Futbol Hakemlerinde Ayak Bileği Mobilitesi ve Fonksiyonel Hareket Yetenekleri: İlişkisel Bir Çalışma

Year 2025, Volume: 17 Issue: 2, 130 - 143, 24.10.2025

Barış Baydemir , Tunay Dilican

https://doi.org/10.55929/besad.1663600

Abstract

Bu çalışma, futbol hakemlerinde ayak bileği mobilitesi ve fonksiyonel hareket yetenekleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma kesitsel ve ilişkisel bir araştırma tasarımı ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırmaya, Çanakkale ve Tekirdağ illerinde aktif olarak hakemlik yapan ve gönüllü olarak katılım sağlayan yaşları 20-30 arasında olan 107 erkek futbol hakemi dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcıların belirlenmesinde son altı ay içinde alt ekstremite yaralanması yaşamamış olmaları temel dahil edilme kriteri olarak kabul edilmiştir. Araştırmada hakemlerin antropometrik özelliklerinden boy uzunluğu, vücut ağırlığı, Beden kütle indeksi (BKİ), fiziksel özelliklerinden ise ayak bileği mobilitesi için dorsifleksiyon açısı ve skorları Fonksiyonel hareket analizi (FMS) ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen bulgular için SPSS 22.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Araştırma elde edilen verilerin normal dağılım gösterip göstermediğini test etmek için yapılan normallik testi sonucunda araştırmaya katılan sporcuların 30’un üzerinde olması nedeni ile Kolmogorov-Smirnov değerleri dikkate alınmıştır. Araştırmaya katılan futbol hakemlerinin ayak bileği mobilitesi ve fonksiyonel hareketleri arasındaki ilişkinin belirlenmesi için yapılan Spearman Sıra Farkları Korelasyon testi yapılmıştır. Araştırmada futbol hakemlerinin ayak bileği hareket açıklığı ile fonksiyonel hareket becerileri arasında olumlu ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucunda, fonksiyonel hareket skorları iyi olan futbol hakemlerinin ayak bileği hareket açıklığının da iyi olduğu görülmüştür. Fonksiyonel hareket analiz skorlarının sakatlık tahmininde etkili olması ve ayak mobilitesinin de fonksiyonel hareket skorlarına olumlu etkilerinin olmasından dolayı, hakemlerde sakatlanma riskini etkileyeceği söylenebilir. Ayrıca, futbol hakemlerinde fiziksel yeterliliği arttırmaya yönelik yapılan çalışmalarda ayak bileği mobilitesini geliştirmeye yönelik egzersizlerin önemli olduğu söylenebilir.

Keywords

Futbol hakemleri , mobilite , dorsifleksiyon , FMS

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışma ÇOMÜ Etik Kurul’undan (2025-02) izin alınarak yapılmıştır.

Supporting Institution

Bu çalışmadan herhangi bir kurumdan fon desteği alınmamıştır

Thanks

Çalışmaya katılan katılımcılara teşekkür ederiz.

Ankle Mobility and Functional Movement Abilities in Football Referees: A Relational Study

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ankle mobility and functional movement capabilities in football referees. The research was conducted using a cross-sectional and correlational study design. A total of 107 male football referees, aged between 20 and 30, who were actively officiating in the provinces of Çanakkale and Tekirdağ and participated voluntarily, were included in the study. The primary inclusion criterion was the absence of any lower extremity injuries within the last six months. The anthropometric characteristics measured included height, body weight, and body mass index (BMI). Ankle dorsiflexion angle and scores were used to assess ankle mobility, and the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) was applied to evaluate functional movement capabilities. Data were analyzed using SPSS 22.0 software. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to assess the normality of the data distribution, considering the sample size exceeded 30 participants. To determine the relationship between ankle mobility and functional movement among the referees, the Spearman’s Rank Correlation Coefficient test was employed. The study found a positive relationship between ankle range of motion and functional movement abilities in football referees. It was observed that referees with higher functional movement scores also demonstrated better ankle mobility. Given that functional movement scores are effective in predicting injury risk, and that ankle mobility positively contributes to these scores, it can be inferred that ankle mobility may influence injury risk in referees. Therefore, it is suggested that exercises aimed at improving ankle mobility are important in enhancing physical competence among football referees.

