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İktisadi ve Politik Kurumların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Gelişmiş Ülkeler ve Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri Karşılaştırması

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 1 - 31, 01.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.593916

Abstract

Neden çok az ülke ekonomik büyümeyi sağlayan kurumları oluşturabilmektedir? Bu soruyu yanıtlamak için birbirleriyle etkileşime giren ekonomik oyuncular arasında davranış kalıpları oluşturan kurumsal unsurların incelenmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Kurumlar ülkelerin ekonomik büyümesini etkileyerek mevcut etkileşimlerin hacmini ve ekonomik değişimin faydalarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. İktisadi ve politik kurumlar ekonomik aktörlerin toplumdaki teşviklerini şekillendirdiği ve teknoloji ile fiziksel ve beşeri sermayeye yapılan yatırımları etkilediği için ekonomik büyümeye destek olmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında Yeni Kurumsal İktisat yaklaşımının metodolojik temellerinin uygulanması suretiyle ekonomik performansın belirleyicileri olarak kabul edilen iktisadi ve politik kurumların ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkilerine dair analizler toplam 26 ülke için 2002-2016 yıllarını kapsayan verilerle gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmanın temel ölçüm hedefi olan iktisadi ve politik kurumların ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi Gelişmiş Ülkeler ile Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri ayrımına gidilerek iki ayrı model kapsamında Panel veri analiziyle Uygulanabilir Genelleştirilmiş EKK (FGLS) tahmincisi kullanılarak incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında iktisadi kurumların ölçümü amacıyla kullanılan Heritage Vakfı Ekonomik Özgürlük Endeksini oluşturan göstergelerin ve politik kurumların ölçümü amacıyla kullanılan Dünya Yönetişim Endeksini oluşturan göstergelerin Gelişmiş Ülkeler ve Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri için ekonomik büyüme ile pozitif ilişki içerisinde ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olduğu saptanmıştır.

