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Türkçe İngilizce iki dilliler arasında baskın dil incelemesi: ABD’deki Ahıska Türklerinin durumu

Year 2023, Issue: 75, 61 - 82, 01.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32925/tday.2023.95

Abstract

Günümüzde on farklı ülkede yaşamlarını devam ettiren Ahıska Türkleri, tarihte yaşanan çeşitli olaylar sebebiyle çeşitli zamanlarda yaşadıkları toprakları terk etmek ve yeni yerlere göç etmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Bu kimi zaman zorunlu, kimi zaman da gönüllü göçler neticesinde de doğal olarak farklı kültürlerle ve farklı dil/lehçelerle karşılaşmışlardır. Farklı kültür ve dil/lehçelere uyum sağlamak zorunda kalan Ahıska Türklerinin bir kısmı ise bugün ABD’de yaşamaktadırlar. On yılı aşkın bir zamandır ABD’de yaşayan Ahıska Türkleri, burada da hem kültürel hem de dilsel olarak yaşama uyum sağlamışlardır. Daha önceki deneyimleri ile zaten birden fazla dile ya da lehçeye hâkim olan Ahıska Türkleri burada da İngilizce öğrenmişler iki dilli/ çok dilli olmuşlardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı ABD’de yaşayan Ahıska Türkleri arasında baskın iki dillilik düzeylerini ölçmektir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri, Ohio eyaletinde yaşayan 125 Ahıska Türk’ü (nkadın = 42 ve nerkek = 83) bu çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada verileri elde etmek için İki Dillilik Dil Profili ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS programında analiz edilmiş ve bulgulara göre eğitim düzeyi, çalışma durumu, yaş, dil kullanımı, dil becerisi ve dil tutumlarının baskın dil konusunda istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu görülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlar iki dillilik, çok dillilik, baskın dil üzerine mevcut alan yazını çerçevesinde tartışılmış ve Ahıska Türkleri için çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.

