This study aims to unveil the effects of industrialization, human development, compliance with the rule of law, and renewable energy on CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint of consumption in EU countries over the 1990-2022 period. The empirical findings, based on the MMQR analysis, reveal that the magnitudes of coefficients between factors affecting CO2 emissions and the ecological footprint vary. Industrialization and human development are the main contributors to environmental degradation, while renewable energy use consistently mitigates environmental degradation across all quantiles. Trade openness also mitigates CO2 emissions in all quantiles with a diminishing trend, but the same correlation is only observed in the lowest quantile for the model with ecological footprint. Compliance with the rule of law has a statistically insignificant effect on the ecological footprint; however, in the lowest quantile of CO2 (0.1), the rule of law exacerbates CO2 emissions, whereas in the highest quantile, it has a mitigating effect. While industrialization and human development contribute to both dimensions of environmental degradation, the different impacts of trade openness and the compliance with the rule of law underscore the need for specific strategies in designing policies to mitigate CO2 and ecological footprints from a policy perspective.
Abou-Chadi, T., & Kayser, M. (2017). It’s not easy being green: Why voters punish parties for environmental policies during economic downturns. Electoral Studies, 45, 201–207.
Adebayo, T. S., & Kirikkaleli, D. (2021). Impact of renewable energy consumption, globalization, and technological innovation on environmental degradation in Japan: Application of wavelet tools. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(11), 16057-16082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01322-2
Acharyya, J. (2009). FDI, growth and the environment: Evidence from India on CO2 emission during the last two decades. Journal of Economic Development, 34(1), 43-58.
Adams, S., & Acheampong, A. O. (2019). Reducing carbon emissions: The role of renewable energy and democracy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 240, 118245.
Ahmed, Z. (2024). Assessing the interplay between political globalization, social globalization, democracy, militarization, and sustainable development: Evidence from G-7 economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(7), 11261-11275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31854-9
Ahmed, F., Ali, I., Kousar, S., & Ahmed, S. (2022). The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment: Empirical evidence from Asia-Pacific region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17560-w
Al-Mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., & Mohammed, A. H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315-323.
Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389.
Ali, I. M. A. (2022). Income inequality and environmental degradation in Egypt: Evidence from dynamic ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(6), 8408-8422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16275-2
Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2011). Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from emerging market economies. Applied Energy, 88(12), 5226-5230.
Bai, J., Choi, S. H., & Liao, Y. (2021). Feasible generalized least squares for panel data with cross-sectional and serial correlations. Empirical Economics, 60, 309-326.
Baloch, A., Shah, S. Z., Noor, Z. M., & Magsi, H. B. (2018). The nexus between income inequality, economic growth and environmental degradation in Pakistan. GeoJournal, 83, 207-222.
Balsamo, M., Montagnaro, F., & Anthony, E. J. (2023). Socio-economic parameters affect CO2 emissions and energy consumption: An analysis over the United Nations countries. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 40, 100740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2022.100740
Bélaïd, F., & Youssef, M. (2017). Environmental degradation, renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, and economic growth: Assessing the evidence from Algeria. Energy Policy, 102, 277-287.
Bersvendsen, T., & Ditzen, J. (2020). xthst: Testing for slope homogeneity in Stata. Centre for Energy Economics Research and Policy Working Paper, 11.
Bieth, R. C. E. (2021, March). The influence of Gross Domestic Product and human development index on CO2 emissions. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1808(1), 012034. IOP Publishing.
Buitenzorgy, M., & PJ Mol, A. (2011). Does democracy lead to a better environment? Deforestation and the democratic transition peak. Environmental and Resource Economics, 48, 59-70.
Destek, M. A., Hossain, M. R., & Khan, Z. (2024). Premature deindustrialization and environmental degradation. Gondwana Research, 127, 199-210.
Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from OECD countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
Dinda, S. (2005). A theoretical basis for the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological Economics, 53(3), 403-413.