References

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  • Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S. & Robinson, J. A. (2002). Reversal of fortune: Geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution. The quarterly journal of economics, 117(4), 1231-1294.
  • Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. & Thaicharoen, Y. (2003). Institutional causes, macroeconomic symptoms: volatility, crises and growth. Journal of monetary economics, 50(1), 49-123.
  • Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S. & Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth in Handbook of Economic Growth. Philippe Aghion and Steve Durlauf eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 385-472.
  • Acemoğlu, D. (2009). Introduction to Modern Economic Growth. Cambridge, M.A: Princeton University Press. 761-796
  • Alagidede, P. & Mensah, J. O. (2018). Construction institutions and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. African Review of Economics and Finance, 10(1), 136-163.
  • Alesina, A. & Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive politics and economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 109(2), 465-490.
  • Alesina, A., Özler, S., Roubini, N. & Swagel, P. (1996). Political instability and economic growth. Journal of Economic growth, 1(2), 189-211.
  • Andersen, T. B. & Jensen, P. S. (2013). Institutions and growth acceleration. Discussion Papers on Business and Economics, (7).
  • Baltagi, B. H. (1995). Econometric analysis of panel data (Vol. 2). New York: Wiley.1-301
  • Baltagi, B. H. & Li, Q. (1995). Testing AR (1) against MA (1) disturbances in an error component model. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 133-151.
  • Baltagi, B. H., Jung, B. C. & Song, S. H. (2010). Testing for heteroskedasticity and serial correlation in a random effects panel data model. Journal of econometrics, 154(2), 122-124.
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  • Chang, H. J. (2002). Breaking the mould: an institutionalist political economy alternative to the neo‐liberal theory of the market and the state. Cambridge journal of economics, 26(5), 539-559.
  • Chinn, M. D. & Ito, H. (2006). What matters for financial development? Capital controls, institutions, and interactions. Journal of development economics, 81(1), 163-192.
  • Chong, A. & Calderon, C. (2000). Causality and feedback between institutional measures and economic growth. Economics & Politics, 12(1), 69-81.
  • Clague, C., Keefer, P., Knack, S. & Olson, M. (1999). Contract-intensive money: contract enforcement, property rights, and economic performance. Journal of economic growth, 4(2), 185-211.
  • De Haan, J. & Sturm, J. E. (2000). On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 16(2), 215-241.
  • De Long, J. B. & Shleifer, A. (1993). Princes and merchants: European city growth before the industrial revolution. The journal of law and economics, 36(2), 671-702.
  • Dollar, D. & Kraay, A. (2003). Institutions, trade, and growth. Journal of monetary economics, 50(1), 133-162.
  • Drukker, D. M. (2003). Testing for serial correlation in linear panel-data models. The stata journal, 3(2), 168-177.
  • Easterly, W. & Levine, R. (2003). Tropics, germs, and crops: how endowments influence economic development. Journal of monetary economics, 50(1), 3-39.
  • Flachaire, E., García-Peñalosa, C. & Konte, M. (2014). Political versus economic institutions in the growth process. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(1), 212-229.
  • Gadelha, A. & Divino, J. (2019). Institutions, growth and economic stability. Economics Bulletin, 39(1), 554-563.
  • Glaeser, E. L., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2004). Do institutions cause growth? Journal of economic growth, 9(3), 271-303.
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  • Greene, W. H. (2008). The econometric approach to efficiency analysis. The measurement of productive efficiency and productivity growth, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 1(1), 92-250.
  • Greif, A. (2006). Institutions and the path to the modern economy: Lessons from medieval trade. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Griliches, Z. & Rao, P.(1969). Small-sample properties of several two-stage regression methods in the context of auto-correlated errors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 64(325), 253-272.
  • Hall, R. E. & Jones, C. I. (1999). Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others? The quarterly journal of economics, 114(1), 83-116.
  • Hamilton, W. H. (1919). The institutional approach to economic theory. The american economic review, 9(1), 309-318.
  • Han, C., Orea, L. & Schmidt, P. (2005). Estimation of a panel data model with parametric temporal variation in individual effects. Journal of Econometrics, 126(2), 241-267.
  • Harville, D. (1976). Extension of the Gauss-Markov theorem to include the estimation of random effects. The annals of statistics, 4(2), 384-395.
  • Heckelman, J. C. & Knack, S. (2009). Aid, economic freedom, and growth. Contemporary Economic Policy, 27(1), 46-53.
  • Heekyung, S. (2016). Trust, economic growth and importance of the institution. International Journal of Economic Sciences, 5(4), 32-50.
  • Hodgson, G. M. (1998). The approach of institutional economics. Journal of economic literature, 36(1), 166-192.
