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Testing the Validity of The Phillips Curve in Türkiye

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 451 - 473, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1450751

Abstract

This study aims to test whether the traditional Phillips curve, which is usually estimated under the assumptions of linearity and parameter constancy and argues that there is a trade-off relationship between unemployment and inflation and/or monetary wage level, is valid in the Turkish economy. For this purpose, two separate models including the producer price index, unemployment rate (15+ years old) and youth unemployment rate (15-24 years old) variables were constructed in this study using monthly data for the period 2005:01-2023:09. To determine the cointegration relationship between these variables, Johansen Cointegration Test was preferred as the analysis tool. According to the findings obtained because of the econometric analysis, it has been determined that the Phillips curve is valid in terms of both general unemployment rates and youth unemployment rates in the Turkish economy. This result confirms the assertion of Keynesian economists, especially during the 1960s, that "the Phillips curve represents a valid and stable relationship in both the short and long run, offering a menu of choices between different levels of unemployment and inflation rates". Therefore, it can be stated that the relative price stability achieved in the Turkish economy in the post-2005 period and continued until the Covid-19 Pandemic was at the expense of high unemployment rates and underemployment balance.

References

  • Agénor, P.-R., & Bayraktar, N. (2010). Contracting models of the Phillips curve empirical estimates for middle-income countries. Journal of Macroeconomics, 32(2), 555-570.
  • Aginta, H. (2023). Revisiting the Phillips curve for Indonesia: What can we learn from regional data? Journal of Asian Economics, 85, 101592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2023.101592
  • Akkuş, G. E. (2012). Phillips eğrisi: Enflasyon-işsizlik değiş-tokuşu teorik bir inceleme. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 62(2), 99-151.
  • Arabacı, Ö., & Eryiğit, K. Y. (2012). A Thresold Regression Estimation of Philips Curve: Turkey Case. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 29-47.
  • Barro, R. J. (1987). Macroeconomics. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication.
  • Bayrak, M., & Kanca, O. C. (2013). Türkiye’de Phillips eğrisi üzerine bir uygulama. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 8(3), 97-116.
  • Boratav, K. (2012). Türkiye İktisat Tarihi 1908-2009. İmge Kitabevi.
  • Chletsos, M., Drosou, V., & Roupakias, S. (2016). Can Phillips curve explain the recent behavior of inflation? Further evidence from USA and Canada. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 14, 20-28.
  • Cristini, A., & Ferri, P. (2021). Nonlinear models of the Phillips curve. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 31(4), 1129-1155. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s00191-021-00736-5
  • Domaç, İ. (2004). Explaining and forecasting inflation in Turkey. Available at SSRN 610331. https: //papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=610331
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • Esu, G., & Atan, J. (2017). The Philip’s curve in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from panel data analysis. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/82112
  • Friedman, M. (1968). The Role of Monetary Policy. 58(1-17).
  • Hindrayanto, I., Samarina, A., & Stanga, I. M. (2019). Is the Phillips curve still alive? Evidence from the euro area. Economics Letters, 174, 149-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.11.021
  • İnan, A. (1989). İzmir İktisat Kongresi 17 Şubat-4 Mart 1923. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları XVI. Dizi, 2.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https: //doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Some structural hypotheses in a multivariate cointegration analysis of the purchasing power parity and the uncovered interest parity for UK. https: //ideas.repec.org/p/kud/kuiedp/9005.html
  • Kazgan, G. (2012). Türkiye ekonomisinde krizler (1929-2009). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kuştepeli, Y. (2005). A comprehensive short-run analysis of a (possible) Turkish Phillips curve. Applied Economics, 37(5), 581-591. https: //doi.org/10.1080/000368404200030749
  • Lalani, J. M. G. (2014). A Study on Testing the Validity of Phillips Curve for Sri Lanka. http://repository.rjt.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/1149/152-155.pdf?sequence=1
  • Levačić, R., & Rebmann, A. (1982). Macroeconomics: An introduction to Keynesian-neoclassical controversies. https: //cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000798197838592
