CONTRIBUTIONS OF ANTAKYA KAZA IN OTTOMAN-RUSSIAN WAR OF 1828-1829

Abstract

Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-1829 occurred in the first half of the XIX. century and affected wide geography from the Balkans to the Caucasus. Ottoman-Russian relations, which have been continued friendly for a while, were again broken due to the riots that started with the 1821 Mora Revolt. While the riots continued, the joint fleet of Britain, France, and Russia burned the Ottoman Navy with a sudden attack in the Port of Navarin on October 20, 1827. this caused a political crisis among the states. This crisis led to the deterioration of Ottoman-Russian relations in particular and caused mutual ultimatums to be given. The Ottoman State requested compensation because of almost all of the navy being burned by the Russians. Russia, which has been seeking a pretext to attack the Ottoman State for a long time, declared war on the Ottoman State on April 26, 1828, and occupied the Ottoman lands, Wallachia-Moldavia. The Ottoman Empire, by declaring that it entered the war on May 20, 1828, responded necessarily. The war ended with the Treaty of Edirne on September 14, 1829, after about two years. With the treaty, the powers of the Ottoman State over Wallachia-Moldavia and Serbia were limited, besides obstacles to Greek independence removed. The Ottoman State accepted the defeat and had to pay compensation. The scope of this study covers the process range starting from the first war news that reached Antakya on January 11, 1828, until the news that the war ended on October 14, 1829.
This study aimed to examine the effects of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-1829 in the Antakya Kaza, a sub-unit of Aleppo Province, and its contribution to the campaign. Besides, this study is important in terms of examining the court records recorded in the years of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-1829 and reflecting the social and economic effects of the war in Antakya.
The main material of this study is the Antakya court records numbered 19, 20, and 21, which were written during the Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-1829 and Ottoman State Archive. Therefore, the study tried to examine the repercussions and evaluations of the war in Antakya Kaza and the contribution of the kaza in the war organization, based on the documents determined in these three registries. Also, it has been benefited from previous researches and investigations.
The Ottoman State sent the first order of war preparations to Antakya which is the kaza of Aleppo Province, on January 11, 1828. Within the scope of the Ottoman-Russian War campaign organization of 1828-1829, an amount of money to meet the needs of soldiers or soldiers was requested from the Antakya Kaza for use on the front. Apart from this, although it was aimed to collect food to meet the food needs of the army fighting at the front, in-kind requests were converted into cash prices due to the distance of the kaza to the fronts.
In addition to its contributions to the campaign organization, the Antakya Kaza was also an important stopping point for military shipments between Aleppo, Damascus, Jerusalem, and Gaza and the Government. Because one of the important transit routes of the soldier who was gathered from these settlements to be sent to the front was the Antakya Kaza. In the event that the soldiers to be shipped reach the kaza borders in accordance with the instructions received, it was the responsibility of the Antakya Kaza managers to provide shelter and feeding, to feed their animals, and to reach next station them safely.
As the Antakya Kaza is the gateway to the Eastern Mediterranean, it was determined that during the process of the Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-1829, security measures were taken against possibilities of attack at the Suveydiye and Keseb piers within the boundaries of the kaza. In addition, the fact that the kaza is on the trade and pilgrimage route required some precautions. In the intelligence reports reaching the Aleppo State center on this matter, after learning that the unidentified people passed through Antakya or its vicinity, the kaza administration was asked to take strict measures to prevent the passage of those who do not have a pass certificate.
In addition to the contributions of the Antakya administrators in the Ottoman-Russian War campaign of 1828-1829, reports were also found that they misused their duties from time to time. Because complaints were made to the government that some administrators collected excess wages or provisions from the public within the scope of the campaign organization. In addition, complaints were recorded that the livelihoods collected by the kaza administration for the needs of the army were given to the bandit operating in the region. For this reason, the officers who were in charge of the campaign organization, who unjustly requested food or money from the public and abused them were punished or dismissed by the Ottoman administration.

Keywords

• Ottoman State
• Campaign Organization
• Aleppo Province
• Antakya Kaza
• Ottoman-Russian War of 1828-1829

1828-1829 OSMANLI-RUS HARBİ’NDE ANTAKYA KAZASI’NIN KATKILARI

Abstract

Osmanlı-Rus ilişkileri, 1821 Mora isyanı ile başlayan ayaklanmalar süreciyle bozulmaya başladı. Bu ayaklanmalara destek sağlayan İngiltere, Fransa ve Rusya’nın ortak filolarından oluşan donanmanın 20 Ekim 1827 tarihinde Navarin Limanı’nda Osmanlı Donanması’nı yakması devletler arasında siyasi krize sebep oldu. Donanmasının neredeyse tamamını kaybeden Bâbıâlî’nin tazminat talep etmesi üzerine Rusya, 26 Nisan 1828’de harp ilan ederek, 28 Nisan’da Osmanlı toprakları olan Memleketeyn (Eflak-Boğdan)’i işgal etti. Bu duruma bir süre sessiz kalan Osmanlı Devleti ise 20 Mayıs 1828 tarihinde mecburen karşılık vererek, harbe girdiğini ilan etti. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın kapsamı, sefer organizasyonuna dair İstanbul’dan Halep Eyaleti’ne ve Halep’ten Antakya Kazası’na bildirilen 11 Ocak 1828 tarihli ilk ferman hükümlerinden başlayarak yine 14 Ekim 1829’da harbin bittiğine dair ilk haberin ulaşmasına kadar geçen süreç aralığını kapsamaktadır.
Bu çalışma, -1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi örneğinde-, Halep Eyaleti’nin alt idârî birimi olan Antakya Kazası’nın Osmanlı Devleti sefer organizasyonundaki katkılarını, dönemin kayıtlarından incelemesi bakımından önem taşımaktadır. Çalışmanın temel materyalini, 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi’nin yaşandığı süreçte kaleme alınan 19, 20 ve 21 numaralı Antakya Şer‘iyye Sicilleri ve Osmanlı Arşivi’nden temin edilen belgeler oluşturmaktadır. Ayrıca daha önce yapılan tetkik eserlerden de istifade edilmiştir.
Antakya Kazası’na, harp hazırlığına dair ilk kayıt 11 Ocak 1828 tarihinde ulaşmıştır. Ulaşan emirler doğrultusunda ve 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi sefer organizasyonu kapsamında Antakya Kazası’ndan cephede muharip güç olarak kullanılmak üzere asker veya gerektiğinde asker bedeli talep edilmiştir. Bunun dışında cephedeki ordunun iâşe ihtiyacı için muhtelif erzak kalemleri toplanmaya teşebbüs edilmişse de kazanın cephelere uzaklığı sebebiyle aynî talepler nakdî bedellere çevrilmiştir. Ayrıca Antakya Kazası’nın sınırları dahilinde olan Süveydiye (Samandağ) ve Keseb iskelelerinde olası saldırı ihtimallerine karşı güvenlik önlemlerinin alındığı tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Osmanlı Devleti
• sefer organizasyonu
• Halep Eyaleti
• Antakya Kazası
• 1828-1829 Osmanlı-Rus Harbi

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