  • Hoyos, R. E. & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The stata journal, 6(4), 482-496.
  • Imbens, G. W. & Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Recent developments in the econometrics of program evaluation. Journal of economic literature, 47(1), 5-86.
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. & Zoido-Lobatón, P. (2002). Governance matters II: updated indicators for 2000-01 (Vol. 2772). World Bank Publications. 1-103
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. & Mastruzzi, M. (2008). Governance matters VII: aggregate and individual governance indicators 1996-2007. World Bank Publications. 1-102
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. & Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The worldwide governance indicators: methodology and analytical issues. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 3(2), 220-246.
  • Katchova, A. (2013). Panel Data Models. Hentet, 4(13).
  • Knack, S. & Keefer, P. (1997). Institutions and economic performance: cross‐country tests using alternative institutional measures. Economics and Politics, 7(3), 207-227.
  • Kormendi, R. C. & Meguire, P. G. (1985). Macroeconomic determinants of growth: cross-country evidence. Journal of Monetary economics, 16(2), 141-163.
  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. & Vishny, R. (1997). Legal determinants of external finance. Journal of finance, 1131-1150.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F. & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
  • Levine, R. & Renelt, D. (1992). A sensitivity analysis of cross-country growth regressions. The American economic review, 942-963.
  • Locke, J. (2012). Yönetim Üzerine İkinci İnceleme: Sivil Yönetimin Gerçek Kökeni Boyutu ve Amacı Üzerine Bir Deneme. İstanbul: Ebabil Yayınları. (Eserin orijinali 1689’da yayınlanmıştır).
  • Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(3), 681-712.
  • Nelson, M. A. & Singh, R. D. (1998). Democracy, economic freedom, fiscal policy, and growth in LDCs: a fresh look. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 46(4), 677-696.
  • North, D. & Thomas, R. P. (1973). The rise of the western world: A new economic history. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D. (1981). Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
  • North, D. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D. (1990). A transaction cost theory of politics. Journal of theoretical politics, 2(4), 355-367
  • North, D. (1991). Institutions. Journal of economic perspectives, 5(1), 97-112.
  • North, D. (2008). Institutions and the performance of economies over time Handbook of new institutional economics: Springer, 21-30.
  • Olson, M. (1993). Dictatorship, democracy, and development. American political science review, 87(3), 567-576.
  • Ostrom, E. (2008). Doing Institutional Analysis: Digging Deeper than Markets and Hierarchies.
  • Persson, T. & Tabellini, G. (1994). Is inequality harmful for growth? The American economic review, 600-621.
  • Parks, R. W. (1967). Efficient estimation of a system of regression equations when disturbances are both serially and contemporaneously correlated. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(318), 500-509.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cesifo Working Paper, No: 1229
  • Reed, W. R. & Ye, H. (2011). Which panel data estimator should I use? Applied economics, 43(8), 985-1000.
  • Rodrik, D. (2000). Institutions for high-quality growth: what they are and how to acquire them. Studies in comparative international development, 35(3), 3-31.
  • Rodrik, D., Subramanian A. & Trebbi F. (2004); Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration, Journal of Economic Growth, 9(2): 131-65.
  • Rodrik, D. (2005). Growth Strategies Handbook of economic growth. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier B.V. 968-1010
  • Rousseau, J. J. (2015). Toplum Sözleşmesi. On Dördüncü Baskı. (çev. Vedat Günyol). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. (Eserin orijinali 1762’de yayımlanmıştır).
  • Şanlı, D. (2013). Nitelik Uyarlanmış Beşeri Sermaye Endeksi 1976-2013. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 1(1), 13-49.
  • Scully, G. W. (1988). The institutional framework and economic development. Journal of Political Economy, 96(3), 652-662.
  • Smith, A. (1987). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Vol. 6). Homewood, Ill: Irwin. (Eserin orijinali 1776’da yayınlanmıştır).
  • Sucu, M. B. (2017). Yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde ekonomik özgürlük, büyüme ve kalkınma ilişkisi: bir panel veri analizi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 2(2), 135-167.
  • Taylor, W. E. (1977) Small Sample Properties of a Class of Two Stage Aitken Estimators. Econometrica. 45, 497-508.
  • Todaro, M. P. & Smith, S. C. (2009). Economic Development: Pearson Addison Wesley
  • Veblen, T. (1901). Gustav Schmoller's economics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 16 (1), 69-93.
  • Weede, E. (2006). Economic freedom and development: new calculations and interpretations. Cato Journal, 26, 511.
  • Williamson, O. E. (1993). Transaction cost economics and organization theory. Industrial and corporate change, 2(2), 107-156.
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The Effect of Economic and Political Institutions on Economic Growth: The Case of Developed Countries and Emerging Market Economies

