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SİLAJ ÖZELLİKLERİNİN BESLENME DAVRANIŞINA ETKİSİ

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 62 - 73, 26.06.2022

Abstract

İşletmede yetiştirilen hayvanların beslenme ortamı ve yemin ulaşılabilirliği, hayvanın hazırlanan rasyona ve kaba yem tüketimine tepkisini etkileyen durumlardır. Rasyonda bulunan lifin içeriği, formu, fermentasyon olabilirliği de aynı şekilde beslenme davranışını, tüketilen yem miktarını, bununla beraber hayvanın metabolik profilini ve laktasyon sürecini etkiler. Rasyon hazırlanırken lif miktarı değişikliği ya da partikül boyutu değişikliği yaparak yemleme süresini günde 1 saatten fazla değiştirmek mümkündür. Silaj partikül boyutunun en optimum düzeyde olması önemlidir. Partiküllerin normalden uzun oluşu ağıza alınan yemin yutulması için gerekli çiğneme süresini uzatır. Rekabetçi besleme dediğimiz beslenme şekillerinde partikül boyutu normalden büyük ise aynı zamanda silaj sindirilebilirliği düşük liflerden oluşuyorsa sığırların yemliklerde yemleme süresi uzar. Günlük almaları gereken kuru madde tüketimi sınırlanır. Silaj partikül boyutu hesaplamak amacıyla kullanılan Penn State denilen elek ile 19 mm ve üzeri boyuta sahip silajların girdiği TMR karışımlar yüksek nişasta ve fermentasyon düzeyi sebebiyle rumen ortamında oluşan propiyonik asit üretimini etkileyerek hayvanların yem seçimi ve tüketim şekli üzerinde rol oynar.
Silaj şeklinde alınan yemin rumen ortamında oluşan son ürün hallerinin beslenme davranışı ve yem tüketimi üzerine etkileri ile ilgili yeterli literatür çalışması yoktur. En büyük etkiye sahip olan (laktik asit, asetik asit, bütirik asit, propiyonik asit, amonyak N ve aminler) bileşikler olduğu bilinmektedir. Hayvanların yemleme ortamında yapılan değişiklikler fermentasyonu zayıf silaj verildiği durumlarda tepkiyi daha da güçlendirerek olumsuz yanıtı arttıracaktır.
Gelecekte, hayvanlar için silaj hazırlarken silajın fiziksel kimyasal, fermentatif son ürünlerin, hayvanın beslenme ortamının; beslenme davranışına, KMTni optimum düzeyde almasında büyük önem teşkil ettiğini bilerek hazırlık yapmalıyız.

