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From Guest to Second Class Workers: Wage Discrimination among Syrian and Turkish Workers

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 97 - 118, 01.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.551359

Abstract

It is clear that immigrants, when participating in labor markets, are forced to turn towards labor-intensive sectors where wages are low, flexibility is the most intensive, and demand for skilled workers is the least. It can be said that the Turkish labor market has experienced a significant immigrant labor input mostly due to the movement of Syrian refugees, with a number of some 3 million today, following the civil war in Syria. Based on Istanbul, Turkey’s quantitatively most Syrian refugee-receiving city, this study examines the wage discrimination between native workers and Syrian immigrant workers in the textile sector having a composition of labour intensive, low-wage, and where informality is most common. In this context, the study aims to analyze the wage gap on the textile labor market, and also to examine the possible causes of the wage discrimination in the sector.

References

  • Akgündüz, Y., Van den Berg, M., & Hassink, W. H. (2015). The impact of refugee crises on host labor markets: the case of the Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey.
  • Antón, J. I., Muñoz de Bustillo, R., & Carrera, M. (2010). From guests to hosts: Immigrant-native wage differentials in Spain. International Journal of Manpower, 31(6), 645-659.
  • Bagir, Y. (2017). Impact of the Syrian Refugee Influx on Turkish Native Workers: An Ethnic Enclave Approach.
  • Balkan, B., & Tumen, S. (2016). Immigration and prices: quasi-experimental evidence from Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Population Economics, 29(3), 657-686.
  • Birman, D., & Trickett, E. J. (2001). Cultural transitions in first-generation immigrants: Acculturation of Soviet Jewish refugee adolescents and parents. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 32(4), 456-477.
  • Blinder, A. S. (1973). Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. Journal of Human resources, 436-455.
  • Carnevale, A. P., Fry, R. A., & Lowell, B. L. (2001). Understanding, speaking, reading, writing, and earnings in the immigrant labor market. The American Economic Review, 91(2), 159-163.
  • Ceritoglu, E., Yunculer, H. B. G., Torun, H., & Tumen, S. (2017). The impact of Syrian refugees on natives’ labor market outcomes in Turkey: evidence from a quasi-experimental design. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 6(1), 5.
  • Chiswick, B. R. (1979). Some data and methodological issues regarding research on the economic progress of immigrants. RIIES Research Notes, (2), 137-165.
  • Chiswick, B. R., Le, A. T., & Miller, P. W. (2008). How immigrants fare across the earnings distribution in Australia and the United States. ILR Review, 61(3), 353-373.
  • Cohon Jr, J. D. (1981). Psychological adaptation and dysfunction among refugees. International Migration Review, 255-275.
  • Connor, P. (2010). Explaining the refugee gap: Economic outcomes of refugees versus other immigrants. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(3), 377-397.
  • Constant, A., & Massey, D. S. (2005). Labor market segmentation and the earnings of German guestworkers. Population Research and Policy Review, 24(5), 489-512.
  • Del Caprio, X., & Wagner, M. (2015). The impact of Syrian refugees on the Turkish labour market. Policy Research Working Paper (7402), World Bank, Washington.
  • Dustmann, C., & Van Soest, A. (2002). Language and the Earnings of Immigrants. ILR Review, 55(3), 473-492.
  • Erol, E., & Akyol, A. E., & Salman, C., & Pınar, E., & Gümüşcan, & İ, Mısırlı, K. Y., & Kahveci, M. & Mutlu, P. (2017). “Suriyeli Göçmen Emeği: İstanbul Tekstil Sektörü Araştırması”, Birleşik Metal İş Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Finnan, C. R. (1981). Occupational assimilation of refugees. International Migration Review, 292-309.
  • Fortin, Nicole, Thomas Lemieux, and Javier Torres. "Foreign human capital and the earnings gap between immigrants and Canadian-born workers." Labour Economics 41 (2016): 104-119.
  • Gold, S. J. (2001). Gender, class, and network: social structure and migration patterns among transnational Israelis. Global Networks, 1(1), 57-78.
  • Hall, M., & Farkas, G. (2008). Does human capital raise earnings for immigrants in the low-skill labor market?. Demography, 45(3), 619-639.
  • Kibria, N. (1994). Household structure and family ideologies: The dynamics of immigrant economic adaptation among Vietnamese refugees. Social Problems, 41(1), 81-96.
  • Kossoudji, S. A. (1988). English language ability and the labor market opportunities of Hispanic and East Asian immigrant men. Journal of Labor Economics, 6(2), 205-228.
  • Krahn, H., Derwing, T., Mulder, M., & Wilkinson, L. (2000). Educated and underemployed: Refugee integration into the Canadian labour market. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 1(1), 59-84.
  • Lang, G. (2000). Native-immigrant wage differentials in Germany: Assimilation, discrimination, or human capital? (No. 197). Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsreihe, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Augsburg.
  • Mamgain, V., & Collins, K. (2003). Off the boat, now off to work: Refugees in the labour market in Portland, Maine. Journal of Refugee Studies, 16(2), 113-146.
  • McManus, W., Gould, W., & Welch, F. (1983). Earnings of Hispanic men: The role of English language proficiency. Journal of Labor Economics, 1(2), 101-130.
  • Nielsen, H. S., Rosholm, M., Smith, N., & Husted, L. (2004). Qualifications, discrimination, or assimilation? An extended framework for analysing immigrant wage gaps. Empirical Economics, 29(4), 855-883.
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International economic review, 693-709.
  • Passel, J. S., & Fix, M. (1994). Myths about immigrants. Foreign Policy, (95), 151-160.
  • Pendakur, K., & Pendakur, R. (1998). The colour of money: earnings differentials among ethnic groups in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 518-548.
  • Portes, A., & Stepick, A. (1985). Unwelcome immigrants: The labor market experiences of 1980 (Mariel) Cuban and Haitian refugees in South Florida. American Sociological Review, 493-514.
  • Potocky-Tripodi, M. (2004). The role of social capital in immigrant and refugee economic adaptation. Journal of Social Service Research, 31(1), 59-91.
  • Poston Jr, D. L. (1994). Patterns of economic attainment of foreign-born male workers in the United States. International Migration Review, 478-500.
  • Takeda, J. (2000). Psychological and economic adaptation of Iraqi adult male refugees: Implications for social work practice. Journal of Social Service Research, 26(3), 1-21.
  • Türk İş. (2015). “Türk İş Haber Bülteni” erişim tarihi 15-09-2017 link http://www.turkis.org.tr/dosya/r2cg2OLnvRao.pdf
  • Wahlberg, R. (2008). Differences in Wage Distributions between Natives, Non-Refugees, and Refugees. rapport nr.: Working Papers in Economics 316.
  • Waxman, P. (2001). The economic adjustment of recently arrived Bosnian, Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Sydney, Australia. International migration review, 35(2), 472-505.
  • Zavodny, M. (2003). Race, wages, and assimilation among Cuban immigrants. Population Research and Policy Review, 22(3), 201-219.

