Managerial Technostress in the Private Sector: A Qualitative Study of its Causes and Consequences

Year 2024, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 865 - 899

Gaye Onan

Abstract

Employees may experience stress and strain due to increased job overload and frequent relearning requirements caused by rapid information and communication technology advances. While the widespread use of information and communication technology in the workplace improves performance and efficiency, it may also lead to technostress among employees. Managers' experiences with technostress, reactions to technostress, and outcomes may differ from those of ordinary employees.Managers' experiences with technostress, their reasons for experiencing technostress, and their consequences may be different from those of ordinary employees. The purpose of this study is to investigate the causes and consequences of technostress among managers working in private sector organizations. Data for the study were gathered through interviews using a qualitative research methodology. The MAXQDA application was used to evaluate the data from interviews with 18 private sector managers working in various lines of business. According to the analysis results, the main factors that cause managers working in the private sector to experience technostress are techno-overload and techno-invasion. Furthermore, it has been shown that these elements primarily have negative social and psychological effects on managers.

Keywords

Technostress, Managerial Technostress, MAXQDA

Özel Sektörde Yönetsel Teknostres: Sebepleri ve Sonuçları Üzerine Nitel Bir Araştırma

Abstract

Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinde yaşanan hızlı gelişmeler nedeni ile artan iş yükü ve sürekli yeniden öğrenme gereksinimleri gibi faktörler, çalışanlar arasında stres ve baskı oluşturabilmektedir. Bilgi ve iletişim teknolojilerinin iş yerlerinde yaygınlaşması, performansı ve verimliliği artırırken çalışanlarda teknostres yaşanmasına neden olabilmektedir. Yöneticilerin teknostresle ilgili deneyimleri, teknostres yaşama nedenleri ve sonuçları sıradan çalışanlarınkinden farklı olabilir. Bu çalışma, özel sektör işletmelerinde çalışan yöneticilerin teknostres yaşamalarının nedenleri ve bunun sonuçlarını incelemek üzere tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmada nitel araştırma deseni kullanılarak görüşme tekniği ile veri toplanmıştır. Farklı faaliyet kollarında görev yapan 18 özel sektör yöneticisi ile gerçekleştirilen görüşmelerin verileri MAXQDA programıyla analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre özel sektörde görev yapan yöneticilerin teknostres yaşamalarına neden olan faktörlerin başında tekno-aşırı iş yükü ve tekno-istila gelmektedir. Ayrıca, bu faktörlerin yöneticilerde en çok sosyal ve psikolojik açıdan olumsuz sonuçlara yol açtığı belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