Keywords

Football referees , mobility , dorsiflexion , FMS

References

• Allard, P., Leteneur, S., Watelain, É., & Begon, M. (2017). Urban legends in gait analysis. Movement & Sport Sciences-Science & Motricité, (98), 5-11.
• Anam, K., Setiowati, A., Nurrachmad, L., Indardi, N., Azmi, D. A. N., Aditia, E. A., ... & Kozina, Z. (2024). Injury Risk Analysis of Soccer Academy Students: Review of Functional Movement Screen Scores and Demographic Data. Retos: nuevas tendencias en educación física, deporte y recreación, (55), 900-907.
• Arnason, A., Sigurdsson, S. B., Gudmundsson, A., Holme, I., Engebretsen, L., & Bahr, R. (2004). Risk factors for injuries in football. The American journal of sports medicine, 32(1_suppl), 5-16.
• Azocar, A. F., & Rouse, E. J. (2017). Stiffness perception during active ankle and knee movement. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, 64(12), 2949-2956.
• Balsalobre-Fernández, C., Romero-Franco, N., & Jiménez-Reyes, P. (2019). Concurrent validity and reliability of an iPhone app for the measurement of ankle dorsiflexion and inter-limb asymmetries. Journal of sports sciences, 37(3), 249-253.
• Banwell, H. A., Uden, H., Marshall, N., Altmann, C., & Williams, C. M. (2019). The iPhone Measure app level function as a measuring device for the weight bearing lunge test in adults: a reliability study. Journal of foot and ankle research, 12, 1-7.
• Baydemir, B., Cirasun, V., & Yurdakul, H. (2020). Futbol Hakemlerine Uygulanan Kuvvet Antrenmanlarının Sürat, Çeviklik, Aerobik ve Anaerobik Kapasiteye Etkisi. Uluslararası Dağcılık ve Tırmanış Dergisi, 3(1), 15-26.
• Baydemir, B., Yurdakul, H. Ö., & Aksoy, S. (2021). The Effect of Different Training Strategies Applied to Football Referees On Max (vo2) and Running Performance. Pakistan Journal of Medical Health Science, 15(10).
• Beardsley, C., & Contreras, B. (2014). The functional movement screen: A review. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 36(5), 72-80.
• Benazeera, U. J. (2014). Association between eating habits and body mass index (BMI) of adolescents. Int J Med Sci Public Health, 3(8), 940-3. ISO 690.
• Bennell, K., Khan, K. M., Matthews, B., De Gruyter, M., Cook, E., Holzer, K., & Wark, J. D. (1999). Hip and Ankle Range of Motion and Hip Muscle Strength in Young Female Ballet Dancers and Controls. British journal of sports medicine, 33(5), 340-346
• Bezodis, N. E., Trewartha, G., & Salo, A. I. T. (2015). Understanding the effect of touchdown distance and ankle joint kinematics on sprint acceleration performance through computer simulation. Sports Biomechanics, 14(2), 232-245.
• Bizzini, M., Junge, A., Bahr, R., & Dvorak, J. (2009). Female soccer referees selected for the FIFA Women’s World Cup 2007: survey of injuries and musculoskeletal problems. British journal of sports medicine, 43(12), 936-942.
• Carvalho, V., Esteves, P. T., Nunes, C., Helsen, W. F., & Travassos, B. (2023). The assessment of the match performance of association football referees: Identification of key variables. PloS one, 18(9), e0291917.
• Cejudo, A., Robles-Palazón, F. J., Ayala, F., Croix, M. D. S., Ortega-Toro, E., Santonja-Medina, F., & de Baranda, P. S. (2019). Age-related differences in flexibility in soccer players 8–19 years old. PeerJ, 7, e6236.
• Cook, G., Burton, L., & Hoogenboom, B. (2006). Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function–part 1. North American journal of sports physical therapy: NAJSPT, 1(2), 62.
• Crossley, K. M., Thancanamootoo, K., Metcalf, B. R., Cook, J. L., Purdam, C. R., & Warden, S. J. (2007). Clinical features of patellar tendinopathy and their implications for rehabilitation. Journal of orthopaedic research, 25(9), 1164-1175.
• De Oliveira, M. C., Reis, L. N., & da Silva, A. I. (2016). Injury incidence in Brazilian football referees. Arch Med Deporte, 33(172), 108-12. Dennis, R. J., Finch, C. F., McIntosh, A. S., & Elliott, B. C. (2008). Use of field-based tests to identify risk factors for injury to fast bowlers in cricket. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 42(6), 477-482.
