Profesyonel Korumalı Futbol Oyuncularının İzometrik Kol Kuvvetleri̇ ile Görsel Motor Reaksiyon Süreleri Arasındaki̇ İlişkinin İncelenmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Profesyonel Korumalı Futbol (PKF) oyuncularının izometrik kol kuvvetleri ile görsel motor reaksiyon test (GMRT) süreleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya, Profesyonel Korumalı Futbol (PKF) oynayan gönüllü 11 oyuncu katıldı. PKAF oyuncularının yaş, boy, vücut ağırlık ve sporcu yaş ortalamaları sırasıyla 22.36 ± 1.80 yıl, 183.90 ± 5.91 cm, 96.45 ± 22,56 kg, 3.18 ± 2.27 yıl olarak tespit edildi. PKAF oyuncularına standart bir ısınma sonrası sağ el ve sol el ile iki defa fit-light reaksiyon ölçüm cihazında (Fitlight Sports Corp., Kanada) GMRT ve bir gün sonra aynı saat ve aynı standart ısınma protokolü sonrası sağ el ve sol el ile iki defa ActiveForce2 kuvvet ölçüm cihazı ile izometrik kol kuvvet ölçüm testleri uygulandı ve en iyi değer kaydedildi. İstatistiksel analizi için spss paket program 27 kullanıldı. Verilerin arasındaki ilişkiyi anlamak için spearman korelasyon testi uygulandı. Sonuç olarak, Activeforce2 izometrik kol kuvvet değerleri SağelMk ile SağelOk, SolelOk ve SolelMk (r = 0,991 p <0,01, r = 0,945 p <0,01, r = 0,938 p <0,01) arasında, SağelOk ile SolelOk ve SolelMk (r = 0,964 p <0,01, r = 0,957 p <0,01) arasında, SolelOk ile SolelMk (r = 0,998p<0,01) arasında yüksek ilişki olduğu tespit edildi SağelIs ile SolelIs ve HielIs (r = 0,669 p < 0,05, r = 0,657 p < 0,05) arasında, SağelRs ile SolelRs (r = 0,671 p < 0,05) arasında, SolelIs ile HielRs (r = 0,621 p < 0,05) arasında, orta düzey ilişki olduğu tespit edildi. GMRT değerleri arasında; SağelIs ile HielIs ve SolelIs (r = 0,657 p <0,05, r = 0,669 p <0,05) arasında, SağelRs ile SolelRs (r = 0,671 p <0,05) arasında, SolelIs ile HielRs (r = 0,621 p <0,05) arasında, orta düzey ilişki olduğu tespit edildi. SağelIs ile SolelRs ve SağelRs (r =-0,738 p <0,01, r =-0,924 p <0,01) arasında, SağelRs ile SolelRs ve SolelIs (r =-0,816 p <0,01, r =-0,736 p <0,01) arasında, HielIs, ile SolelRs (r =-0,984 p <0,01) arasında, SolelIs ile SolelRs (r =-0,984 p <0,01) arasında zıt yönde yüksek ilişki olduğu tespit edildi. SağelIs ile SolelRs (r =-0,680 p <0,01) arasında, HielIs ile SolelRs ve SağelRs (r =-0,606 p <0,01, r =-0,640 p <0,01) arasında zıt yönde orta düzey ilişki olduğu tespit edildi. Görsel motor reaksiyon ile Activeforce2 kuvvet değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak ilişki olmadığı tespit edildi. Bu durumda GMRT ile Activeforce2 izometrik kol kuvvet değerleri arasında ilişki olmadığı söylenebilir.

Keywords

• Korumalı futbol
• Görsel motor reaksiyon
• fitlight
• izometrik kuvvet
• activeforce2

Ethical Statement

Çalışma Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Etik Kurulu tarafından (protokol numarası 2024 -224) onaylanmıştır

Thanks

Bandırma Onyedi Eylül Üniversitesi KF takımında yer alan 11 erkek sporcu ve antrenörlerine teşekkür ederiz.

