Determination of hepatoprotective and antioxidant role of thyme (origanum onites L.) infusion against ethyl alcohol induced oxidative stress in rats

Abstract

In this study, we aimed to determine the hepatoprotective and antioxidants role of thyme (O. onites) against ethyl alcohol (EtOH) induced oxidative stress in rats. The experiment conducted as control, 20% EtOH, 3% O. onites infusion and 3% O. onites + 20% EtOH groups. The antioxidant and hepatoprotective role of O. onites infusion was evaluated by histopathological chance and serum damage biomarkers of liver (LDB), antioxidant constituents (ACs) and malondialdehyde (MDA). According to results, Liver damage serum enzymes activities were significantly higher in 20% EtOH group compared to normal control (NC) whereas the parameters were significantly lower in the infusion supplemented groups compared to 20% EtOH group. Also, MDA content of 20% EtOH group increased significantly in all tissues compared to NC group but decreased as coparion with 20% EtOH. The results suggest that the infusion restored the most of the parameters towards the NC with fluctuations in the ACs.

Keywords

• Origanum onites,Antioxidant,Hepatoprotective

References

1. [1] Wachtel-Galor, S. and Benzie, I.F., 2011. Herbal medicine: an introduction to its history, usage, regulation, current trends, and research needs. In Herbal Medicine, CRC Press, pp 18-27.
2. [2] Hartmann, T., 2007. From waste products to ecochemicals: fifty years research of plant secondary metabolism. Phytochemistry, 68, 2831-2846.
3. [3] Jenke-Kodama, H., R. Müller, and E. Dittmann. 2008. Evolutionary mechanisms underlying secondary metabolite diversity. Progress in Drug Research, 6, 121-40.
4. [4] Li, J.W.H., Vederas J.C., 2009. Drug discovery and natural products: End of an era or an endless frontier. Science, 325, 161-165.
5. [5] Tonk, F.A., Yüce, S., Bayram, E., Giachino, R.R.A., Sönmez, Ç., Telci, I., Furan, M.A., 2010. Chemical and genetic variability of selected Turkish oregano (Origanum onites L.) clones. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 288, 157-165.
6. [6] Baser, K.H.C., Tumen, G. and Duman, H., 1997. The essential oil of Origanum acutidens (Hand.-Mazz.) Ietswaart. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 9, 91-92.
7. [7] Tumen, G., Baser, K.H.C., Kirimer, N. and Ozek, T., 1995. Essential oil of Origanum saccatum P.H.Davis. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 7, 175-176
8. [8] Baser, K.H.C., Tumen, G. and Sezik, E., 1991. The essential oil of Origanum minutiflorum and O. schwarz and P.H.Davis. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 3, 445-446.