  • MacKinnon, J. G. (1996). Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11(6), 601-618. https: //doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1255(199611)11: 6<601: : AID-JAE417>3.0.CO;2-T
  • Mangır, F., & Erdoğan, S. (2012). Türkiye’de Enflasyon ile İşsizlik Arasındaki İlişki (1990-2011). Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 570, 77-77.
  • Mushtaq, S. M., Hafeez, A. H., & Ahmad, T. A. (2023). Wagner VS Keynes: A cointegration analysis of Pakistan. https: //www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3160172/latest
  • Okun, A. M. (1962). Potential GNP: Its measurement and significance. Proceedings of the business and economic statistics section of the American Statistical Association, 89-104.
  • Orji, A., Anthony-Orji, O. I., & Okafor, J. C. (2015). Inflation and unemployment nexus in Nigeria: Another test of the Phillips curve. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5(5), 766.
  • Önder, A. Ö. (2004). Forecasting Inflation in Emerging Markets by Using the Phillips Curve and Alternative Time Series Models. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 40(2), 71-82. https: //doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2004.11052566
  • Önder, A. Ö. (2009). The stability of the Turkish Phillips curve and alternative regime shifting models. Applied Economics, 41(20), 2597-2604. https: //doi.org/10.1080/00036840701222645
  • Öztürk, S., & Emek, M. L. (2016). 1997–2006 Yılları Nisan ve Ekim Ayları Verileriyle Türkiye için Phillips Eğrisi Analizi. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(10), 64-74.
  • Phelps, E. S. (1967). Phillips curves, expectations of inflation and optimal unemployment over time. Economica, 254-281.
  • Phelps, E. S. (1968). Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor-Market Equilibrium. Journal of Political Economy, 76(4, Part 2), 678-711. https: //doi.org/10.1086/259438
  • Phelps, E. S. (1994). Structural slumps: The modern equilibrium theory of unemployment, interest, and assets. Harvard University Press. https: //books.google.com/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=5_VOmYA4HF4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=+Structural+Slumps: +The+Modern+Equilibrium+Theory+of+Unemployment,+Interest,+and+Assets&ots=9Xnlkb1YBs&sig=8z42O7wnyZZSC7e04UTr8EuuaU4
  • Phillips, A. W. (1958). The relation between unemployment and the rate of change of money wage rates in the United Kingdom, 1861-1957. economica, 25(100), 283-299.
  • Rajput, N., & Bhalla, G. S. (2023). Testing the Relationship Between Income and Expenditure of a Statutory Organization: Cointegration and Causality Approach. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01201-3
  • Richardson, P., Boone, L., Giorno, C., Meacci, M., Rae, D., & Turner, D. (2000). The concept, policy use and measurement of structural unemployment: Estimating a time varying NAIRU across 21 OECD countries. https: //www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/the-concept-policy-use-and-measurement-of-structural-unemployment_785730283515
  • Russell, B., & Banerjee, A. (2008). The long-run Phillips curve and non-stationary inflation. Journal of Macroeconomics, 30(4), 1792-1815.
  • Saman, C., & Pauna, B. (2013). New Keynesian Phillips Curve for Romania. New Keynesian Phillips Curve For Romania. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 16(2), 159-171.
  • Samuelson, P. A., & Solow, R. M. (1960). Analytical aspects of anti-inflation policy. The American Economic Review, 50(2), 177-194.
  • Sergo, Z., Saftic, D., & Tezak, A. (2012). Stability of Phillips Curve: The Case of Croatia. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 25(sup1), 65-85. https: //doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2012.11517557
  • Şahin, B. E. (2019). Türkiye’de Enflasyon ve İşsizlik Arasındaki İlişkinin Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli ile Analizi. Mali Cözüm Dergisi, 29, 63-75.
  • Tabar, Ç., & Çetin, I. K. (2016). Türkiye Ekonomisi Özelinde Phillips Eğrisi Analizi. Journal of Life Economics, 3(4), 79-100.
  • Tezel, Y. S. (2002). Cumhuriyet Döneminin İktisadi Tarihi. Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • The World Bank. (2024). https: //data.worldbank.org/
  • Uysal, D., & Erdoğan, S. (2003). Enflasyon ile İşsizlik Oranı Arasındaki İlişki ve Türkiye Örneği (1980-2002). Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(6), 35-47.
  • Xu, Q., Niu, X., Jiang, C., & Huang, X. (2015). The Phillips curve in the US: A nonlinear quantile regression approach. Economic Modelling, 49, 186-197. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.04.007
  • Yıldırım, S., & Sacit, S. (2021). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Phillips Eğrisinin Geçerliliğinin Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 2206-2226.
  • Zayed, N. M., Islam, M. R., & Hasan, K. R. (2018). Testing Phillips curve to examine the inflation rate regarding unemployment rate, annual wage rate and GDP of Philippines: 1950-2017. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 22(5), 1-9.