Teknsotres, Yönetsel Teknsotres, MAXQDA

References

• Akman, A. Z. (2023). Türkiye’deki “teknostres” konusunda yapılan çalışmalara yönelik sistematik bir inceleme. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Inquiries, 7(Özel Sayı 2), 71-86. https://doi.org/10.55775/ijemi.1326272
• Ayyagari, R., Grover, V., & Purvis, R. (2011). Technostress: Technological antecedents and implications. MIS Quarterly, 35(4), 831–858. https://doi.org/10.2307/41409963
• Baer, M. D., Dhensa-Kahlon, R. K., Colquitt, J. A., Rodell, J. B., Outlaw, R., & Long, D. M. (2015). Uneasy lies the head that bears the trust: The effects of feeling trusted on emotional exhaustion. Academy of Management Journal, 58(6), 1637-1657. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2014.0246
• Berger, M., Schäfer, R., Schmidt, M., Regal, C., & Gimpel, H. (2023). How to prevent technostress at the digital workplace: A Delphi study. Journal of Business Economics, 1-63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-023-01159-3
• Borle, P., Reichel, K., Niebuhr, F., & Voelter-Mahlknecht, S. (2021). How are techno-stressors associated with mental health and work outcomes? A systematic review of occupational exposure to information and communication technologies within the technostress model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168673
• Boyer-Davis, S. (2019). Technostress in accounting professionals: A quantitative examination of the differences between managers and non-managers. Journal of Accounting and Finance, 19(2), 25-41.
• Brod, C. (1984). Technostress: The human cost of the computer revolution. Addison Wesley Publishing Company.
• Brooks, S., & Califf, C. (2017). Social media-induced technostress: Its impact on the job performance of IT professionals and the moderating role of job characteristics. Computer Networks, 114, 143-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comnet.2016.08.020
• Califf, C. B., Sarker, S., & Sarker, S. (2020). The bright and dark sides of technostress: A mixed-methods study involving healthcare IT. MIS Quarterly, 44(2), 809-856. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2020/14418
• Campbell, M., Baltes, J. I., Martin, A., & Meddings, K. (2007). The stress of leadership. Center for Creative Leadership, 10(11), 3-15.
• Cao, X., Guo, X., Vogel, D., & Zhang, X. (2016). Exploring the influence of social media on employee work performance. Internet Research, 26(2), 529-545. https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-11-2014-029
• Çelik, G. (2022). Okul yöneticilerinin teknostres düzeyleri (Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi). Pamukkale Üniversitesi, Denizli.
• Clark, K., & Kalin, S. (1996). Technostressed out? How to cope in the digital age. Library Journal, 121(13), 30-32.
• Chen, L. (2015). Validating the technostress instrument using a sample of Chinese knowledge workers. Journal of International Technology and Information Management, 24(1), 65-81.
• Çini, M. A., Erdirençelebi, M., & Akman, A. Z. (2023). The effect of organization employees' perspective on digital transformation on their technostress levels and performance: A public institution example. Central European Business Review, 12(4), 33.
• Çoban, R., & Aydoğdu, T. (2020). Havacılık sektöründe zaman baskısının teknostrese etkisi: Uçak bakım teknisyenleri üzerine bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 2442-2460.
• Çoklar, A. N., & Sahin, Y. L. (2011). Technostress levels of social network users based on ICTs in Turkey. European Journal of Social Sciences, 23(2), 171-182.
• Eren, A. S., & Çiçeklioğlu, H. (2020). Örgütlerde teknostresin ölçümüne yönelik bir alan araştırması. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 12(3), 2927-2943.
• Erer, B. (2021). Teknolojinin karanlık yüzü: Teknostres. Management and Political Sciences Review, 3(1), 80-90.
• Gaudioso, F., Turel, O., & Galimberti, C. (2017). The mediating roles of strain facets and coping strategies in translating techno-stressors into adverse job outcomes. Computers in Human Behavior, 69, 189-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.041
• Güğerçin, U. (2020). Does techno-stress justify cyberslacking? An empirical study based on the neutralization theory. Behaviour & Information Technology, 39(7), 824-836. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2019.1685594
• Gül, N. (2022). Teknostresin tükenmişlik üzerindeki etkisinde bilinçli farkındalığın aracılık rolü: Banka çalışanları üzerine bir araştırma. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 6(3), 2747-2762.
• Hauk, N., Hüffmeier, J., & Krumm, S. (2018). Ready to be a silver surfer? A meta-analysis on the relationship between chronological age and technology acceptance. Computers in Human Behavior, 84, 304–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.020
• Hauk, N., Hüffmeier, J., & Krumm, S. (2019). Ready to be a digital leader? A meta-analysis of the relationship between digital leadership and employees' digital skills and attitudes. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1936. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01936
• Hung, W. H., Chang, L. M., & Lin, C. H. (2011, July 7-11). Managing technostress of information technology professionals. In Proceedings of the Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems (PACIS) (pp. 1-12). https://aisel.aisnet.org/pacis/
• Khan, A., Rehman, H., & Rehman, D. S. U. (2013). An empirical analysis of correlation between technostress and job satisfaction: A case of KPK, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Information Management and Libraries, 14(1), 9-15.
• Küçükcivil, B., Gargalık, E., & Koçyiğit, M. (2024). Üniversitelerde dijital eğitim-öğretim faaliyetleri ve teknostres: İletişim akademisyenleri üzerine bir araştırma. Erciyes İletişim Dergisi, 11(1), 105-134. https://doi.org/10.17680/erciyesiletisim.1352212
• le Roux, D. J., & Botha, P. A. (2021). Investigating the impact of technostress on productivity and overall life satisfaction of managers working at a South African ferrochrome smelting company. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 19, 12. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajhrm.v19i0.1649
• Laspinas, L. M. (2015). Technostress: Trends and challenges in the 21st century knowledge management. European Scientific Journal, 11(2), 205–217.
• Lazarus, R. S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. Springer Publishing Company.
• Lee, S. B., Lee, S. C., & Suh, Y. H. (2016). Technostress from mobile communication and its impact on quality of life and productivity. Total Quality Management & Business Excellence, 27(7-8), 775-790. https://doi.org/10.1080/14783363.2016.1187998
• Lepp, A., Barkley, J. E., & Karpinski, A. C. (2014). The relationship between cell phone use, academic performance, anxiety, and satisfaction with life in college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 31, 343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.10.049
• Li, L., & Wang, X. (2020). Technostress inhibitors and job performance: A study of the moderating role of job involvement in the Chinese context. Information & Management, 57(3), 103-110.