References

  • Argyri, E., & Sorace, A. (2007). Crosslinguistic influence and language dominance in older bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(1), 79-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002835
  • Aronin, L., & Britta, H. (Ed.) (2009). The exploration of multilingualism. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Aydıngün, A., & Aydıngün, İ. (2014). Ahıska Türkleri ulusötesi bir topluluk ulusötesi aileler. Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi.
  • Baker, C. (2001). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism (3rd Edition). Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Bican, G., & Demir, N. (2018). Danimarka'da Türkçe-Danca konuşan öğrencilerin dil baskınlığının iki dillilik temelinde incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 43(194): 131-155. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2018.7418
  • Birdsong, D. et al. (2012). Bilingual language profile: An easy-to-use instrument to assess bilingualism. COERLL, University of Texas at Austin. Web. 20 Jan. 2012. https://sites.la.utexas.edu/bilingual/ [accessed 03.10.2018]
  • Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. H. Holt and Company.
  • Butler, Y. G. (2013). Bilingualism/multilingualism and second-language acquisition. In T. K. Bhatia, & W. C. Ritchie (Eds.), The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism (Second Edition) (pp. 109-136). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Butler, Y. G., & Hakuta, K. (2004). Bilingualism and second language acquisition. In T. K. Bhatia, & W. C. Ritchie (Eds.), The handbook of bilingualism. Blackwell Publishing. De Angelis, G. (2007). Third of additional language acquisition. Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Döpke, Susanne (1992). One parent, one language: An interactional approach. John Benjamins Publishing.
  • Dunn, A. L., & Fox Tree, J. E. (2009). A quick, gradient bilingual dominance scale. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3(12), 273-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990113
  • Flege, J. E. et al. (2002). Assessing bilingual dominance. Applied Psycholinguistics, 23(4), 567-598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716402004046
  • Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6th ed). McGraw-Hill Companies.
  • Genesee, F. (1985). Second language learning through immersion: A review of U.S. programs. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 541-561.DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1170246
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.). Pearson.
  • Grosjean, F. (1982). Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Harvard University Press.
  • Grosjean, F. (2008). Studying bilinguals. Oxford University Press.
  • Grosjean, F. (2010). Bilingual life and reality. Harvard University Press.
  • Hakuta, K. (1986). Mirror of language the debate on bilingualism. Basic Books.
  • Hamers, J. F., & Blanc, M. H. A. (2000). Bilinguality and bilingualism (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press.
  • Haugen, E. (1957). The Norwegian language in America. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Gertken, L. M. et al. (2014). Assessing language dominance with the bilingual language profile. In P. Leclercq et al. (Eds.), Measuring L2 Proficiency: Perspectives from ESL (pp. 208-225). Multilingual Matters.
  • Karahan, F. (2005). Bilingualism in Turkey. In J. Cohen et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism (pp. 1152-1166). Cascadilla Press.
  • Khazanov, A. M. (1992). Meskhetian Turks in Search of Self-Identity. Central Asian Survey, 11(4), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02634939208400787
  • Kohnert, K. J. et al. (1999). Balancing bilinguals: Lexical-semantic production and cognitive processing in children learning Spanish and English. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 42 (6), 1400-1413.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4206.1285
  • Kolukırık, S. (2011). Sürgün, toplumsal hafıza ve kültürel göç: ABD’deki Ahıska Türkleri üzerine bir araştırma. Bilig, 59, 167-190.
  • Koriouchkin, L. (2009). Meskhetian Turks and the regime of citizenship in Russia. Ethnology, 48(1), 39-52.
  • Kurt, H. & Açıkgöz, M. A. (2017). ABD’de yaşayan Ahıska Türkleri. Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, IV(1), 107-127.
  • Lanza, E. & Sevendsen, B. A. (2007). Tell me who your friends are and I might be able to tell you what language(s) you speak: Social network analysis, multilingualism, and identity. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(3), 275-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069070110030201
  • Liddicoat, A. (1991). Bilingualism: an introduction. In Liddicoat, A. (Ed.), Bilingualism and Bilingual Education (pp. 1-20). National Languages Institute of Australia.
  • Lim, V. P. C. et al. (2008). Determining language dominance in English–Mandarin bilinguals: Development of a self-report classification tool for clinical use. Applied Psycholinguistics, 29(3), 389-412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716408080181
  • Mackey W. F. (1967). How can bilingualism be described and measured? Outline of the problems. In Kelly, L. G. (Ed.), Description and measurement of bilingualism: an international seminar University of Moncton (pp. 241-284). University of Toronto Press.
  • Marian, V. et al. (2007). The language experience and proficiency questionnaire (LEAP-Q): assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(4), 940-967. DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/067)
  • Moradi, H. (2014). An investigation through different types of bilinguals and bilingualism. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies, I(II), 107-112.
  • Ranard, D. A. (Ed.). (2006). Meskhetian Turks an introduction to their history, culture and resettlement experiences. Center for Applied Linguistics.
  • Romaine, S. (1989). Bilingualism. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Sakallı, E. (2016). Ahıska edebiyatının çınarı Mircevat Ahıskalı. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Sakallı, E. & Özcan, D. (2016). Amerika’da yaşayan Ahıska Türklerinin evlenme âdetleri üzerine. Milli Folklor, 109, 233-240.
  • Sverdlow, S. (2006). Understanding post-Soviet ethnic discrimination and the effective use of U.S. refugee resettlement: The case of the Meskhetian Turks of Krasnodar Krai. California Law Review, 94(6), 1827-1878.
  • Taura, H. (1996). Bilingual measurement. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fultext/Ed413763.pdf [accessed 24.10.2018]
  • Treffers-Daller, J. (2019). What defines language dominance in bilinguals? Annual Review of Linguistics, 5, 375-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011817-045554
  • Wei, L. (2005). Bilingualism reader (e-book).
  • https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/prm/asst/rl/rpts/25691.htmç [accessed 16.12.2018]
  • https://psychologydictionary.org/?s=balanced+bilingual [accessed 02.05.2019]

An assessment of language dominance among Turkish-English bilinguals: The case of the Ahıska Turks in the Us