Erdölek Kozal, Ö. (2023). Turkey’s environment vs. economic growth dilemma: Unpacking perceptions and influential factors. Kent Akademisi, 16 (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 100. Yılı Özel Sayısı), 38-54. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1346194
Gao, Y., Chen, H., Tauni, M. Z., Alnafrah, I., & Yu, J. (2024). Unpacking the impact of financialization and globalization on environmental degradation in BRICS economies. Resources Policy, 88, 104497.
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Harte, J. (2007). Human population as a dynamic factor in environmental degradation. Population and Environment, 28, 223-236.
Ike, G. N., Usman, O., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Testing the role of oil production in the environmental Kuznets curve of oil producing countries: New insights from method of moments quantile regression. Science of the Total Environment, 711, 135208.
Inglehart, R. (2015). The silent revolution: Changing values and political styles among Western publics. Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1977)
Jain, M., & Nagpal, A. (2019). Relationship between environmental sustainability and human development index: A case of selected South Asian nations. Vision, 23(2), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262919840202
Jorgenson, A. K., & Kick, E. L. (2003). Introduction: Globalization and the environment. Journal of World-Systems Research, 195-203.
Ju, S., Andriamahery, A., Qamruzzaman, M., & Kor, S. (2023). Effects of financial development, FDI and good governance on environmental degradation in the Arab nation: Does technological innovation matter?. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1094976.
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Kahouli, B., Miled, K., & Aloui, Z. (2022). Do energy consumption, urbanization, and industrialization play a role in environmental degradation in the case of Saudi Arabia? Energy Strategy Reviews, 40, 100814.
Kahuthu, A. (2006). Economic growth and environmental degradation in a global context. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 8, 55-68.
Kassouri, Y., & Altıntaş, H. (2020). Human well-being versus ecological footprint in MENA countries: A trade-off? Journal of Environmental Management, 263, 110405.
Kayser, M., & Grafström, C. (2016). The luxury goods vote: Why left governments are punished more for economic downturns. Hertie School of Governance Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24409.31841
Karimi Alavijeh, N., Ahmadi Shadmehri, M. T., Nazeer, N., Zangoei, S., & Dehdar, F. (2023). The role of renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation in EU countries: Do institutional quality, technological innovation, and GDP matter? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(15), 44607-44624.
Kearsley, A., & Riddel, M. (2010). A further inquiry into the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological Economics, 69(4), 905-919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.014
Khan, H., Weili, L., & Khan, I. (2022). Environmental innovation, trade openness, and quality institutions: An integrated investigation about environmental sustainability. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-31.
Kilinc-Ata, N., & Alshami, M. (2023). Analysis of how environmental degradation affects clean energy transition: Evidence from the UAE. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(28), 72756-72768.
Kisswani, K. M., & Zaitouni, M. (2023). Does FDI affect environmental degradation? Examining pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses using ARDL modelling. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 28(4), 1406-1432.
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Sanayileşme, İnsani Gelişme, Demokrasi, Ticari Açıklık ve Yenilenebilir Enerji Bağlamında Avrupa Birliği’nde Çevresel Bozulma
Year 2024,
Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 927 - 952, 31.10.2024
Bu çalışma, 1990-2022 döneminde AB ülkelerinde sanayileşme, insani gelişme, hukukun üstünlüğüne uyum ve yenilenebilir enerjinin kişi başına CO2 emisyonu ve ekolojik ayak izine etkilerini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Momentler Kantil Regresyon analizine dayanan ampirik bulgulara göre sanayileşme ve insani gelişme çevresel bozulmayı arttıran başlıca unsurlar olurken, yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı tüm kantil düzeylerinde çevresel bozulmayı tutarlı bir şekilde azaltmaktadır. Ticari açıklık da azalan bir eğilimle tüm kantillerde karbon emisyonlarını azaltmaktadır, ancak aynı korelasyon ekolojik ayak izi modeli için sadece en düşük kantilde (0.1) gözlenmektedir. Hukukun üstünlüğüne uyum ile ekolojik ayak izi arasındaki korelasyon istatistiksel olarak anlamsızdır; ancak, karbon salınımının en düşük kantilinde (0.1), hukukun üstünlüğü karbon emisyonlarını arttırırken, en yüksek kantilde çevresel bozulmayı hafifletmektedir. Sanayileşme ve insani kalkınma çevresel bozulmanın her iki boyutuna da katkıda bulunurken, ticari açıklık ve hukukun üstünlüğüne uyumun farklı etkiler göstermesi, politika üretme perspektifinden bakıldığında, CO2 ve ekolojik ayak izi azaltım politikaları tasarlanırken, spesifik stratejilerin gerekliliğinin altını çizmektedir.
