Solid Waste Recovery, Co2 Productivity and Growth: An Empirical Analysis for Sustainable Development in Turkiye

Year 2025, Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 67 - 89, 28.02.2025

Maya Moalla

https://doi.org/10.25229/beta.1571889

Abstract

This article seeks to explore the connection between solid waste recycling and economic growth through the lens of the circular economy perspective in Turkiye, considering the CO2 productivity index which had been reconstructed by using the PCA method (Principal Component Analysis) utilizing three different variables during the period spanning from 2000Q1 to 2021Q4. The findings revealed that recycling has a negative long-term impact on economic growth, indicating that policymakers should invest in modernizing infrastructure and optimizing logistics, provide financial support through subsidies and incentives, and foster public-private partnerships to enhance recycling's economic benefits. Furthermore, markets should be developed for recycled products with public procurement policies and consumer campaigns, considering the market volatility. Moreover, strengthening regulations, encouraging research and development, and enhancing governance and coordination will ensure effective recycling management and contribute to environmental sustainability and economic growth.

Keywords

Solid Waste Recovery, Co2 Productivity, Growth

Ethical Statement

This study which does not require ethics committee approval and/or legal/specific permission complies with the research and publication ethics.

Turkiye'de Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Katı Atık Geri Dönüşümü, Co2 Verimliliği ve Büyüme: Ampirik Bir Analiz

Abstract

Bu makale, Turkiye'de katı atık geri dönüşümü ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki bağlantıyı, döngüsel ekonomi perspektifiyle, 2000Q1'den 2021Q4'e kadar olan dönemi kapsayan üç farklı değişken kullanılarak PCA (Temel Bileşen Analizi) yöntemiyle yeniden yapılandırılmış CO2 verimlilik endeksi göz önünde bulundurarak araştırmayı amaçlamaktadır. Bulgular, geri dönüşümün uzun vadede ekonomik büyüme üzerinde olumsuz bir etkisi olduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu durum, politika yapıcıların altyapıyı modernize etmeye ve lojistik süreçleri optimize etmeye yatırım yapmaları, sübvansiyonlar ve teşvikler yoluyla finansal destek sağlamaları ve geri dönüşümün ekonomik faydalarını artırmak için kamu-özel sektör ortaklıklarını teşvik etmeleri gerektiğini göstermektedir. Ayrıca, piyasa dalgalanmaları göz önüne alınarak, kamu alım politikaları ve tüketici kampanyaları ile geri dönüştürülmüş ürünler için pazarlar geliştirilmelidir. Bunun yanı sıra, düzenlemelerin güçlendirilmesi, araştırma ve geliştirmeye teşvik verilmesi, yönetim ve koordinasyonun iyileştirilmesi, etkili geri dönüşüm yönetimini sağlayacak ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve ekonomik büyümeye katkıda bulunacaktır.

Keywords

Katı Atık Geri Dönüşümü, Co2 Verimliliği, Büyüme

Ethical Statement

Etik kurul onayı ve/veya yasal/özel izin gerektirmeyen bu çalışma, araştırma ve yayın etiğine uygundur.