• Drewes, L. K., McKeon, P. O., Kerrigan, D. C., & Hertel, J. (2009). Dorsiflexion deficit during jogging with chronic ankle instability. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 12(6), 685-687.
• Fernández-Ruiz, V., López-Samanes, Á., Del Coso, J., Pino-Ortega, J., Sánchez-Sánchez, J., Terrón-Manrique, P., ... & Moreno-Pérez, V. (2021). Influence of football match-play on isometric knee flexion strength and passive hip flexion range of motion in football referees and assistant referees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(22), 11941.
• Fong, C. M., Blackburn, J. T., Norcross, M. F., McGrath, M., & Padua, D. A. (2011). Ankle-dorsiflexion range of motion and landing biomechanics. Journal of athletic training, 46(1), 5-10.
• Fraser, J. J., & Hertel, J. (2019). Joint mobility & stability strategies for the ankle. 29.2 Neurology in Orthopaedics.
• Gabbe, B. J., Bennell, K. L., Finch, C. F., Wajswelner, H., & Orchard, J. W. (2006). Predictors of hamstring injury at the elite level of Australian football. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 16(1), 7-13.
• Gambetta, V. (2007). Athletic development: defining the discipline. The Gain Network.
• Gosse, G., Ward, E., McIntyre, A., & Banwell, H. A. (2021). The Reliability and Validity of the weight-bearing Lunge Test in a Congenital Talipes Equinovarus population (CTEV). PeerJ,9, e10253.
• Hamilton, M., & Velasquez, J. R. (2011). Ankle flexibility and jump landing mechanics: implications for ACL injury risk. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, 16(6), 14-16.
• Ives, J. C., & Shelley, G. A. (2003). Psychophysics in functional strength and power training: Review and implementation framework. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 17(1), 177-186.
• Kraus, K., Schütz, E., Taylor, W. R., & Doyscher, R. (2014). Efficacy of the functional movement screen: a review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 28(12), 3571-3584.
• LaRocca, N. G. (2011). Impact of walking impairment in multiple sclerosis: perspectives of patients and care partners. The Patient: Patient-Centered Outcomes Research, 4, 189-201.
• Lee, H., Rouse, E. J., & Krebs, H. I. (2016). Summary of human ankle mechanical impedance during walking. IEEE journal of translational engineering in health and medicine, 4, 1-7.
• Lin, C. W. C., Moseley, A. M., Herbert, R. D., & Refshauge, K. M. (2009). Pain and dorsiflexion range of motion predict short-and medium-term activity limitation in people receiving physiotherapy intervention after ankle fracture: an observational study. Australian Journal of Physiotherapy, 55(1), 31-37.
• López-Valenciano, A., Ayala, F., Vera-García, F. J., De Ste Croix, M. B., Hernández-Sánchez, S., Ruiz-Pérez, I., ... & Santonja, F. (2019). Comprehensive profile of hip, knee and ankle ranges of motion in professional football players. Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness, 59(1), 102-109.
• Malliaras, P., Cook, J. L., & Kent, P. (2006). Reduced ankle dorsiflexion range may increase the risk of patellar tendon injury among volleyball players. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 9(4), 304-309.
• Martin, R., L.Koc Jr, T. A., Bise, C. G., Neville, C., Carreira, D, & McDonough, C. M. (2023). Heel pain–plantar fasciitis: revision 2023: clinical practice guidelines linked to the international classification of functioning, disability and health from the academy of orthopaedic physical therapy and American academy of sports physical therapy of the American physical therapy association. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 53(12), CPG1-CPG39.
• Martínez-Torremocha, G., Martin-Sanchez, M. L., Garcia-Unanue, J., Felipe, J. L., Moreno-Pérez, V., Paredes-Hernández, V., Gallardo, L., & Sanchez-Sanchez, J. (2023). Physical demands on professional Spanish football referees during matches. Science & medicine in football, 7(2), 139–145. https://doi.org/10.1080/24733938.2022.2064539