Türkiye’de Phillips Eğrisinin Geçerliliğinin Test Edilmesi

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 451 - 473, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1450751

Abstract

Bu çalışma, genellikle doğrusallık ve parametre sabitliği varsayımları altında tahmin edilen ve işsizlik ile enflasyon ve/veya parasal ücret düzeyi arasında bir değiş-tokuş ilişkisi olduğunu savunan geleneksel Phillips eğrisinin Türkiye ekonomisinde geçerli olup olmadığının sınanması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Bu amaca yönelik olarak 2005:01-2023:09 dönemi aylık verilerinin kullanıldığı bu çalışmada üretici fiyat endeksi, işsizlik oranı (15+ yaş) ve genç işsizlik oranı (15-24 yaş) değişkenlerinin dahil edildiği iki ayrı model kurulmuştur. Çalışmada söz konusu değişkenler arasındaki eşbütünleşme ilişkisinin tespit edilmesi amacıyla Johansen Eşbütünleşme Testi analiz aracı olarak tercih edilmiştir. Ekonometrik analiz neticesinde elde edilen bulgulara göre Türkiye ekonomisinde hem genel işsizlik oranları hem de genç işsizlik oranları itibariyle Phillips eğrisinin geçerli olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuç özellikle 1960’lı yıllar boyunca Keynesyen iktisatçıların “Phillips eğrisi farklı işsizlik düzeyleri ile enflasyon oranları arasında bir seçim menüsü sunan hem kısa hem de uzun dönemde geçerli ve istikrarlı bir ilişkiyi temsil etmektedir” savını doğrulamaktadır. Bu sebeple Türkiye ekonomisinde 2005 sonrası dönemde sağlanan ve Covid-19 Pandemisi sonrasına kadar devam eden göreli fiyat istikrarının yüksek işsizlik oranları ve eksik istihdam dengesi pahasına olduğu ifade edilebilir.