9. [9] Tumen, G., Ermin, N., Ozek, T. and Baser, K.H.C., 1994. Essential oil of Origanum solymicum P.H.Davis. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 6, 503-504.
10. [10] Tumen, G. and Baser. K.H.C. (1993). The essential oil of Origanum syriacum L. var. bevanii (Holmes) Ietswaart. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 5, 315-316.
11. [11] Baser, K.H.C., Ozek, T., Kurkcuoglu, M. and Tumen, G., 1994. The essential oil of Origanum vulgare subsp. hirtum of Turkish origin. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 6, 31-36.
12. [12] Sezik, E., Tumen, G., Kirimer, N., Ozek, T. and Baser, K.H.C., 1993. Essential oil composition of four Origanum vulgare subspecies of Anatolian origin. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 5, 425-431.
13. [13] Baser, K.H.C., Ozek, T. and Tumen, G., 1995. Essential oil of Origanum rotundifolium Boiss. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 7, 95-96.
14. [14] Ceylan, A., Bayram, E. and Geren, H., 1999. Investigation on agronomical and quality characteristics of improved clonnes in Origanum (Origanum onites L.) breeding. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 23, 1163-1168.
15. [15] d’Antuono, L.F., Galletti, G.C., Bocchini, P., 2000. Variability of essential oil content and composition of Origanum vulgare L. populations from a North Mediterranean Area (Liguria Region, Northern Italy). Annals of Botany, 86, 471-478.
16. [16] Baser, K.H.C., 2002. Aromatic biodiversity among the flowering plant taxa of Turkey. Pure Applied Chemistry, 74, 527-545.
17. [17] Kokkini, S., 2004. Essential oil composition of Greek (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) and Turkish (O. onites) oregano: A Tool for Their Distinction. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 5, 71-77.
18. [18] Kirimer, N., Başer, K.H.C., Tümen, G., 1995. Carvacrol-rich plants in Turkey. Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 31, 37-41. [19] Aykaç G, Uysal M, Suha Yalcin A, 1985. The effect of chronic ethanol ingestion on hepatic lipid peroxide, glutathione, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione transferase in rats. Toxicology, 36, 71-76.
19. [19] Mørland, J., Sjetnan, A.E., 1976. Effect of ethanol intake on the incorporation of labelled amino acids into liver protein. Biochemical Pharmacology, 25, 2125-2130.
20. [20] Sonde, V., D’souza, A., Tarapore, R., Pereira, L., Khare, M.P., Sinkar, P., Krishnan, S., Rao, C.V., 2000. Simultaneous administration of diethylphthalate and ethyl alcohol and its toxicity in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicology, 147, 23-31.
21. [21] Celik, I., Temur, A. and Isik, I., 2009. Hepatoprotective role and antioxidant capacity of pomegranate (Punica granatum) flowers infusion against trichloroacetic acid-exposed in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 145-149. [22] Yurt B, Celik I (2011) Hepatoprotective effect and antioxidant role of sun, sulphited-dried apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and its kernel against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rats. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49, 508–513.
22. [23] Dogan, A., Celik, I., 2012. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activities of grapeseeds against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rats. British Journal of Nutrition, 107, 45-51. [24] Jain, S. K., McVie, R., Duett, J. 1989. Erythrocyte membrane lipid peroxidation and glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetes. Diabetes, 38, 1539–1543.
23. [25] Beutler, E., Duron, O., Kelly, B.M., 1963. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 61, 882-888.
24. [26] Mannervik, B., Guthenberg, C., 1981. Glutathione transferase (human placenta). In Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press, 77, 231-235.
25. [27] Carlberg, I.N.C.E.R. and Mannervik, B.E.N.G.T., 1975. Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. Journal of biological chemistry, 250, 5475-5480.
26. [28] Paglia, D. E., Valentine, W. N., 1967. Studies on quantitative and qualitative characterization of erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, 70, 158.
27. [29] McCord, J.M., Fridovich, I., 1969. Superoxide dismutase, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 244, 6049-6055.
28. [30] Aebi, H., 1974. Catalase, In Methods of Enzymatic Analysis (Bergemeyer, H U.,ed) Academic Press, New York-London. 673-684.
29. [31] Demir, R., 2001. Histolojik Boyama Teknikleri. Palme Yayıncılık, 1st ed., Ankara, Turkey. pp. 51-61.
30. [32] Murray R. K., Granner D. K., Mayes P. A., Radwell V. W. 1988. Harper’s Biochemistry. 21th ed., Long Medical Book, London. pp. 57-83. [33] Kolankaya, D., Selmanoğlu, G., Sorkun, K., Salih, B., 2002. Protective effects of Turkish propolis on alcohol-induced serum lipid changes and liver injury in male rats. Food Chemistry, 78, 213-217.
31. [34] Rosman, A.S., Lieber, C.S., 1994. Diagnostic utility of laboratory tests in alcoholic liver disease. Clinical Chemistry, 40, 1641-1651.
32. [35] Niemelä, O., 2002. Serum diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease and markers of ethanol intake. Ethanol and the Liver, 411-449.
33. [36] Yayalacı, Y., Celik, I., Batı, B., 2014. Hepatoprotective and antioxidant activity of linden (Tilia platyphyllos L.) infusion against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in rats. The Journal of Membrane Biology, 247, 181-188.
34. [37] Helander, A., Tabakoff, B., Centres, W.I.S., 1997. Biochemical markers of alcohol use and abuse: experiences from the pilot study of the WHO/ISBRA collaborative project on state and trait markers of alcohol. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 32, 133-144.
35. [38] Hietala, J., Koivisto, H., Anttila, P., Niemelä, O., 2006. Comparison of the combined marker GGT–CDT and the conventional laboratory markers of alcohol abuse in heavy drinkers, moderate drinkers and abstainers. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 41, 528-533.
36. [39] Finlayson, N.D.C., 1993. Clinical features of alcoholic liver disease. Baillière's Clinical Gastroenterology, 7, 627-640.
37. [40] Harrison, D.J., Burt, A.D., 1993. Pathology of alcoholic liver disease. Baillière's Clinical Gastroenterology, 7, 641-662.
38. [41] Bacon, B.R., Farahvash, M.J., Janney, C.G., Neuschwander-Tetri, B.A., 1994. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology, 107, 1103-1109.
39. [42] Porta, E.A., Koch, O.R., Gomez-Dumm, C.L., Hartroft, W.S., 1968. Effects of dietary protein on the liver of rats in experimental chronic alcoholism. The Journal of Nutrition, 94, 437-446. [43] Mørland, J., 1974. Effect of chronic ethanol treatment on tryptophan oxygenase, tyrosine aminotrans-ferase and general protein metabolism in the intact and perfused rat liver. Biochemical Pharmacology, 23, 21-35.
40. [44] Halsted, C.H., 2004. Nutrition and alcoholic liver disease. In Seminars in Liver Disease, 24, 289-304.
41. [45] Turan, A., Celik, I., 2016. Antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties of dried fig against oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity in rats. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 91, 554-559.
42. [46] Freeman, B.A., Crapo, J.D., 1981. Hyperoxia increases oxygen radical production in rat lungs and lung mitochondria. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 256, 10986-10992.
43. [47] Draper, H.H., Hadley, M., 1990. (43) Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid Peroxidation. Methods in Enzymology, 186, 421-431.
44. [48] Giustarini, D., Dalle-Donne, I., Tsikas, D., Rossi, R., 2009. Oxidative stress and human diseases: origin, link, measurement, mechanisms, and biomarkers. Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 46, 241-281.
45. [49] Wang, M., Zhu, P., Jiang, C., Ma, L., Zhang, Z., Zeng, X., 2012. Preliminary characterization, antioxidant activity in vitro and hepatoprotective effect on acute alcohol-induced liver injury in mice of polysaccharides from the peduncles of Hovenia dulcis. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 50, 2964-2970.
46. [50] Molina, M.F., Sanchez-Reus, I., Iglesias, I., Benedi, J., 2003. Quercetin, a flavonoid antioxidant, prevents and protects against ethanol-induced oxidative stress in mouse liver. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 26, 1398-1402.
47. [51] Niedernhofer, L.J., Daniels, J.S., Rouzer, C.A., Greene, R.E., Marnett, L.J., 2003. Malondialdehyde, a product of lipid peroxidation, is mutagenic in human cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 278, 31426-31433.
48. [52] Halliwell, B., Gutteridge, J.M., 2015. Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine, Oxford University Press, USA.