Misafirlikten İkinci Sınıf İşçiliğe: Türkiyeli ve Suriyeli İşçiler Arasında Ücret Ayrımcılığı

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 97 - 118, 01.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.551359

Abstract

Göçmenlerin emek piyasalarına dâhil olurken ücretlerin düşük, esnekliğin en yoğun ve kalifiye eleman ihtiyacının en az olduğu emek-yoğun sektörlere yönelmek zorunda kaldıkları açıktır. Suriye’deki iç savaşı takiben, sayıları bugün 3 milyona varan Suriyeli sığınmacı hareketinin tabii sonuçlarından biri olarak Türkiye emek piyasasına önemli oranda göçmen emek girişi yaşandığını söylemek mümkündür. Bu çalışma, nicel olarak en fazla Suriyeli sığınmacı barındıran İstanbul ölçeğinde, enformelliğin en yaygın olduğu, emek yoğun ve düşük ücrete dayanan bir emek piyasası kompozisyonuna sahip tekstil sektöründeki Türkiyeli ve Suriyeli göçmen işçiler arasındaki ücret ayrımcılığını konu edinmiştir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Suriyeli sığınmacıların İstanbul ölçeğinde tekstil sektöründe emek piyasasına eklemlenmelerinin ardından sektördeki ücret ayrımcılığının muhtemel sebeplerini de analiz etmeyi amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Akgündüz, Y., Van den Berg, M., & Hassink, W. H. (2015). The impact of refugee crises on host labor markets: the case of the Syrian refugee crisis in Turkey.
  • Antón, J. I., Muñoz de Bustillo, R., & Carrera, M. (2010). From guests to hosts: Immigrant-native wage differentials in Spain. International Journal of Manpower, 31(6), 645-659.
  • Bagir, Y. (2017). Impact of the Syrian Refugee Influx on Turkish Native Workers: An Ethnic Enclave Approach.
  • Balkan, B., & Tumen, S. (2016). Immigration and prices: quasi-experimental evidence from Syrian refugees in Turkey. Journal of Population Economics, 29(3), 657-686.
  • Birman, D., & Trickett, E. J. (2001). Cultural transitions in first-generation immigrants: Acculturation of Soviet Jewish refugee adolescents and parents. Journal of cross-cultural psychology, 32(4), 456-477.
  • Blinder, A. S. (1973). Wage discrimination: reduced form and structural estimates. Journal of Human resources, 436-455.
  • Carnevale, A. P., Fry, R. A., & Lowell, B. L. (2001). Understanding, speaking, reading, writing, and earnings in the immigrant labor market. The American Economic Review, 91(2), 159-163.
  • Ceritoglu, E., Yunculer, H. B. G., Torun, H., & Tumen, S. (2017). The impact of Syrian refugees on natives’ labor market outcomes in Turkey: evidence from a quasi-experimental design. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 6(1), 5.
  • Chiswick, B. R. (1979). Some data and methodological issues regarding research on the economic progress of immigrants. RIIES Research Notes, (2), 137-165.
  • Chiswick, B. R., Le, A. T., & Miller, P. W. (2008). How immigrants fare across the earnings distribution in Australia and the United States. ILR Review, 61(3), 353-373.
  • Cohon Jr, J. D. (1981). Psychological adaptation and dysfunction among refugees. International Migration Review, 255-275.
  • Connor, P. (2010). Explaining the refugee gap: Economic outcomes of refugees versus other immigrants. Journal of Refugee Studies, 23(3), 377-397.
  • Constant, A., & Massey, D. S. (2005). Labor market segmentation and the earnings of German guestworkers. Population Research and Policy Review, 24(5), 489-512.
  • Del Caprio, X., & Wagner, M. (2015). The impact of Syrian refugees on the Turkish labour market. Policy Research Working Paper (7402), World Bank, Washington.
  • Dustmann, C., & Van Soest, A. (2002). Language and the Earnings of Immigrants. ILR Review, 55(3), 473-492.
  • Erol, E., & Akyol, A. E., & Salman, C., & Pınar, E., & Gümüşcan, & İ, Mısırlı, K. Y., & Kahveci, M. & Mutlu, P. (2017). “Suriyeli Göçmen Emeği: İstanbul Tekstil Sektörü Araştırması”, Birleşik Metal İş Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Finnan, C. R. (1981). Occupational assimilation of refugees. International Migration Review, 292-309.