References

  • Agénor, P.-R., & Bayraktar, N. (2010). Contracting models of the Phillips curve empirical estimates for middle-income countries. Journal of Macroeconomics, 32(2), 555-570.
  • Aginta, H. (2023). Revisiting the Phillips curve for Indonesia: What can we learn from regional data? Journal of Asian Economics, 85, 101592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2023.101592
  • Akkuş, G. E. (2012). Phillips eğrisi: Enflasyon-işsizlik değiş-tokuşu teorik bir inceleme. İstanbul Üniversitesi İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası, 62(2), 99-151.
  • Arabacı, Ö., & Eryiğit, K. Y. (2012). A Thresold Regression Estimation of Philips Curve: Turkey Case. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 7(2), 29-47.
  • Barro, R. J. (1987). Macroeconomics. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication.
  • Bayrak, M., & Kanca, O. C. (2013). Türkiye’de Phillips eğrisi üzerine bir uygulama. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 8(3), 97-116.
  • Boratav, K. (2012). Türkiye İktisat Tarihi 1908-2009. İmge Kitabevi.
  • Chletsos, M., Drosou, V., & Roupakias, S. (2016). Can Phillips curve explain the recent behavior of inflation? Further evidence from USA and Canada. The Journal of Economic Asymmetries, 14, 20-28.
  • Cristini, A., & Ferri, P. (2021). Nonlinear models of the Phillips curve. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 31(4), 1129-1155. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s00191-021-00736-5
  • Domaç, İ. (2004). Explaining and forecasting inflation in Turkey. Available at SSRN 610331. https: //papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=610331
  • Engle, R. F., & Granger, C. W. (1987). Co-integration and error correction: Representation, estimation, and testing. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 251-276.
  • Esu, G., & Atan, J. (2017). The Philip’s curve in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from panel data analysis. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/82112
  • Friedman, M. (1968). The Role of Monetary Policy. 58(1-17).
  • Hindrayanto, I., Samarina, A., & Stanga, I. M. (2019). Is the Phillips curve still alive? Evidence from the euro area. Economics Letters, 174, 149-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2018.11.021
  • İnan, A. (1989). İzmir İktisat Kongresi 17 Şubat-4 Mart 1923. Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu Türk Tarih Kurumu Yayınları XVI. Dizi, 2.
  • Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2-3), 231-254. https: //doi.org/10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
  • Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Some structural hypotheses in a multivariate cointegration analysis of the purchasing power parity and the uncovered interest parity for UK. https: //ideas.repec.org/p/kud/kuiedp/9005.html
  • Kazgan, G. (2012). Türkiye ekonomisinde krizler (1929-2009). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Kuştepeli, Y. (2005). A comprehensive short-run analysis of a (possible) Turkish Phillips curve. Applied Economics, 37(5), 581-591. https: //doi.org/10.1080/000368404200030749
  • Lalani, J. M. G. (2014). A Study on Testing the Validity of Phillips Curve for Sri Lanka. http://repository.rjt.ac.lk/bitstream/handle/123456789/1149/152-155.pdf?sequence=1
  • Levačić, R., & Rebmann, A. (1982). Macroeconomics: An introduction to Keynesian-neoclassical controversies. https: //cir.nii.ac.jp/crid/1130000798197838592
  • MacKinnon, J. G. (1996). Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11(6), 601-618. https: //doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1255(199611)11: 6<601: : AID-JAE417>3.0.CO;2-T
  • Mangır, F., & Erdoğan, S. (2012). Türkiye’de Enflasyon ile İşsizlik Arasındaki İlişki (1990-2011). Finans Politik ve Ekonomik Yorumlar, 570, 77-77.
  • Mushtaq, S. M., Hafeez, A. H., & Ahmad, T. A. (2023). Wagner VS Keynes: A cointegration analysis of Pakistan. https: //www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-3160172/latest
  • Okun, A. M. (1962). Potential GNP: Its measurement and significance. Proceedings of the business and economic statistics section of the American Statistical Association, 89-104.
  • Orji, A., Anthony-Orji, O. I., & Okafor, J. C. (2015). Inflation and unemployment nexus in Nigeria: Another test of the Phillips curve. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 5(5), 766.