References

  • Aksu, T., Baytok, E., Bolat, P. Effects of a bacterial silage inoculant on corn silage fermentation and nutrient digestibility https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.12.012
  • Allen, M. S., B. J. Bradford, and M. Oba. 2009. The hepatic oxidation theory of the control of feed intake and its application to ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 87:3317–3334.
  • Anil, M. H., J. N. Mbanya, H. W. Symonds, and J. M. Forbes. 1993. Responses in the voluntary intake of hay or silage by lactating cows to intraruminal infusions of sodium acetate or sodium propionate, the tonicity of rumen fluid or rumen distension. Br. J. Nutr. 69:699–712
  • Bal, M. A., R. D. Shaver, A. G. Jirovec, K. J. Shinners, and J. G. Coors. 2000. Crop processing and chop length of corn silage: Effects on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1264–1273.
  • Beauchemin, K. A. 1991. Ingestion mastication of feed by dairy cattle. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 7:439–463. and Jiang, F. G., X. Y. Lin, Z. G. Yan, Z. Y. Hu, G. M. Liu, Y. D. Sun,X. W. Liu, and Z. H. Wang. 2017. Effect of dietary roughage level on chewing activity, ruminal pH, and saliva secretion in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 100:2660–2671.
  • Daniel, J. L. P., R. C. Amaral, R. S. Goulart, M. Zopollatto, V. P. Santos, S. G. Toledo Filho, E. H. Cabezas-Garcia, J. R. Lima, M. C. Santos, and L. G. Nussio. 2013a. Short- term effects of silage volatile compounds on feed intake and digestion in beef cattle. J.Anim. Sci. 91:2321–2331.
  • Daniel, J. L. P., R. C. Amaral, A. Sa Neto, E. H. Cabezas-Garcia, A. W. Bispo, M. Zopollatto, T. L. Cardoso, M. H. F. Spoto, F. A. P. Santos, and L. G. Nussio. 2013b. Performance of dairy cows fed high levels of acetic acid or ethanol. J. Dairy Sci. 96:398– 406.
  • Erdman, R. A. 1993. Silage fermentation characteristics affecting feed intake. Pages 210– 219 in Silage Production. NE Reg. Agric. Eng. Serv., Ithaca, NY. Ferraretto, L. F., R. D. Shaver, and B. D. Luck. 2018. Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting. J. Dairy Sci. 101:3937–3951. https:// doi .org/ 10 .3168/ jds .2017 -13728.
  • Gençoğlu, H. ve Türkmen, İ. İ. (2006). ''Effects of forage source on chewing and rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows''. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire, 157(10), 463-470.
  • Gümüs , H.2019 Şarole Irkı Düvelerde Tohumlama Öncesi Beslenme Performansını ve Rasyon Maliyetlerinin Belirlenmesi. , Volume 12, Issue 3, 284 - 291 https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.567118
  • Huhtanen, P., M. Rinne, and J. Nousiainen. 2007. Evaluation of the factors affecting silage intake of dairy cows: A revision of the relative silage dry-matter index. Animal 1:758–770.
  • Hutchinson, K. J., and R. J. Wilkins. 1971. The voluntary intake of silage by sheep. 2. The effects of acetate on silage intake. J. Agric. Sci. 77:539–543
  • J. Grant and L. F. Ferraretto Silage review: Silage feding management: Silage characteristics and dairy cow feding behavior, © AmericanDairyScienceAssociation , 2018
  • Keady , T W X .Mayne C S. 2001. The effects of concentrate energy source on feed intake and rumen fermentation parameters of dairy cows offered a range of grass silages.
  • Kononoff ,P.J.H,einrich, A.J.,2003. Separator and the Effects of Moisture Content on its Measurements. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73773-4
  • Kung, L., Jr., R. Shaver, R. J. Grant, and R. J. Schmidt. 2018. Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. J. Dairy Sci. 101:4020– 4033. https:// doi.org/ 10 .3168/ jds .2017 -13909.
  • Kung, L., Jr., M. R. Stokes, and C. J. Lin. 2003a. Silage additives. Pages 305–360 in Silage Science and Technology. Agronomy Monograph No. 42. ASA-CSSA-SSA, Madison, WI.
  • Kung, L., Jr., C. C. Taylor, M. P. Lynch, and J. M. Neylon. 2003b. The effect of treating alfalfa with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:336–343.
  • Kung,L ,Shaver,L.,Focus on forage 2001. fyi.extension.wisc.edu
  • Mahanna, W., and L. E. Chase. 2003. Practical applications and solutions to silage problems. Pages 855–895 in Silage Science and Technology. Agronomy Monograph No. 42. ASA-CSSA-SSA, Madison, WI. McDonald, P., A. R. Henderson, and S. J. E. Heron. 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage. 2nd ed. Chalcombe Publ., Marlow, UK.
  • McLeod, M. N., P. M. Kennedy, and D. J. Minson. 1990. Resistance of leaf and stem fractions of tropical forage to chewing and passage in cattle. Br. J. Nutr. 63:105–119.
  • Mohammed, R., D. M. Stevenson, K. A. Beauchemin, R. E. Muck, and P. J. Weimer. 2012. Changes in ruminal bacterial community composition following feeding of alfalfa ensiled with a lactic acid bacterial inoculant. J. Dairy Sci. 95:328–339.
  • Oba, M., and M. S. Allen. 2000. Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on productivity of dairy cows fed two concentrations of dietary neutral detergent fiber: 1. Feeding behavior and nutrient utilization. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1333–1341.
  • Oliveira, A. S., Z. G. Weinberg, I. M. Ogunade, A. A. P. C. Cervantes, K. G. Arriola, Y. Jiang, D. Kim, X. Li, M. C. M. Goncalves, D. Vyas, and A. T. Adesogan. 2017. Meta- analysis of the effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 100:4587–4603.
  • Parlar, T.(2019) EVALUATION OF DAIRY CATTLE FARMS USING A TOTAL MIXED RATION IN TERMS OF FEEDING(MSc thesis) Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Graduate School of Naturel and Applied Sciences Department of Animal Science
  • Scherer, R., K. Gerlach, and K.-H. Sudekum. 2015. Biogenic amines and gamma-amino butyric acid in silages: Formation, occurrence and influence on dry matter intake and ruminant production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 210:1–16.
  • Shaver, R. D., R. A. Erdman, A. M. O’Connor, and J. H. Vandersall. 1985. Effects of silage pH on voluntary intake of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. J. Dairy Sci. 68:338–346
  • Weiss, W. P., D. G. Chamberlain, and C. W. Hunt. 2003. Feeding silages. Pages 469–504 in Silage Science and Technology. Agronomy Monograph No. 42. ASA-CSSA-SSA, Madison, WI.
  • Wilkins, R. J., K. J. Hutchinson, R. F. Wilson, and C. E. Harris. 1971. The voluntary intake of silage by sheep. 1. Interrelationships between silage composition and intake. J. Agric. Sci. 77:531–5
Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 1, 62 - 73, 26.06.2022