Investigation of The Relationship Between Isometric Arm Strength And Visual Motor Reaction Times of Professional Protected American Football (PAF) Players

Abstract

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between isometric arm strength and visual motor reaction test (VMRT) times in Professional American Football (PAF) players. Eleven volunteer PAF players participated in the study. The mean ages, heights, body weights, and athlete years of PAF players were determined as 22.36 ± 1.80 years, 183.90 ± 5.91 cm, 96.45 ± 22.56 kg, and 3.18 ± 2.27 years, respectively. PAF players underwent GMRT twice using a Fit-Light reaction meter (Fitlight Sports Corp., Canada) after a standard warm-up, and isometric arm strength tests twice using an ActiveForce2 strength meter after the same warm-up protocol and at the same time the following day. The best values were recorded. SPSS 27 was used for statistical analysis. Spearman correlation tests were applied to understand the relationships between the data. In conclusion, Activeforce2 isometric arm strength values showed a high correlation between SağelMk and SağelOk, SolelOk and SolelMk (r = 0.991 p <0.01, r = 0.945 p <0.01, r = 0.938 p <0.01), between SağelOk and SolelOk and SolelMk (r = 0.964 p <0.01, r = 0.957 p <0.01), between SolelOk and SolelMk (r = 0.998 p <0.01), between SağelIs and SolelIs and HielIs (r = 0.669 p < 0.05, r = 0.657 p < 0.05), between SağelRs and SolelRs (r = 0.671 p < 0.05), and between SolelIs and HielRs. A moderate correlation was found between the following VMRT values: SağelIs and HielIs and SolelIs (r = 0.657 p < 0.05, r = 0.669 p < 0.05), SağelRs and SolelRs (r = 0.671 p < 0.05), and SolelIs and HielRs (r = 0.621 p < 0.05). A high inverse correlation was found between SağelIs and SolelRs and SağelRs (r = -0.738 p < 0.01, r = -0.924 p < 0.01), between SağelRs and SolelRs and SolelIs (r = -0.816 p < 0.01, r = -0.736 p < 0.01), between HielIs and SolelRs (r = -0.984 p < 0.01), and between SolelIs and SolelRs (r = -0.984 p < 0.01). A moderate inverse correlation was found between SağelIs and SolelRs (r = -0.680 p < 0.01), and between HielIs and SolelRs and SağelRs (r = -0.606 p < 0.01, r = -0.640 p < 0.01). No statistically significant relationship was found between visual motor reaction and Activeforce2 force values. Therefore, it can be concluded that there is no relationship between VMRT and Activeforce2 isometric arm force values.

Keywords

• American football
• visual motor reaction
• fitlight
• isometric force
• activeforce2

Ethical Statement

The study was approved by the Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University Institute of Health Sciences Ethics Committee (protocol number 2024-224).

Thanks

We would like to thank the 11 male athletes and their coaches from Bandırma Onyedi Eylül University KF team.

