FINDING A FIELD OF APPLICATION OF THE IDEA OF NATIONAL WILL: OPENING OF THE TURKISH GRAND NATIONAL ASSEMBLY
Abstract
The Ottoman Empire, which emerged from the first World War as a defeat, ultimately signed the Armistice of Mondros on October 30, 1918. According to this armistice, the Entente States had the opportunity to share the Ottoman lands among themselves, that is, to settle the Eastern issue in their own way. The Entente States began to invade a handful of Turkish ancestral lands based on the Armistice of Mondros.
In the face of these invasions, the Turkish people did not find what they expected from the state and started the war of independence by creating militia forces. Thus, they did not accept the fate that others would assign to them by not bowing to trust in a time when their hands were bound by the Armistice of Mondros.Thus the Turkish people showed their tenacity and determination to live by establishing national societies in order to defend their rights.
At the same time Mustafa Kemal Pasha, was engaged some activities that first started in Samsun then in Amasya,Erzurumand Sivas in order to unite these scattered resistance, and eventually established a national organization in accordance with the National will of the Turkish people. As if this were not enough, the most important document of the Turkish War of independence and also carrying the mission of the Turkish people, the National Pact was accepted and declared to the whole world in the First Assembly which had disturb the Entente States.
The matter that we mentioned above is that Atatürk is a leader who can easily integrate with the people, even in difficult and impossible circumstances. Atatürk, who has this characteristic, has always kept the concept of the people in the forefront while organizing the national struggle. For example, Ataturk had put such articles in place ‘’The determination and decision of the nation will save the independence of the nation again.’’in Amasya circular letter, “ It is essential that to rule the militia forces and to dominate the nation will.’’in Erzurum and Sivas Congresses. and as a result, he was going to put the idea of national sovereignty into practice by opening the Turkish Grand National Assembly on 23 April 1920 in Ankara.
After that, Ankara would be on the agenda to open a new National Assembly. Thus, the idea of national sovereignty would be realized by opening the Grand National Assembly in Ankara and Ankara would rise to the status of an important center of Turkey. Accordingly, the Grand National Assembly will be the highest authority and all the military, civilian authorities in Turkey and all the nation will no longer apply to Istanbul, but to Ankara. The Turkish nation will no longer depend on the Sultan in Istanbul, but on the Parliament in Ankara. Decisions about Turkey's future will be made in Ankara and all eyes will now be turned to Ankara.
The characteristics of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey can also be stated as follows: for the first time in history, the name “Turkey” was officially adopted and started to be used with the meeting of this assembly. The legal character of this assembly is both a constituent assembly and remained in office until the liberation movement ended with victory and this Assembly continued and won the national struggle under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal Pasha. In addition, one of the most important tasks of this assembly meeting in Ankara is to determine the principles of the state.
In this context, since the representative committee had completed its task, a new government would be formed within the Parliament, whose actions could be continuously supervised by the parliament. Moreover, after the opening of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, the fronts would be organized and the transition period from the Militia forces operation to the regular and national army would take place.
In another matter, after the Assembly was convened in Ankara, it was clearly stated that the Parliament was the only decision-making authority on behalf of the nation with the promise of “Sovereignty Belongs To The Nation unconditionally” and that there was no power over it, and even though the concept of the Republic was not spoken of,the course was towards the administration of the Republic. In this context, the Turkish Grand National Assembly placed the national struggle on a legitimate basis and also made great efforts in order to be recognized by other states and to be free from loneliness due to the politics being pursued outside.
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MİLLİ İRADE DÜŞÜNCESİNİN UYGULAMA ALANI BULMASI: TBMM’NİN AÇILIŞI
Abstract
Birinci Dünya Savaşı’ndan mağlup olarak çıkan Osmanlı Devleti sonuçta 30 Ekim 1918’de Mondros Mütarekesi’ni imzalamıştır. Bu mütarekeye göre İtilaf Devletleri Osmanlı topraklarını kendi aralarında paylaşma, yani Şark Meselesini tamamının kendi istedikleri şekilde halletme imkânını bulmuşlardır. İtilaf Devletleri, Mondros Mütarekesi’ne dayanarak bir avuç Türk ata yurdunu da işgale başlamışlardı.
Bu işgaller karşısında Türk halkı, devletten beklediğini bulamamış canını namusunu vatanını korumak amacıyla savunma durumuna geçmiş ve milis kuvvetleri meydana getirerek İstiklal Harbi’ni başlatmıştır. Böylece Mondros Mütarekesi ile eli kolu bağlı bir hale getirildiği bir sırada tevekküle boyun eğmeyerek başkalarının kendisine tayin edeceği akıbeti kabul etmemiştir. Bunun üzerine Türk halkı haklarını savunmak amacıyla Milli Cemiyetler kurarak yaşama azim ve kararında olduğunu göstermiştir.
Bu sırada Mustafa Kemal Paşa, bu dağınık direnişleri birleştirmek amacıyla, Samsun’dan başlamak üzere Amasya, Erzurum ve Sivas’ta faaliyetlerde bulunmuş ve neticede Türk halkının milli iradesi doğrultusunda milli bir teşkilat kurmuştu. Bu da yetmezmiş gibi Türk İstiklal Harbi’nin en önemli belgesi olan ve ayrıca Türk halkının misyonunu taşıyan Misak-ı Millinin Meclis-i Mebusan’da kabul edilmesi ve bütün dünyaya ilan edilmesi İtilaf Devletleri’ni tedirgin etmişti.
Bundan sonra Ankara, yeni bir millet meclisini açılması konusunda gündeme gelecekti. Böylece TBMM Ankara’da açılarak ulusal egemenlik düşüncesi gerçekleşecek ve Ankara Türkiye’nin önemli merkezi durumuna yükselecekti. Buna bağlı olarak TBMM en yüce kat olacak ve Türkiye’de asker, sivil bütün makamlar ve bütün millet bundan böyle İstanbul’a değil artık Ankara’ya başvuracaktır. Türk Milleti artık İstanbul’daki padişaha bağlı değil Ankara’daki Meclise bel bağlayacaktır. Türkiye’nin geleceği ile ilgili kararlar Ankara’da verilecek ve bütün gözler artık Ankara’ya çevrilecektir.
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