Abstract

References

  • Aksu, T., Baytok, E., Bolat, P. Effects of a bacterial silage inoculant on corn silage fermentation and nutrient digestibility https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2003.12.012
  • Allen, M. S., B. J. Bradford, and M. Oba. 2009. The hepatic oxidation theory of the control of feed intake and its application to ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 87:3317–3334.
  • Anil, M. H., J. N. Mbanya, H. W. Symonds, and J. M. Forbes. 1993. Responses in the voluntary intake of hay or silage by lactating cows to intraruminal infusions of sodium acetate or sodium propionate, the tonicity of rumen fluid or rumen distension. Br. J. Nutr. 69:699–712
  • Bal, M. A., R. D. Shaver, A. G. Jirovec, K. J. Shinners, and J. G. Coors. 2000. Crop processing and chop length of corn silage: Effects on intake, digestion, and milk production by dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1264–1273.
  • Beauchemin, K. A. 1991. Ingestion mastication of feed by dairy cattle. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 7:439–463. and Jiang, F. G., X. Y. Lin, Z. G. Yan, Z. Y. Hu, G. M. Liu, Y. D. Sun,X. W. Liu, and Z. H. Wang. 2017. Effect of dietary roughage level on chewing activity, ruminal pH, and saliva secretion in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 100:2660–2671.
  • Daniel, J. L. P., R. C. Amaral, R. S. Goulart, M. Zopollatto, V. P. Santos, S. G. Toledo Filho, E. H. Cabezas-Garcia, J. R. Lima, M. C. Santos, and L. G. Nussio. 2013a. Short- term effects of silage volatile compounds on feed intake and digestion in beef cattle. J.Anim. Sci. 91:2321–2331.
  • Daniel, J. L. P., R. C. Amaral, A. Sa Neto, E. H. Cabezas-Garcia, A. W. Bispo, M. Zopollatto, T. L. Cardoso, M. H. F. Spoto, F. A. P. Santos, and L. G. Nussio. 2013b. Performance of dairy cows fed high levels of acetic acid or ethanol. J. Dairy Sci. 96:398– 406.
  • Erdman, R. A. 1993. Silage fermentation characteristics affecting feed intake. Pages 210– 219 in Silage Production. NE Reg. Agric. Eng. Serv., Ithaca, NY. Ferraretto, L. F., R. D. Shaver, and B. D. Luck. 2018. Silage review: Recent advances and future technologies for whole-plant and fractionated corn silage harvesting. J. Dairy Sci. 101:3937–3951. https:// doi .org/ 10 .3168/ jds .2017 -13728.
  • Gençoğlu, H. ve Türkmen, İ. İ. (2006). ''Effects of forage source on chewing and rumen fermentation in lactating dairy cows''. Revue de Medecine Veterinaire, 157(10), 463-470.
  • Gümüs , H.2019 Şarole Irkı Düvelerde Tohumlama Öncesi Beslenme Performansını ve Rasyon Maliyetlerinin Belirlenmesi. , Volume 12, Issue 3, 284 - 291 https://doi.org/10.30607/kvj.567118
  • Huhtanen, P., M. Rinne, and J. Nousiainen. 2007. Evaluation of the factors affecting silage intake of dairy cows: A revision of the relative silage dry-matter index. Animal 1:758–770.
  • Hutchinson, K. J., and R. J. Wilkins. 1971. The voluntary intake of silage by sheep. 2. The effects of acetate on silage intake. J. Agric. Sci. 77:539–543
  • J. Grant and L. F. Ferraretto Silage review: Silage feding management: Silage characteristics and dairy cow feding behavior, © AmericanDairyScienceAssociation , 2018
  • Keady , T W X .Mayne C S. 2001. The effects of concentrate energy source on feed intake and rumen fermentation parameters of dairy cows offered a range of grass silages.
  • Kononoff ,P.J.H,einrich, A.J.,2003. Separator and the Effects of Moisture Content on its Measurements. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73773-4
