostridium difficile disease: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment update. Surgery, 162(2), 325-348.
• Pechine, S., Collignon, A. (2016). Immune responses induced by Clostridium difficile. Anaerobe, 41, 68-78.
• Rainey, F. A., Hollen, B. J., Small, A. M. (2015). Clostridium, Ed. William B. Whitman in Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Sy. 1-122.
• Rodriguez, C., Broeck, J. V., Taminiau, B., Delmee, M., Daube G. (2016). Clostridium difficile infection: early history, diagnosis and molecular strain typing methods. Microbial Pathogenesis, 97, 59-78.
• Rodriguez-Palacios, A., Stampfli, H. R., Duffield, T., Peregrine, A. S., Trotz-Williams, L. A., Arroyo, L. G., Brazier, J. S., Weese, J. S. (2006). Clostridium difficile PCR ribotypes in calves, Canada. Emerging Infectious Diseases, Vol 12, No 11, 1730-1736.
• Rupnik, M., Dupuy, B., Fairweather, N. F., Gerding, D. N., Johnson, S., Just, I., Lyerly, D. M., Popoff, M. R., Rood, J. I., Sonenshein, A. L., Thelestam, M., Wren, B. W., Wilkins, T. D., Von Eichel-Streiber, C. (2005). Revised nomenclature of Clostridium difficile toxins and associated genes. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 54, 113–117.
• Rupnik, M., Grabnar, M., Geric, B. (2003). Binary toxin producing Clostridium difficile. Anaerobe, 9, 289-294.
• Schneeberg, A., Neubauer, H., Schmoock, G., Grossmann, E., Seyboldt, C. (2013). Presence of Clostridium difficile PCR ribotype clusters related to 033, 078 and 045 in diarrhoeic calves in Germany. Journal of Medical Microbiology, 62, 1190-1198.
• Skraban, J., Dzeroski, S., Zenko, B., Tusar, L., Rupnik, M. (2013). Changes of poultry faecal microbiota associated with Clostridium difficile colonisation. Veterinary Microbiology, 165, 416-424.
• Songer, J. G. (2010). Clostridia as agents of zoonotic disease. Veterinary Microbiology, 140, 399-404.
• Swick, M. C., Koehle, T. M., Driks, A. (2016). Surviving between hosts: sporulation and transmission. Microbiol Spectr, 1-28.
• Usacheva, E. A., Jin, J. P., Peterson, L. R. (2016). Host response to Clostridium difficile infection: diagnostics and detection. Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance, 7, 93-101.
• Weber, D. J., Rutala, W. A., Miller, M. B., Huslage, K., Sickbert-Bennett, E. (2010). Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care associated pathogens: Norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species. American Journal of Infection Control, 38, 25-33.
• Wilcox, M. H. (2003). Clostridium difficile infection and pseudomembranous colitis. Best Practice & Research Clinical Gastroenterology, Vol. 17, No. 3, 475–493.