References

• Abegaz, F., Chaichoompu, K., Génin, E., Fardo, D. W., König, I. R., Mahachie John, J. M., & Van Steen, K. (2018). Principals about principal components in statistical genetics. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 20(6), 2200–2216. https://doi.org/10.1093/bib/bby081
• Arora, A., Arora, A. S., Sivakumar, K., & Burke, G. (2020). Strategic sustainable purchasing, environmental collaboration, and organizational sustainability performance: the moderating role of supply base size. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 25(6), 709–728. doi: 10.1108/SCM-07-2019-0284
• Ayodele, T. R., Alao, M. A., & Ogunjuyigbe, A. S. O. (2018). Recyclable resources from municipal solid waste: Assessment of its energy, economic and environmental benefits in Nigeria. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 134, 165–173. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2018.03.017
• Bayram, T., Argun, Y. A., & Tırınk, S. (2019). An Evaluation of Solid Waste Management in Turkey. Black Sea Journal of Engineering and Science, 7–8. https://doi.org/10.34248/bsengineering.561447
• Caiyi, L., Xiaoyong, L., & Zhenyu, L. (2022). The nexus between e-commerce growth and solid-waste emissions in china: Open the pathway of green development of e-commerce. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.963264.
• De Jesus, A., Antunes, P., Santos, R., & Mendonça, S. (2018). Eco-innovation in the transition to a circular economy: An analytical literature review. Journal of Cleaner Production, 172, 2999–3018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.11.111.
• De Jesus, A., Lammi, M., Domenech, T., Vanhuyse, F., & Mendonça, S. (2021). Eco-Innovation Diversity in a Circular Economy: Towards Circular Innovation Studies. Sustainability, 13(19), 10974. https://doi.org/10.3390/su131910974
• Ferronato, N., Rada, E. C., Gorritty Portillo, M. A., Cioca, L. I., Ragazzi, M., & Torretta, V. (2019). Introduction of the circular economy within developing regions: A comparative analysis of advantages and opportunities for waste valorization. Journal of Environmental Management, 230, 366–378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.09.095
• Ehrlich, I. (1996). Crime, Punishment, and the Market for Offenses. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10(1), 43–67. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.10.1.43
• Everitt, B. S., & Hothorn, T. (2006). Handbook of Statistical Analyses Using R. Taylor & Francis Group.
• Gardiner, R., & Hajek, P. (2020). Municipal waste generation, R&D intensity, and economic growth nexus – A case of EU regions. Waste Management, 114, 124–135. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.038.
• Genc, A., Zeydan, O., & Sarac, S. (2019). Cost analysis of plastic solid waste recycling in an urban district in Turkey. Waste Management & Research, 37(9), 906–913. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19858665
• Hoornweg, D., & Bhada-Tata, P. (2012). What a waste: A global review of solid waste management. Urban Development Series; Knowledge Papers no. 15. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/17388
• Jiménez, L. F., Domínguez, J. A., & Vega-Azamar, R. E. (2018). Carbon Footprint of Recycled Aggregate Concrete. Advances in Civil Engineering, 2018, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/7949741
• Karadaş, H. A., & Işık, H. B. (2019). Green Growth in Turkey: A Statistical Comparison with OECD Indicators. Fiscaoeconomia, 3(1), 268-317. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.2019.01.012
• Kaza, S., Yao, L. C., Bhada-Tata, P., & Van Woerden, F. (2018). What a Waste 2.0: A Global Snapshot of Solid Waste Management to 2050. Washington, DC: World Bank. https://doi.org/10.1596/978-1-4648-1329-0.
• Korhonen, J., Honkasalo, A., & Seppälä, J. (2018). Circular Economy: The Concept and its Limitations. Ecological Economics, 143, 37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2017.06.041
• Kristanto, G. A., & Koven, W. (2019). Estimating greenhouse gas emissions from municipal solid waste management in Depok, Indonesia. City and Environment Interactions, 4, 100027. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cacint.2020.100027
• Kuvvetli Yavaş, H. (2023). Ekonomide bir paradigma değişimi olarak döngüsel ekonomi. Ü. Bulut Karaca (Ed.) Türkiye’de sıfır atık: Tespitler, beklentiler ve fırsatlar (6-34). İstanbul: Arel Üniversitesi Yayınları.
• Liu, Y., Park, S., Yi, H., & Feiock, R. (2020). Evaluating the employment impact of recycling performance in Florida. Waste Management, 101, 283–290. https://doi.org/ 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.10.025
• Magazzino, C., Mele, M., & Schneider, N. (2020). The relationship between municipal solid waste and greenhouse gas emissions: Evidence from Switzerland. Waste Management, 113, 508–520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.05.033
• McDowall, W., Geng, Y., Huang, B., Barteková, E., Bleischwitz, R., Türkeli, S., Kemp, R., & Doménech, T. (2017). Circular Economy Policies in China and Europe. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 651–661. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12597
• Miçooğulları, S. A., & Moalla, M. (2023). Circular Economy, Solid Waste Recovery, and Growth: An Empirical Analysis for Sustainable Development in the 100th Anniversary of the Republic. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 22(Cumhuriyet'in 100. Yılı), 373–385. https://doi.org/10.21547/jss.1354297
• Moraga, G., Huysveld, S., Mathieux, F., Blengini, G. A., Alaerts, L., Van Acker, K., de Meester, S., & Dewulf, J. (2019). Circular economy indicators: What do they measure? Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 146, 452–461. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.03.045
• Morseletto, P. (2023). Sometimes linear, sometimes circular: States of the economy and transitions to the future. Journal of Cleaner Production, 390, 136138. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.136138
• Shin, Y., & Pesaran, M. H. (1999). An Autoregressive Distributed Lag Modelling Approach to Cointegration Analysis. In S. Strom (Ed.), Econometrics and Economic Theory in the 20th century: The Ragnar Frish Centennial Symposium (pp. 371-413). Cambridge University Press.
• Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326. doi: 10.1002/jae.616.
• Philippidis, G., Sartori, M., Ferrari, E., & M'Barek, R. (2019). Waste not, want not: A bio-economic impact assessment of household food waste reductions in the EU. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 146, 514–522. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.04.016.
• Potting, J., Hekkert, M. P., Worrell, E., & Hanemaaijer, A. (2017). Circular economy: Measuring innovation in the product chain. Planbureau voor de Leefomgeving, (2544).
• Razzaq, A., Sharif, A., Najmi, A., Tseng, M.-L., & Lim, M. K. (2021). Dynamic and causality interrelationships from municipal solid waste recycling to economic growth, carbon emissions and energy efficiency using a novel bootstrapping autoregressive distributed lag. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 166, 105372. doi: 10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.105372
• Shah, W. U. H., Yasmeen, R., Sarfraz, M., & Ivascu, L. (2023). The Repercussions of Economic Growth, Industrialization, Foreign Direct Investment, and Technology on Municipal Solid Waste: Evidence from OECD Economies. Sustainability, 15(1), 836. doi: 10.3390/su15010836
• Shahbaz, M., Raghutla, C., Song, M., Zameer, H., & Jiao, Z. (2020). Public-private partnerships investment in energy as new determinant of CO2 emissions: The role of technological innovations in China. Energy Economics, 86, 104664. doi: 10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104664
• TÜİK. (2020). Waste Statistics. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Atik-Istatistikleri-2020- 37198
• World Bank. (2022). Global Economic Prospects, January 2022. World Bank Publications.
• Xin, C., Zhang, T., Tsai, S.-B., Zhai, Y.-M., & Wang, J. (2020). An Empirical Study on Greenhouse Gas Emission Calculations Under Different Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategies. Applied Sciences, 10(5), 1673. doi: 10.3390/app10051673
• Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. W. K. (2002). Further Evidence on the Great Crash, the Oil-Price Shock, and the Unit-Root Hypothesis. Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 20(1), 25–44. doi: 10.1198/073500102753410372.