Abou-Chadi, T., & Kayser, M. (2017). It’s not easy being green: Why voters punish parties for environmental policies during economic downturns. Electoral Studies, 45, 201–207.
Adebayo, T. S., & Kirikkaleli, D. (2021). Impact of renewable energy consumption, globalization, and technological innovation on environmental degradation in Japan: Application of wavelet tools. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 23(11), 16057-16082. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01322-2
Acharyya, J. (2009). FDI, growth and the environment: Evidence from India on CO2 emission during the last two decades. Journal of Economic Development, 34(1), 43-58.
Adams, S., & Acheampong, A. O. (2019). Reducing carbon emissions: The role of renewable energy and democracy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 240, 118245.
Ahmed, Z. (2024). Assessing the interplay between political globalization, social globalization, democracy, militarization, and sustainable development: Evidence from G-7 economies. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31(7), 11261-11275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-024-31854-9
Ahmed, F., Ali, I., Kousar, S., & Ahmed, S. (2022). The environmental impact of industrialization and foreign direct investment: Empirical evidence from Asia-Pacific region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17560-w
Al-Mulali, U., Weng-Wai, C., Sheau-Ting, L., & Mohammed, A. H. (2015). Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis by utilizing the ecological footprint as an indicator of environmental degradation. Ecological Indicators, 48, 315-323.
Al-Mulali, U., & Ozturk, I. (2015). The effect of energy consumption, urbanization, trade openness, industrial output, and the political stability on the environmental degradation in the MENA (Middle East and North African) region. Energy, 84, 382-389.
Ali, I. M. A. (2022). Income inequality and environmental degradation in Egypt: Evidence from dynamic ARDL approach. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(6), 8408-8422. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-16275-2
Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2011). Renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption-growth nexus: Evidence from emerging market economies. Applied Energy, 88(12), 5226-5230.
Bai, J., Choi, S. H., & Liao, Y. (2021). Feasible generalized least squares for panel data with cross-sectional and serial correlations. Empirical Economics, 60, 309-326.
Baloch, A., Shah, S. Z., Noor, Z. M., & Magsi, H. B. (2018). The nexus between income inequality, economic growth and environmental degradation in Pakistan. GeoJournal, 83, 207-222.
Balsamo, M., Montagnaro, F., & Anthony, E. J. (2023). Socio-economic parameters affect CO2 emissions and energy consumption: An analysis over the United Nations countries. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, 40, 100740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2022.100740
Bélaïd, F., & Youssef, M. (2017). Environmental degradation, renewable and non-renewable electricity consumption, and economic growth: Assessing the evidence from Algeria. Energy Policy, 102, 277-287.
Bersvendsen, T., & Ditzen, J. (2020). xthst: Testing for slope homogeneity in Stata. Centre for Energy Economics Research and Policy Working Paper, 11.
Bieth, R. C. E. (2021, March). The influence of Gross Domestic Product and human development index on CO2 emissions. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1808(1), 012034. IOP Publishing.
Buitenzorgy, M., & PJ Mol, A. (2011). Does democracy lead to a better environment? Deforestation and the democratic transition peak. Environmental and Resource Economics, 48, 59-70.
Destek, M. A., Hossain, M. R., & Khan, Z. (2024). Premature deindustrialization and environmental degradation. Gondwana Research, 127, 199-210.
Destek, M. A., & Sinha, A. (2020). Renewable, non-renewable energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and ecological footprint: Evidence from OECD countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 242, 118537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.118537
Dinda, S. (2005). A theoretical basis for the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological Economics, 53(3), 403-413.