• Mason-Mackay, A. R., Whatman, C., & Reid, D. (2017). The effect of reduced ankle dorsiflexion on lower extremity mechanics during landing: A systematic review. Journal of science and medicine in sport, 20(5), 451-458.
• Massot, C., Guyot, M. A., Donze, C., Simoneau, E., Gillet, C., & Leteneur, S. (2021). Ankle dysfunction in multiple sclerosis and the effects on walking. Disability and Rehabilitation, 43(17), 2454-2463.
• Medeiros, D. M., & Martini, T. F. (2018). Chronic effect of different types of stretching on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The Foot, 34, 28-35.
• Minick, K. I., Kiesel, K. B., Burton, L. E. E., Taylor, A., Plisky, P., & Butler, R. J. (2010). Interrater reliability of the functional movement screen. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 24(2), 479-486.
• Moen, C., Andersen, T. E., Clarsen, B., Madsen-Kaarød, G., & Dalen-Lorentsen, T. (2023). Prevalence and burden of health problems in top-level football referees. Science and Medicine in Football, 7(2), 131-138.
• Moreno-Perez, V., Courel-Ibáñez, J., Del Coso, J., & Sánchez-Sánchez, J. (2022). The Effects of Match Congestion on Physical Performance in Football Referees. International journal of sports medicine, 43(6), 512–518. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1594-2739.
• Neptune, R. R., & Herzog, A. W. (1999). The association between negative muscle work and pedaling rate. Journal of biomechanics, 32(10), 1021-1026.
• O’connor, P. Deuster, J. Davis, S. Pappas, Knapik. J. (2011). Functional movement screening: predicting injuries in officer candidates. Med. Sci sports exerc, 43: s. 2224–2230.
• O'connor, S., Sherlock, L., Moran, K., & Whyte, E. (2022). Musculoskeletal injury in referees that officiate over ladies Gaelic football and Camogie. Irish medical journal, 115(2), e537-e537.
• Oleksy, Ł., Mika, A., Kuchciak, M., Bril, G., Kielnar, R., Adamska, O., ... & Deszczyński, M. (2023). Does restricted ankle joint mobility influence hamstring muscle strength, work and power in football players after ACL reconstruction and non-injured players?. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 12(19), 6330.
• Paes, M. R., Fernandez, R., & Da Silva, A. I. (2011). Injuries to football (soccer) referees during matches, training and physical tests. International sportmed journal, 12(2), 74-84.
• Rouse, E. J., Hargrove, L. J., Perreault, E. J., Peshkin, M. A., & Kuiken, T. A. (2013). Development of a mechatronic platform and validation of methods for estimating ankle stiffness during the stance phase of walking. Journal of biomechanical engineering, 135(8), 081009.
• Sučka, J., Vašková, M., Eliaš, T., & Pajonková, F. (2024). Lower limb explosive power and dynamic stability in soccer referees and assistant referees. Journal of Kinesiology and Exercise Sciences, 34(107), 1-7.
• Szymski, D., Opitz, S., Pfeifer, C., Rupp, M., Angele, P., Alt, V., ... & Krutsch, V. (2022). High injury rates and weak injury prevention strategies in football referees at all levels of play. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 32(2), 391-401.
• Taylor, C. J., Hanson, L. C., Hayes, A., Pham, A., Taylor, E., Attlesey, P., ... & Weerakkody, N. (2024). The effect of manual therapy on ankle dorsiflexion range of motion: A pilot crossover randomized trial. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 37, 202-208.
• Tulke, P., & Król, T. (2022). Assessment of the impact of functional training on the result of the Functional Movement Screen tests in footballers. Physiotherapy Review, 26(2), 65-74.
• Wilson, F., Byrne, A., & Gissane, C. (2011). A prospective study of injury and activity profile in elite soccer referees and assistant referees.
• Zemková, E., & Zapletalová, L. (2022). The role of neuromuscular control of postural and core stability in functional movement and athlete performance. Frontiers in Physiology, 13, 796097.
• Zunko, H., & Vauhnik, R. (2021). Reliability of the weight-bearing ankle dorsiflexion range of motion measurement using a smartphone goniometer application. PeerJ, 9, e11977.