Year 2019, Volume: 4 Issue: 2, 1 - 31, 01.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.593916

Abstract

Why so few countries able to establish economic growth institutions? In order to answer this question, it is necessary to analyze the institutional elements that create behavioral patterns among the economic agents interacting with each other. Institutions reveal the volume of existing interactions and the benefits of economic change by affecting the economic growth. Economic and political institutions support economic growth as they shape the incentives of economic actors in society and affect investments in technology and physical and human capital. Within the scope of the study, economic and political institutions have been accepted as determinants of economic performance by applying the methodological foundations of the New Institutional Economics approach. In this study, the effects of economic and political institutions on economic growth analyzed by using data covering the years 2002-2016. The effect of economic and political institutions on economic growth, that are the main measurement targets of the study, has been considered within the scope of two different models by distinguishing between Developed Countries and Emerging Market Economies. The effect of institutions on the economic growth examined by using the Panel data analysis and the applicable Feasible Generalized Least Squares (FGLS) estimator. In this study, Heritage Foundation Economic Freedom Index used for the measurement of economic institutions and World Governance Index used for the measurement of political institutions. The results of the analyzes indicate that economic and political institutions are positively related and statistically significant for the Developed Countries and Emerging Market Economies’ economic growth.

References

  • Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S. & Robinson, J. A. (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. American economic review, 91(5), 1369-1401
  • Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S. & Robinson, J. A. (2002). Reversal of fortune: Geography and institutions in the making of the modern world income distribution. The quarterly journal of economics, 117(4), 1231-1294.
  • Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S., Robinson, J. & Thaicharoen, Y. (2003). Institutional causes, macroeconomic symptoms: volatility, crises and growth. Journal of monetary economics, 50(1), 49-123.
  • Acemoğlu, D., Johnson, S. & Robinson, J. A. (2005). Institutions as a Fundamental Cause of Long-Run Growth in Handbook of Economic Growth. Philippe Aghion and Steve Durlauf eds. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 385-472.
  • Acemoğlu, D. (2009). Introduction to Modern Economic Growth. Cambridge, M.A: Princeton University Press. 761-796
  • Alagidede, P. & Mensah, J. O. (2018). Construction institutions and economic growth in sub-Saharan Africa. African Review of Economics and Finance, 10(1), 136-163.
  • Alesina, A. & Rodrik, D. (1994). Distributive politics and economic growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 109(2), 465-490.
  • Alesina, A., Özler, S., Roubini, N. & Swagel, P. (1996). Political instability and economic growth. Journal of Economic growth, 1(2), 189-211.
  • Andersen, T. B. & Jensen, P. S. (2013). Institutions and growth acceleration. Discussion Papers on Business and Economics, (7).
  • Baltagi, B. H. (1995). Econometric analysis of panel data (Vol. 2). New York: Wiley.1-301
  • Baltagi, B. H. & Li, Q. (1995). Testing AR (1) against MA (1) disturbances in an error component model. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 133-151.
  • Baltagi, B. H., Jung, B. C. & Song, S. H. (2010). Testing for heteroskedasticity and serial correlation in a random effects panel data model. Journal of econometrics, 154(2), 122-124.
  • Barro, R. J. (1996). Determinants of economic growth: A cross-country empirical study (No. 5698). National bureau of economic research.
  • Beck, N. & Katz, J. N. (1995). What to do (and not to do) with time-series cross-section data. American political science review, 89(3), 634-647.
  • Beck, N. Katz, J. N. & Tucker, R. (1998). Taking time seriously: Time-series-cross-section analysis with a binary dependent variable. American Journal of Political Science, 42, 1260-1288.
  • Buchanan, J. M. & Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of consent (Vol. 3). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
  • Chang, H. J. (2002). Breaking the mould: an institutionalist political economy alternative to the neo‐liberal theory of the market and the state. Cambridge journal of economics, 26(5), 539-559.