References

1. ActiveForce (n.d). The dıgıtal advantege for physıcal therapy. Actıvebody. Retrived November 29,2024 from https://activforce.com/
2. Ballmann, C. G., & Rogers, R. R. (2024). American Football Headgear Impairs Visuomotor Drill Performance in Division I NCAA Football Athletes. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology, 9(3), 169.
3. Burch, R. F., Strawderman, L., Piroli, A., Chander, H., Tian, W., & Murphy, F. (2020). The importance of baselining division 1 football athlete jumping movements for performance, injury mitigation, and return to play. In Advances in Social and Occupational Ergonomics: Proceedings of the AHFE 2019 International Conference on Social and Occupational Ergonomics, July 24-28, 2019, Washington DC, USA 10 (pp. 332-344). Springer International Publishing.
4. Ceylan, H. İ., & Günay, A. R. (2020). Positional differences in anticipation timing, reaction time and dynamic balance of American football players. Pedagogy of Physical Culture and Sports, 24(5), 227-239.
5. Collins, C., Fletcher, E., Fields, S., Kluchurosky, L., Rohrkemper, M., Comstock, R., & Cantu, R. (2014). Neck strength: a protective factor reducing risk for concussion in high school sports. Journal of Primary Prevention, 35(5).
6. Daly, E., Pearce, A. J., & Ryan, L. (2021). A systematic review of strength and conditioning protocols for improving neck strength and reducing concussion incidence and impact injury risk in collision sports; is there evidence?. Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 6(1), 8.
7. Gierczuk, D., Lyakh, V., Sadowski, J., & Bujak, Z. (2017). Speed of reaction and fighting effectiveness in elite Greco-Roman wrestlers. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 124(1), 200-213.
8. Houtman, C. J., Heerschap, A., Zwarts, M. J., & Stegeman, D. F. (2002). An additional phase in PCr use during sustained isometric exercise at 30% MVC in the tibialis anterior muscle. NMR in Biomedicine: An International Journal Devoted to the Development and Application of Magnetic Resonance In Vivo, 15(4), 270-277.