  • Fortin, Nicole, Thomas Lemieux, and Javier Torres. "Foreign human capital and the earnings gap between immigrants and Canadian-born workers." Labour Economics 41 (2016): 104-119.
  • Gold, S. J. (2001). Gender, class, and network: social structure and migration patterns among transnational Israelis. Global Networks, 1(1), 57-78.
  • Hall, M., & Farkas, G. (2008). Does human capital raise earnings for immigrants in the low-skill labor market?. Demography, 45(3), 619-639.
  • Kibria, N. (1994). Household structure and family ideologies: The dynamics of immigrant economic adaptation among Vietnamese refugees. Social Problems, 41(1), 81-96.
  • Kossoudji, S. A. (1988). English language ability and the labor market opportunities of Hispanic and East Asian immigrant men. Journal of Labor Economics, 6(2), 205-228.
  • Krahn, H., Derwing, T., Mulder, M., & Wilkinson, L. (2000). Educated and underemployed: Refugee integration into the Canadian labour market. Journal of International Migration and Integration, 1(1), 59-84.
  • Lang, G. (2000). Native-immigrant wage differentials in Germany: Assimilation, discrimination, or human capital? (No. 197). Volkswirtschaftliche Diskussionsreihe, Institut für Volkswirtschaftslehre der Universität Augsburg.
  • Mamgain, V., & Collins, K. (2003). Off the boat, now off to work: Refugees in the labour market in Portland, Maine. Journal of Refugee Studies, 16(2), 113-146.
  • McManus, W., Gould, W., & Welch, F. (1983). Earnings of Hispanic men: The role of English language proficiency. Journal of Labor Economics, 1(2), 101-130.
  • Nielsen, H. S., Rosholm, M., Smith, N., & Husted, L. (2004). Qualifications, discrimination, or assimilation? An extended framework for analysing immigrant wage gaps. Empirical Economics, 29(4), 855-883.
  • Oaxaca, R. (1973). Male-female wage differentials in urban labor markets. International economic review, 693-709.
  • Passel, J. S., & Fix, M. (1994). Myths about immigrants. Foreign Policy, (95), 151-160.
  • Pendakur, K., & Pendakur, R. (1998). The colour of money: earnings differentials among ethnic groups in Canada. Canadian Journal of Economics, 518-548.
  • Portes, A., & Stepick, A. (1985). Unwelcome immigrants: The labor market experiences of 1980 (Mariel) Cuban and Haitian refugees in South Florida. American Sociological Review, 493-514.
  • Potocky-Tripodi, M. (2004). The role of social capital in immigrant and refugee economic adaptation. Journal of Social Service Research, 31(1), 59-91.
  • Poston Jr, D. L. (1994). Patterns of economic attainment of foreign-born male workers in the United States. International Migration Review, 478-500.
  • Takeda, J. (2000). Psychological and economic adaptation of Iraqi adult male refugees: Implications for social work practice. Journal of Social Service Research, 26(3), 1-21.
  • Türk İş. (2015). “Türk İş Haber Bülteni” erişim tarihi 15-09-2017 link http://www.turkis.org.tr/dosya/r2cg2OLnvRao.pdf
  • Wahlberg, R. (2008). Differences in Wage Distributions between Natives, Non-Refugees, and Refugees. rapport nr.: Working Papers in Economics 316.
  • Waxman, P. (2001). The economic adjustment of recently arrived Bosnian, Afghan and Iraqi refugees in Sydney, Australia. International migration review, 35(2), 472-505.
  • Zavodny, M. (2003). Race, wages, and assimilation among Cuban immigrants. Population Research and Policy Review, 22(3), 201-219.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Kahveci 0000-0001-5053-2230

Publication Date December 1, 2019
Submission Date April 9, 2019
Acceptance Date November 10, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kahveci, M. (2019). Misafirlikten İkinci Sınıf İşçiliğe: Türkiyeli ve Suriyeli İşçiler Arasında Ücret Ayrımcılığı. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 4(2), 97-118. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.551359