  • Chinn, M. D. & Ito, H. (2006). What matters for financial development? Capital controls, institutions, and interactions. Journal of development economics, 81(1), 163-192.
  • Chong, A. & Calderon, C. (2000). Causality and feedback between institutional measures and economic growth. Economics & Politics, 12(1), 69-81.
  • Clague, C., Keefer, P., Knack, S. & Olson, M. (1999). Contract-intensive money: contract enforcement, property rights, and economic performance. Journal of economic growth, 4(2), 185-211.
  • De Haan, J. & Sturm, J. E. (2000). On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 16(2), 215-241.
  • De Long, J. B. & Shleifer, A. (1993). Princes and merchants: European city growth before the industrial revolution. The journal of law and economics, 36(2), 671-702.
  • Dollar, D. & Kraay, A. (2003). Institutions, trade, and growth. Journal of monetary economics, 50(1), 133-162.
  • Drukker, D. M. (2003). Testing for serial correlation in linear panel-data models. The stata journal, 3(2), 168-177.
  • Easterly, W. & Levine, R. (2003). Tropics, germs, and crops: how endowments influence economic development. Journal of monetary economics, 50(1), 3-39.
  • Flachaire, E., García-Peñalosa, C. & Konte, M. (2014). Political versus economic institutions in the growth process. Journal of Comparative Economics, 42(1), 212-229.
  • Gadelha, A. & Divino, J. (2019). Institutions, growth and economic stability. Economics Bulletin, 39(1), 554-563.
  • Glaeser, E. L., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2004). Do institutions cause growth? Journal of economic growth, 9(3), 271-303.
  • Greene, W. H. (2003). Econometric analysis. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
  • Greene, W. H. (2008). The econometric approach to efficiency analysis. The measurement of productive efficiency and productivity growth, Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. 1(1), 92-250.
  • Greif, A. (2006). Institutions and the path to the modern economy: Lessons from medieval trade. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • Griliches, Z. & Rao, P.(1969). Small-sample properties of several two-stage regression methods in the context of auto-correlated errors. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 64(325), 253-272.
  • Hall, R. E. & Jones, C. I. (1999). Why do some countries produce so much more output per worker than others? The quarterly journal of economics, 114(1), 83-116.
  • Hamilton, W. H. (1919). The institutional approach to economic theory. The american economic review, 9(1), 309-318.
  • Han, C., Orea, L. & Schmidt, P. (2005). Estimation of a panel data model with parametric temporal variation in individual effects. Journal of Econometrics, 126(2), 241-267.
  • Harville, D. (1976). Extension of the Gauss-Markov theorem to include the estimation of random effects. The annals of statistics, 4(2), 384-395.
  • Heckelman, J. C. & Knack, S. (2009). Aid, economic freedom, and growth. Contemporary Economic Policy, 27(1), 46-53.
  • Heekyung, S. (2016). Trust, economic growth and importance of the institution. International Journal of Economic Sciences, 5(4), 32-50.
  • Hodgson, G. M. (1998). The approach of institutional economics. Journal of economic literature, 36(1), 166-192.
  • Hoyos, R. E. & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The stata journal, 6(4), 482-496.
  • Imbens, G. W. & Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Recent developments in the econometrics of program evaluation. Journal of economic literature, 47(1), 5-86.
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. & Zoido-Lobatón, P. (2002). Governance matters II: updated indicators for 2000-01 (Vol. 2772). World Bank Publications. 1-103
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. & Mastruzzi, M. (2008). Governance matters VII: aggregate and individual governance indicators 1996-2007. World Bank Publications. 1-102
  • Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. & Mastruzzi, M. (2011). The worldwide governance indicators: methodology and analytical issues. Hague Journal on the Rule of Law, 3(2), 220-246.
  • Katchova, A. (2013). Panel Data Models. Hentet, 4(13).
  • Knack, S. & Keefer, P. (1997). Institutions and economic performance: cross‐country tests using alternative institutional measures. Economics and Politics, 7(3), 207-227.
  • Kormendi, R. C. & Meguire, P. G. (1985). Macroeconomic determinants of growth: cross-country evidence. Journal of Monetary economics, 16(2), 141-163.