  • Önder, A. Ö. (2004). Forecasting Inflation in Emerging Markets by Using the Phillips Curve and Alternative Time Series Models. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 40(2), 71-82. https: //doi.org/10.1080/1540496X.2004.11052566
  • Önder, A. Ö. (2009). The stability of the Turkish Phillips curve and alternative regime shifting models. Applied Economics, 41(20), 2597-2604. https: //doi.org/10.1080/00036840701222645
  • Öztürk, S., & Emek, M. L. (2016). 1997–2006 Yılları Nisan ve Ekim Ayları Verileriyle Türkiye için Phillips Eğrisi Analizi. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(10), 64-74.
  • Phelps, E. S. (1967). Phillips curves, expectations of inflation and optimal unemployment over time. Economica, 254-281.
  • Phelps, E. S. (1968). Money-Wage Dynamics and Labor-Market Equilibrium. Journal of Political Economy, 76(4, Part 2), 678-711. https: //doi.org/10.1086/259438
  • Phelps, E. S. (1994). Structural slumps: The modern equilibrium theory of unemployment, interest, and assets. Harvard University Press. https: //books.google.com/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=5_VOmYA4HF4C&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=+Structural+Slumps: +The+Modern+Equilibrium+Theory+of+Unemployment,+Interest,+and+Assets&ots=9Xnlkb1YBs&sig=8z42O7wnyZZSC7e04UTr8EuuaU4
  • Phillips, A. W. (1958). The relation between unemployment and the rate of change of money wage rates in the United Kingdom, 1861-1957. economica, 25(100), 283-299.
  • Rajput, N., & Bhalla, G. S. (2023). Testing the Relationship Between Income and Expenditure of a Statutory Organization: Cointegration and Causality Approach. Journal of the Knowledge Economy. https: //doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01201-3
  • Richardson, P., Boone, L., Giorno, C., Meacci, M., Rae, D., & Turner, D. (2000). The concept, policy use and measurement of structural unemployment: Estimating a time varying NAIRU across 21 OECD countries. https: //www.oecd-ilibrary.org/economics/the-concept-policy-use-and-measurement-of-structural-unemployment_785730283515
  • Russell, B., & Banerjee, A. (2008). The long-run Phillips curve and non-stationary inflation. Journal of Macroeconomics, 30(4), 1792-1815.
  • Saman, C., & Pauna, B. (2013). New Keynesian Phillips Curve for Romania. New Keynesian Phillips Curve For Romania. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 16(2), 159-171.
  • Samuelson, P. A., & Solow, R. M. (1960). Analytical aspects of anti-inflation policy. The American Economic Review, 50(2), 177-194.
  • Sergo, Z., Saftic, D., & Tezak, A. (2012). Stability of Phillips Curve: The Case of Croatia. Economic Research-Ekonomska Istraživanja, 25(sup1), 65-85. https: //doi.org/10.1080/1331677X.2012.11517557
  • Şahin, B. E. (2019). Türkiye’de Enflasyon ve İşsizlik Arasındaki İlişkinin Vektör Hata Düzeltme Modeli ile Analizi. Mali Cözüm Dergisi, 29, 63-75.
  • Tabar, Ç., & Çetin, I. K. (2016). Türkiye Ekonomisi Özelinde Phillips Eğrisi Analizi. Journal of Life Economics, 3(4), 79-100.
  • Tezel, Y. S. (2002). Cumhuriyet Döneminin İktisadi Tarihi. Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları.
  • The World Bank. (2024). https: //data.worldbank.org/
  • Uysal, D., & Erdoğan, S. (2003). Enflasyon ile İşsizlik Oranı Arasındaki İlişki ve Türkiye Örneği (1980-2002). Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(6), 35-47.
  • Xu, Q., Niu, X., Jiang, C., & Huang, X. (2015). The Phillips curve in the US: A nonlinear quantile regression approach. Economic Modelling, 49, 186-197. https: //doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2015.04.007
  • Yıldırım, S., & Sacit, S. (2021). Türkiye Ekonomisinde Phillips Eğrisinin Geçerliliğinin Analizi. İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10(3), 2206-2226.
  • Zayed, N. M., Islam, M. R., & Hasan, K. R. (2018). Testing Phillips curve to examine the inflation rate regarding unemployment rate, annual wage rate and GDP of Philippines: 1950-2017. Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal, 22(5), 1-9.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Macroeconomic Theory, Inflation, Employment
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Rauf Karataş 0000-0003-1031-6722

Early Pub Date June 29, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date March 11, 2024
Acceptance Date April 25, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Karataş, A. R. (2024). Türkiye’de Phillips Eğrisinin Geçerliliğinin Test Edilmesi. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 9(2), 451-473. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1450751