9. Kumar, A. P., Omprakash, A., Kuppusamy, Maruty., K. N., Sathiyasekaran, B. W. C., Vijayaraghavan, PV, & Ramaswamy, P. (2020). How does cognitive function measured by the reaction time and critical flicker fusion frequency correlate with the academic performance of students? BMC medical education, 20(1), 1-12.
10. Leite, P. H., Melo, R. C., Mello, M. F., Silva, E. D., Borghi-Silva, A., & Catai, A. M. (2010). Heart rate responses during isometric exercises in patients undergoing a phase III cardiac rehabilitation program. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy, 14, 383-389.
11. Liu, C., Zhao, H., Yan, Y., Yang, W., Chen, S., Song, G., Li, X., Gu, Y., Yun, H., & Li, Y. (2023). Synergistic effect of Rhodiola rosea and caffeine supplementation on the improvement of muscle strength and muscular endurance: A pilot study for rats, resistance exercise-untrained and -trained volunteers. Nutrients, 15(3), 582. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15030582
12. Llanos-Lagos, C., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Moran, J., & Sáez de Villarreal, E. (2024). Effect of Strength Training Programs in Middle-and Long-Distance Runners’ Economy at Different Running Speeds: A Systematic Review with Meta-analysis. Sports Medicine, 1-38.
13. Malhotra, R., Persic, V., Zhang, W., Brown, J., Tao, X., Rosales, L., ... & Kotanko, P. (2017). Tryptophan and kynurenine levels and its association with sleep, nonphysical fatigue, and depression in chronic hemodialysis patients. Journal of Renal Nutrition, 27(4), 260-266.
14. Mańkowska, M., Poliszczuk, T., Poliszczuk, D., & Johne, M. (2015). Visual perception and its effect on reaction time and time-movement anticipation in elite female basketball players. Polish Journal of Sport and Tourism, 22(1), 3-8.
15. Mcguigan, M. R., Newton, M. J., Winchester, J. B., & Nelson, A. G. (2010). Relationship between isometric and dynamic strength in recreationally trained men. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(9), 2570-2573.
16. McGuigan, M. R., Wright, G. A., & Fleck, S. J. (2012). Strength training for athletes: does it really help sports performance?. International journal of sports physiology and performance, 7(1), 2-5.
17. McMaster, D. T., Gill, N., Cronin, J., & McGuigan, M. (2013). The development, retention and decay rates of strength and power in elite rugby union, rugby league and American football: a systematic review. Sports medicine, 43, 367-384.
18. Miller, R. A., Rogers, R. R., Williams, T. D., Marshall, M. R., Moody, J. R., Hensarling, R. W., & Ballmann, C. G. (2019). Effects of protective American football headgear on peripheral vision reaction time and visual target detection in Division I NCAA football players. Sports, 7(9), 213.
19. Mortensen, J. D., Vasavada, A. N., & Merryweather, A. S. (2020). Sensitivity analysis of muscle properties and impact parameters on head injury risk in American football. Journal of biomechanics, 100, 109411.
20. Newman, J., Sumsion, A., Torrie, S., & Lee, D. J. (2023). Automated pre-play analysis of American football formations using deep learning. Electronics, 12(3), 726.
21. Olher, R. R., Rosa, T. S., Souza, L. H. R., Oliveira, J. F., Soares, B. R. A., & Ribeiro, T. B. A. (2019). Isometric exercise improves redox balance and blood pressure in hypertensive adults. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2019Nov, 21(10).
22. Patel, B., & Rathi, P. (2019). Effect of 4 week exercise program on visual reaction time. Int J Phys Educ Sport Heal, 6(4), 143-147.
23. Pavelka, R., Třebický, V., Třebická Fialová, J., Zdobinský, A., Coufalová, K., Havlíček, J., & Tufano, J. J. (2020). Acute fatigue affects reaction times and reaction consistency in Mixed Martial Arts fighters. PloS one, 15(1), e0227675.
24. Pérez-Castilla, A., Ruiz-Alias, S. A., Ramirez-Campillo, R., Miras-Moreno, S., García-Pinillos, F., & Marcos-Blanco, A. (2024). Acute Effect of Velocity-Based Resistance Training on Subsequent Endurance Running Performance: Volume and Intensity Relevance. Applied Sciences, 14(7), 2736.
25. Pincivero, D. M., Gandhi, V., Timmons, M. K., & Coelho, A. J. (2006). Quadriceps femoris electromyogram during concentric, isometric and eccentric phases of fatiguing dynamic knee extensions. Journal of biomechanics, 39(2), 246-254.
26. Rajkumar, M., Logeswaran, S., Suryaraj, S., Raveen, M., Sujinraj, D., & Balaji, E. (2024). Exploring the efficacy of isometric strength exercises in knee rehabilitation among football players. Slobozhanskyi Herald of Science and Sport, 28(3), 108-115.
27. Reichert, L., Müller, T., Wieland, B., Fleddermann, M. T., & Zentgraf, K. (2023). Upper-body isometric horizontal strength in game sport athletes. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 5, 1213957.
28. Reid, B., Schreiber, K., Shawhan, J., Stewart, E., Burch, R., & Reimann, W. (2020). Reaction time assessment for coaching defensive players in NCAA division 1 American football: A comprehensive literature review. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 77, 102942.
29. Swift, H. T., O’Driscoll, J. M., Coleman, D. D., Caux, A. D., & Wiles, J. D. (2022). Acute cardiac autonomic and haemodynamic responses to leg and arm isometric exercise. European journal of applied physiology, 122(4), 975-985.
30. Tarkka, I. M., & Hautasaari, P. (2019). Motor action execution in reaction-time movements: magnetoencephalographic study. American journal of physical medicine & rehabilitation, 98(9), 771-776.
31. Tatlıcı, A., & Özer, O. (2023). Comparison of Resting and Fatigue Visual-Motor Reaction Time of Turkey Men's Deaf National Basketball Players. Research Quarterly For Exercise and Sport.
32. Wylie, S. A., Bashore, T. R., Van Wouwe, N. C., Mason, E. J., John, K. D., Neimat, J. S., & Ally, B. A. (2018). Exposing an “Intangible” cognitive skill among collegiate football players: enhanced interference control. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 49.
33. Zachary, S., Stewart, E., Fonville, T., Chander, H., Strawderman, L., May, D., ... & Bichey, C. (2019). Helmet Prototype Response Time Assessment using NCAA Division 1 Collegiate Football Athletes. International Journal of Kinesiology & Sports Science, 7(4), 53.