Year 2023, Issue: 75, 61 - 82, 01.06.2023
https://doi.org/10.32925/tday.2023.95

Abstract

Today living in ten different countries, the Ahıska Turks have had to leave their lands and immigrate to different places. As a consequence of these migrations they did compulsorily or sometimes voluntarily as in the case of their migration to the US, they have encountered different cultures and languages/dialects. Some of the Ahıska Turks, today, live in the US. Since they have been living in the US for more than a decade, they have adjusted to the way of life in the US culturally and linguistically alike. Thanks to their previous experiences, they have learned English and become bilingual/multilingual. The aim of this study was to measure the language dominance among the Ahıska Turks. 125 Ahıska Turks (nfemale = 42 and nmale = 83), living in the United States of America, Ohio, consisted of the sample of the survey. The Bilingual Language Profile was employed to measure the language dominance and the SPSS was used to analyze the data obtained. According to the findings, the level of education, employment, age, language use, language proficiency, and language attitude of the participants were significant for the dominant language. The results were discussed within the framework of the existing literature on language dominance and suggestions for the Ahıska Turks living in the United States of America were put forward.

References

  • Argyri, E., & Sorace, A. (2007). Crosslinguistic influence and language dominance in older bilingual children. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 10(1), 79-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728906002835
  • Aronin, L., & Britta, H. (Ed.) (2009). The exploration of multilingualism. John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Aydıngün, A., & Aydıngün, İ. (2014). Ahıska Türkleri ulusötesi bir topluluk ulusötesi aileler. Hoca Ahmet Yesevi Uluslararası Türk-Kazak Üniversitesi.
  • Baker, C. (2001). Foundations of bilingual education and bilingualism (3rd Edition). Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Bican, G., & Demir, N. (2018). Danimarka'da Türkçe-Danca konuşan öğrencilerin dil baskınlığının iki dillilik temelinde incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 43(194): 131-155. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2018.7418
  • Birdsong, D. et al. (2012). Bilingual language profile: An easy-to-use instrument to assess bilingualism. COERLL, University of Texas at Austin. Web. 20 Jan. 2012. https://sites.la.utexas.edu/bilingual/ [accessed 03.10.2018]
  • Bloomfield, L. (1933). Language. H. Holt and Company.
  • Butler, Y. G. (2013). Bilingualism/multilingualism and second-language acquisition. In T. K. Bhatia, & W. C. Ritchie (Eds.), The handbook of bilingualism and multilingualism (Second Edition) (pp. 109-136). Blackwell Publishing.
  • Butler, Y. G., & Hakuta, K. (2004). Bilingualism and second language acquisition. In T. K. Bhatia, & W. C. Ritchie (Eds.), The handbook of bilingualism. Blackwell Publishing. De Angelis, G. (2007). Third of additional language acquisition. Multilingual Matters Ltd.
  • Döpke, Susanne (1992). One parent, one language: An interactional approach. John Benjamins Publishing.
  • Dunn, A. L., & Fox Tree, J. E. (2009). A quick, gradient bilingual dominance scale. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 3(12), 273-289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S1366728909990113
  • Flege, J. E. et al. (2002). Assessing bilingual dominance. Applied Psycholinguistics, 23(4), 567-598. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716402004046
  • Fraenkel, J. R., & Wallen, N. E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6th ed). McGraw-Hill Companies.
  • Genesee, F. (1985). Second language learning through immersion: A review of U.S. programs. Review of Educational Research, 55(4), 541-561.DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/1170246
  • George, D., & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.). Pearson.
  • Grosjean, F. (1982). Life with two languages: An introduction to bilingualism. Harvard University Press.
  • Grosjean, F. (2008). Studying bilinguals. Oxford University Press.
  • Grosjean, F. (2010). Bilingual life and reality. Harvard University Press.
  • Hakuta, K. (1986). Mirror of language the debate on bilingualism. Basic Books.
  • Hamers, J. F., & Blanc, M. H. A. (2000). Bilinguality and bilingualism (Second Edition). Cambridge University Press.