  • Kung, L., Jr., R. Shaver, R. J. Grant, and R. J. Schmidt. 2018. Silage review: Interpretation of chemical, microbial, and organoleptic components of silages. J. Dairy Sci. 101:4020– 4033. https:// doi.org/ 10 .3168/ jds .2017 -13909.
  • Kung, L., Jr., M. R. Stokes, and C. J. Lin. 2003a. Silage additives. Pages 305–360 in Silage Science and Technology. Agronomy Monograph No. 42. ASA-CSSA-SSA, Madison, WI.
  • Kung, L., Jr., C. C. Taylor, M. P. Lynch, and J. M. Neylon. 2003b. The effect of treating alfalfa with Lactobacillus buchneri 40788 on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and nutritive value for lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 86:336–343.
  • Kung,L ,Shaver,L.,Focus on forage 2001. fyi.extension.wisc.edu
  • Mahanna, W., and L. E. Chase. 2003. Practical applications and solutions to silage problems. Pages 855–895 in Silage Science and Technology. Agronomy Monograph No. 42. ASA-CSSA-SSA, Madison, WI. McDonald, P., A. R. Henderson, and S. J. E. Heron. 1991. The Biochemistry of Silage. 2nd ed. Chalcombe Publ., Marlow, UK.
  • McLeod, M. N., P. M. Kennedy, and D. J. Minson. 1990. Resistance of leaf and stem fractions of tropical forage to chewing and passage in cattle. Br. J. Nutr. 63:105–119.
  • Mohammed, R., D. M. Stevenson, K. A. Beauchemin, R. E. Muck, and P. J. Weimer. 2012. Changes in ruminal bacterial community composition following feeding of alfalfa ensiled with a lactic acid bacterial inoculant. J. Dairy Sci. 95:328–339.
  • Oba, M., and M. S. Allen. 2000. Effects of brown midrib 3 mutation in corn silage on productivity of dairy cows fed two concentrations of dietary neutral detergent fiber: 1. Feeding behavior and nutrient utilization. J. Dairy Sci. 83:1333–1341.
  • Oliveira, A. S., Z. G. Weinberg, I. M. Ogunade, A. A. P. C. Cervantes, K. G. Arriola, Y. Jiang, D. Kim, X. Li, M. C. M. Goncalves, D. Vyas, and A. T. Adesogan. 2017. Meta- analysis of the effects of inoculation with homofermentative and facultative heterofermentative lactic acid bacteria on silage fermentation, aerobic stability, and the performance of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 100:4587–4603.
  • Parlar, T.(2019) EVALUATION OF DAIRY CATTLE FARMS USING A TOTAL MIXED RATION IN TERMS OF FEEDING(MSc thesis) Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Graduate School of Naturel and Applied Sciences Department of Animal Science
  • Scherer, R., K. Gerlach, and K.-H. Sudekum. 2015. Biogenic amines and gamma-amino butyric acid in silages: Formation, occurrence and influence on dry matter intake and ruminant production. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 210:1–16.
  • Shaver, R. D., R. A. Erdman, A. M. O’Connor, and J. H. Vandersall. 1985. Effects of silage pH on voluntary intake of corn silage and alfalfa haylage. J. Dairy Sci. 68:338–346
  • Weiss, W. P., D. G. Chamberlain, and C. W. Hunt. 2003. Feeding silages. Pages 469–504 in Silage Science and Technology. Agronomy Monograph No. 42. ASA-CSSA-SSA, Madison, WI.
  • Wilkins, R. J., K. J. Hutchinson, R. F. Wilson, and C. E. Harris. 1971. The voluntary intake of silage by sheep. 1. Interrelationships between silage composition and intake. J. Agric. Sci. 77:531–5
There are 29 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Veterinary Surgery
Journal Section Collection
Authors

Dilara Yeniterzi

Publication Date June 26, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yeniterzi, D. (2022). SİLAJ ÖZELLİKLERİNİN BESLENME DAVRANIŞINA ETKİSİ. Bahri Dağdaş Hayvancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 11(1), 62-73.