  • La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F., Shleifer, A. & Vishny, R. (1997). Legal determinants of external finance. Journal of finance, 1131-1150.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F. & Chu, C. S. J. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of econometrics, 108(1), 1-24.
  • Levine, R. & Renelt, D. (1992). A sensitivity analysis of cross-country growth regressions. The American economic review, 942-963.
  • Locke, J. (2012). Yönetim Üzerine İkinci İnceleme: Sivil Yönetimin Gerçek Kökeni Boyutu ve Amacı Üzerine Bir Deneme. İstanbul: Ebabil Yayınları. (Eserin orijinali 1689’da yayınlanmıştır).
  • Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. The quarterly journal of economics, 110(3), 681-712.
  • Nelson, M. A. & Singh, R. D. (1998). Democracy, economic freedom, fiscal policy, and growth in LDCs: a fresh look. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 46(4), 677-696.
  • North, D. & Thomas, R. P. (1973). The rise of the western world: A new economic history. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D. (1981). Structure and Change in Economic History. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.
  • North, D. (1990), Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
  • North, D. (1990). A transaction cost theory of politics. Journal of theoretical politics, 2(4), 355-367
  • North, D. (1991). Institutions. Journal of economic perspectives, 5(1), 97-112.
  • North, D. (2008). Institutions and the performance of economies over time Handbook of new institutional economics: Springer, 21-30.
  • Olson, M. (1993). Dictatorship, democracy, and development. American political science review, 87(3), 567-576.
  • Ostrom, E. (2008). Doing Institutional Analysis: Digging Deeper than Markets and Hierarchies.
  • Persson, T. & Tabellini, G. (1994). Is inequality harmful for growth? The American economic review, 600-621.
  • Parks, R. W. (1967). Efficient estimation of a system of regression equations when disturbances are both serially and contemporaneously correlated. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(318), 500-509.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. Cesifo Working Paper, No: 1229
  • Reed, W. R. & Ye, H. (2011). Which panel data estimator should I use? Applied economics, 43(8), 985-1000.
  • Rodrik, D. (2000). Institutions for high-quality growth: what they are and how to acquire them. Studies in comparative international development, 35(3), 3-31.
  • Rodrik, D., Subramanian A. & Trebbi F. (2004); Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions Over Geography and Integration, Journal of Economic Growth, 9(2): 131-65.
  • Rodrik, D. (2005). Growth Strategies Handbook of economic growth. Cambridge, MA: Elsevier B.V. 968-1010
  • Rousseau, J. J. (2015). Toplum Sözleşmesi. On Dördüncü Baskı. (çev. Vedat Günyol). İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. (Eserin orijinali 1762’de yayımlanmıştır).
  • Şanlı, D. (2013). Nitelik Uyarlanmış Beşeri Sermaye Endeksi 1976-2013. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 1(1), 13-49.
  • Scully, G. W. (1988). The institutional framework and economic development. Journal of Political Economy, 96(3), 652-662.
  • Smith, A. (1987). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Vol. 6). Homewood, Ill: Irwin. (Eserin orijinali 1776’da yayınlanmıştır).
  • Sucu, M. B. (2017). Yükselen piyasa ekonomilerinde ekonomik özgürlük, büyüme ve kalkınma ilişkisi: bir panel veri analizi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 2(2), 135-167.
  • Taylor, W. E. (1977) Small Sample Properties of a Class of Two Stage Aitken Estimators. Econometrica. 45, 497-508.
  • Todaro, M. P. & Smith, S. C. (2009). Economic Development: Pearson Addison Wesley
  • Veblen, T. (1901). Gustav Schmoller's economics. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 16 (1), 69-93.
  • Weede, E. (2006). Economic freedom and development: new calculations and interpretations. Cato Journal, 26, 511.
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There are 80 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Business Administration
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Burak Çetin

Publication Date December 1, 2019
Submission Date July 18, 2019
Acceptance Date September 3, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 4 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çetin, A. B. (2019). İktisadi ve Politik Kurumların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Gelişmiş Ülkeler ve Yükselen Piyasa Ekonomileri Karşılaştırması. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 4(2), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.593916