  • Haugen, E. (1957). The Norwegian language in America. University of Pennsylvania Press.
  • Gertken, L. M. et al. (2014). Assessing language dominance with the bilingual language profile. In P. Leclercq et al. (Eds.), Measuring L2 Proficiency: Perspectives from ESL (pp. 208-225). Multilingual Matters.
  • Karahan, F. (2005). Bilingualism in Turkey. In J. Cohen et al. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Bilingualism (pp. 1152-1166). Cascadilla Press.
  • Khazanov, A. M. (1992). Meskhetian Turks in Search of Self-Identity. Central Asian Survey, 11(4), 1-16. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02634939208400787
  • Kohnert, K. J. et al. (1999). Balancing bilinguals: Lexical-semantic production and cognitive processing in children learning Spanish and English. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 42 (6), 1400-1413.DOI: https://doi.org/10.1044/jslhr.4206.1285
  • Kolukırık, S. (2011). Sürgün, toplumsal hafıza ve kültürel göç: ABD’deki Ahıska Türkleri üzerine bir araştırma. Bilig, 59, 167-190.
  • Koriouchkin, L. (2009). Meskhetian Turks and the regime of citizenship in Russia. Ethnology, 48(1), 39-52.
  • Kurt, H. & Açıkgöz, M. A. (2017). ABD’de yaşayan Ahıska Türkleri. Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, IV(1), 107-127.
  • Lanza, E. & Sevendsen, B. A. (2007). Tell me who your friends are and I might be able to tell you what language(s) you speak: Social network analysis, multilingualism, and identity. International Journal of Bilingualism, 11(3), 275-300. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/13670069070110030201
  • Liddicoat, A. (1991). Bilingualism: an introduction. In Liddicoat, A. (Ed.), Bilingualism and Bilingual Education (pp. 1-20). National Languages Institute of Australia.
  • Lim, V. P. C. et al. (2008). Determining language dominance in English–Mandarin bilinguals: Development of a self-report classification tool for clinical use. Applied Psycholinguistics, 29(3), 389-412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0142716408080181
  • Mackey W. F. (1967). How can bilingualism be described and measured? Outline of the problems. In Kelly, L. G. (Ed.), Description and measurement of bilingualism: an international seminar University of Moncton (pp. 241-284). University of Toronto Press.
  • Marian, V. et al. (2007). The language experience and proficiency questionnaire (LEAP-Q): assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 50(4), 940-967. DOI: 10.1044/1092-4388(2007/067)
  • Moradi, H. (2014). An investigation through different types of bilinguals and bilingualism. International Journal of Humanities & Social Science Studies, I(II), 107-112.
  • Ranard, D. A. (Ed.). (2006). Meskhetian Turks an introduction to their history, culture and resettlement experiences. Center for Applied Linguistics.
  • Romaine, S. (1989). Bilingualism. Blackwell Publishing.
  • Sakallı, E. (2016). Ahıska edebiyatının çınarı Mircevat Ahıskalı. Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Sakallı, E. & Özcan, D. (2016). Amerika’da yaşayan Ahıska Türklerinin evlenme âdetleri üzerine. Milli Folklor, 109, 233-240.
  • Sverdlow, S. (2006). Understanding post-Soviet ethnic discrimination and the effective use of U.S. refugee resettlement: The case of the Meskhetian Turks of Krasnodar Krai. California Law Review, 94(6), 1827-1878.
  • Taura, H. (1996). Bilingual measurement. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fultext/Ed413763.pdf [accessed 24.10.2018]
  • Treffers-Daller, J. (2019). What defines language dominance in bilinguals? Annual Review of Linguistics, 5, 375-393. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011817-045554
  • Wei, L. (2005). Bilingualism reader (e-book).
  • https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/prm/asst/rl/rpts/25691.htmç [accessed 16.12.2018]
  • https://psychologydictionary.org/?s=balanced+bilingual [accessed 02.05.2019]
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Linguistics
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Erol Sakallı This is me 0000-0001-9596-4686

Publication Date June 1, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 75

Cite

APA Sakallı, E. (2023). An assessment of language dominance among Turkish-English bilinguals: The case of the Ahıska Turks in the Us. Türk Dili Araştırmaları Yıllığı - Belleten(75), 61-82. https://doi.org/10.32925/tday.2023.95