• Llorens, S., Salanova, M., & Ventura, M. (2011). Guías de intervención: Tecnoestrés. Síntesis.
• MacCormick, J. S., Dery, K., & Kolb, D. G. (2012). Engaged or just connected? Smartphones and employee engagement. Organizational Dynamics, 41(3), 194–201.
• Mahboob, A., & Khan, T. (2016). Technostress and its management techniques: A literature review. Journal of Human Resource Management, 4(3), 28–31. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jhrm.20160403.12
• Maier, C., Laumer, S., Weinert, C., & Weitzel, T. (2019). The effects of technostress and switching stress on discontinued use of social networking services: A study of Facebook use. Information Systems Journal, 29(2), 388-407. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12068
• Maslach, C., Schaufeli, W. B., & Leiter, M. P. (2001). Job burnout. Annual Review of Psychology, 52(1), 397-422. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.52.1.397
• McCracken, G. (1988). The long interview. Sage Publications.
• Mishra, P. K., & Rašticová, M. (2024). Role and status of biomarkers in technostress research: A systematic review. Psychology Research and Behavior Management, 1961-1972.
• Morales, A. C., Amir, O., & Lee, L. (2017). Keeping it real in experimental research—understanding when, where, and how to enhance realism and measure consumer behavior. The Journal of Consumer Research, 44(2), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcr/ucx048
• Myers, M. D. (2013). Qualitative research in business and management (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
• Nastjuk, I., Trang, S., Grummeck-Braamt, J. V., Adam, M. T., & Tarafdar, M. (2024). Integrating and synthesising technostress research: A meta-analysis on technostress creators, outcomes, and IS usage contexts. European Journal of Information Systems, 33(3), 361-382. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2022.2154712
• Pflügner, K., Baumann, A., & Maier, C. (2021, June). Managerial technostress: A qualitative study on causes and consequences. In Proceedings of the 2021 on Computers and People Research Conference (pp. 63-70).
• Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Tu, Q. (2008). The consequences of technostress for end users in organizations: Conceptual development and empirical validation. Information Systems Research, 19(4), 417-433. https://doi.org/10.1287/isre.1070.0165
• Riedl, R., Kindermann, H., Auinger, A., & Javor, A. (2012). Technostress from a neurobiological perspective: System breakdown increases the stress hormone cortisol in computer users. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 4(2), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11576-012-0314-6
• Rohwer, E., Flöther, J. C., Harth, V., & Mache, S. (2022). Overcoming the “dark side” of technology—A scoping review on preventing and coping with work-related technostress. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(6), 3625. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063625
• Salanova, M., Llorens, S., & Cifre, E. (2013). The dark side of technologies: Technostress among users of information and communication technologies. International Journal of Psychology, 48(2), 422-436. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2012.680460
• Shu, Q., Tu, Q., & Wang, K. (2011). The impact of computer self-efficacy and technology dependence on computer-related technostress: A social cognitive theory perspective. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 27(10), 923–939. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2011.555313
• Srivastava, S. C., Chandra, S., & Shirish, A. (2015). Technostress creators and job outcomes: Theorising the moderating influence of personality traits. Information Systems Journal, 25(4), 355-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12067
• Stadin, M., Nordin, M., Fransson, E. I., & Broström, A. (2020). Healthcare managers’ experiences of technostress and the actions they take to handle it: A critical incident analysis. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making, 20, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12911-020-01261-4
• Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2007). The impact of technostress on role stress and productivity. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(1), 301-328. https://doi.org/10.2753/MIS0742-1222240109
• Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2010). Impact of technostress on end-user satisfaction and performance. Journal of Management Information Systems, 27(3), 303–334. https://doi.org/10.2753/mis0742-1222270311
• Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2011). Crossing to the dark side: Examining creators, outcomes, and inhibitors of technostress. Communications of the ACM, 54(9), 113-120. https://doi.org/10.1145/1995376.1995403
• Tarafdar, M., Pullins, E. B., & Ragu‐Nathan, T. S. (2015). Technostress: Negative effect on performance and possible mitigations. Information Systems Journal, 25(2), 103-132. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12042
• Tu, Q., Wang, K., & Shu, Q. (2008). Computer-related technostress in China. Communications of the ACM, 51(11), 2-3. https://doi.org/10.1145/1053291.1053323
• Türen, U., Erdem, H., & Kalkin, G. (2015). Technostress at work scale: A research in aviation and banking sectors. Journal of Labor Relations, 6(1), 1-19.
• Upadhyaya, P., & Vrinda. (2021). Impact of technostress on academic productivity of university students. Education and Information Technologies, 26(2), 1647-1664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-020-10319-9
• van Der Heijden, H. (2004). User acceptance of hedonic information systems. MIS Quarterly, 28(4), 695–704. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148660
• Valta, M., Hildebrandt, Y., & Maier, C. (2024). Fostering the digital mindset to mitigate technostress: An empirical study of empowering individuals for using digital technologies. Internet Research. https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-09-2022-0766
• Weinert, C., Maier, C., & Laumer, S. (2020). The role of technostress in organizational change. Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 29(4), 101659.
• Wang, X., & Li, B. (2019). Technostress among university teachers in higher education: A study using multidimensional person-environment misfit theory. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1791. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01791
• Woods, P. (1986). Inside schools: Ethnography in educational research. Routledge.
• Wu, J., & Lu, X. (2013). Effects of extrinsic and intrinsic motivators on using utilitarian, hedonic, and dual-purposed information systems: A meta-analysis. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 14(3), 153–191. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00325
• Yahşi, Ö., & Hopcan, S. (2021). Reviewing the structural relationship among the technology leadership, technostress and technology acceptance of school administrators. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(6), 1781-1797. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.960670
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2006). Sosyal bilimlerde nitel araştırma yöntemleri (6. baskı). Seçkin Yayıncılık.