Erdölek Kozal, Ö. (2023). Turkey’s environment vs. economic growth dilemma: Unpacking perceptions and influential factors. Kent Akademisi, 16 (Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin 100. Yılı Özel Sayısı), 38-54. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.1346194
Gao, Y., Chen, H., Tauni, M. Z., Alnafrah, I., & Yu, J. (2024). Unpacking the impact of financialization and globalization on environmental degradation in BRICS economies. Resources Policy, 88, 104497.
Grossman, G. M., & Krueger, A. B. (1995). Economic growth and the environment. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(2), 353-377. https://doi.org/10.2307/2118443
Harte, J. (2007). Human population as a dynamic factor in environmental degradation. Population and Environment, 28, 223-236.
Ike, G. N., Usman, O., & Sarkodie, S. A. (2020). Testing the role of oil production in the environmental Kuznets curve of oil producing countries: New insights from method of moments quantile regression. Science of the Total Environment, 711, 135208.
Inglehart, R. (2015). The silent revolution: Changing values and political styles among Western publics. Princeton University Press. (Original work published 1977)
Jain, M., & Nagpal, A. (2019). Relationship between environmental sustainability and human development index: A case of selected South Asian nations. Vision, 23(2), 125-133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0972262919840202
Jorgenson, A. K., & Kick, E. L. (2003). Introduction: Globalization and the environment. Journal of World-Systems Research, 195-203.
Ju, S., Andriamahery, A., Qamruzzaman, M., & Kor, S. (2023). Effects of financial development, FDI and good governance on environmental degradation in the Arab nation: Does technological innovation matter?. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1094976.
Jun, W., Mahmood, H., & Zakaria, M. (2020). Impact of trade openness on environment in China. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 21(4), 1185-1202.
Kahouli, B., Miled, K., & Aloui, Z. (2022). Do energy consumption, urbanization, and industrialization play a role in environmental degradation in the case of Saudi Arabia? Energy Strategy Reviews, 40, 100814.
Kahuthu, A. (2006). Economic growth and environmental degradation in a global context. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 8, 55-68.
Kassouri, Y., & Altıntaş, H. (2020). Human well-being versus ecological footprint in MENA countries: A trade-off? Journal of Environmental Management, 263, 110405.
Kayser, M., & Grafström, C. (2016). The luxury goods vote: Why left governments are punished more for economic downturns. Hertie School of Governance Working Paper. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.24409.31841
Karimi Alavijeh, N., Ahmadi Shadmehri, M. T., Nazeer, N., Zangoei, S., & Dehdar, F. (2023). The role of renewable energy consumption on environmental degradation in EU countries: Do institutional quality, technological innovation, and GDP matter? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(15), 44607-44624.
Kearsley, A., & Riddel, M. (2010). A further inquiry into the pollution haven hypothesis and the environmental Kuznets curve. Ecological Economics, 69(4), 905-919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.11.014
Khan, H., Weili, L., & Khan, I. (2022). Environmental innovation, trade openness, and quality institutions: An integrated investigation about environmental sustainability. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 1-31.
Kilinc-Ata, N., & Alshami, M. (2023). Analysis of how environmental degradation affects clean energy transition: Evidence from the UAE. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(28), 72756-72768.
Kisswani, K. M., & Zaitouni, M. (2023). Does FDI affect environmental degradation? Examining pollution haven and pollution halo hypotheses using ARDL modelling. Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 28(4), 1406-1432.
Koengkan, M., Fuinhas, J. A., & Silva, N. (2021). Exploring the capacity of renewable energy consumption to reduce outdoor air pollution death rate in Latin America and the Caribbean region. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 1656-1674. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-10503-x
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Primary Language
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Ecological Economics, Development Economics - Macro, Sustainable Development
Erdölek Kozal, Ö. (2024). Unraveling the Nexus of Industrialization, Human Development, Democracy, Trade Openness, and Renewable Energy in EU Environmental Degradation. Bulletin of Economic Theory and Analysis, 9(3), 927-952. https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1506505