Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite
Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 105 - 136, 26.12.2015
https://doi.org/10.18491/bijop.93406

Abstract

References

  • Perez, T. E. (2011). Protecting the Civil Rights of Muslim Americans. 29 March 2011. http://www.justice.gov/ola/testimony/112-1/03-29-11-crt-perez-testimony-re-protecting-the-civil-rights-of-muslim-americans.pdf.
  • Rashid, Q. (2014), America’s Muslim Problem: Anti-Shariah Laws And The Threat to American Civil Rights. Claremont Journal of Religion, 3 (2).
  • Donaldson, G. A. (2007). The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960. Maryland: Rowman & Litlefiel Publishers.
  • Hall, G. M. (2007). Slavery and African ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Thomas, H. (1997). The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870. New York: Touchstone.
  • Bennett, L. (1969). Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America. Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing.
  • Wilmore, G.S. (1983). Black Religion and Black Radicalism: An Interpretation of the Religious History of African Americans. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
  • Appiah, K. A. & Gates, H. L. (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
  • Hill, S. S. & Lippy (eds.) (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion in the South. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
  • Gomez, M. A. (1994). Muslims in Early America. The Journal of Southern History, 60 (4).
  • Quick, A. H. (1996). Deeper Roots: Muslims in the Caribbean Before Columbus to the Present. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  • Young, H. J. (1979). Major Black Religious Leaders since 1940. Nashville: Abingdon Press.
  • Borne, E. G. (ed.) (1906). The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985-1503: The Voyages of the Northmen, The Voyages of Columbus and of John Cabot. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Davenport, F. G. (1917). European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  • Thacher, J. B. (1903). Christopher Columbus: His Life, His Work, His Remains. Vol. 1. New York: G. P. Putman's Sons.
  • Latif, S. A. & Latif, N. (1994). Slavery: The African American Psychic Trauma. Chicago, IL: Latif Communications Group.
  • Cobb, T. R. R. (1858). An Inquiry into the law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: T. & J. W. Johnson & Co..
  • Brown, I. C. (1936). The Story of the American Negro. Nev York: Friendship Press.
  • Sehat, D. (2011). The Myth of American Religious Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Thorndale, W. (1995). The Virginia Census of 1619. Virginia Magazine of Genealogy, 33.
  • Broom, L. & Glenn, N. D. (1965). The Transformation of the Negro American. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Reiss, O. (1997). Blacks in Colonial America. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.
  • Lambert, F. (2003). The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religious Freedom in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Catterall, H. T. (ed.) (1937). Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  • Blyden, E. W. (1887). Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race. London. W. B. Whittingham & Co.
  • Gomez, M. A. (2005). Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas: New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pildes, R. H. (2000). Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon. Constitutional Commentary, 17.
  • O'Donnell, P. (2006). Ku Klux Klan America's First Terrorists Exposed. North Charleston, SC: Book Surge LLC.
  • Martin, T. (1976). Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association: Massachusetts: The Majority Press.
  • Sadiq, M. M. (1921). The Only Solution of Color Prejudice. The Moslem Sunrise, 1 (2).
  • Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012, United States Census Bureau, ed. Jean F. Mullin, Maryland.
  • Hoffman, K. & Llagas, C. (2003). Status and Trends in the Education of Blacks. Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, 2003.
  • Clark, K. B. & Clark, M. P. (1947). Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children. Readings in Social Psychology (eds. T. M. Newcamb & E. L. Hartley). New York: Henry Holt & Co.

Islam, Christianity, and the History of Religious Persecution of Enslaved Africans

Year 2015, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 105 - 136, 26.12.2015
https://doi.org/10.18491/bijop.93406

Abstract

The transatlantic African slave trade spanned over four centuries, and stands as arguably the most horrific event in recorded human history. Not as often discussed in the slavery conversation, however, are the realities of religious oppression Africans faced during this era. This article discusses the religious oppression Africans faced as slavery was imposed upon them pre-1776, the freedoms – or lack thereof – afforded to them under the Bill of Rights, and the effects of that religious oppression on successive generations leading up to and beyond the Civil War. The article describes how a deprivation of religious freedom, and not slavery alone, has stifled Black Americans from achieving their full potential.

References

  • Perez, T. E. (2011). Protecting the Civil Rights of Muslim Americans. 29 March 2011. http://www.justice.gov/ola/testimony/112-1/03-29-11-crt-perez-testimony-re-protecting-the-civil-rights-of-muslim-americans.pdf.
  • Rashid, Q. (2014), America’s Muslim Problem: Anti-Shariah Laws And The Threat to American Civil Rights. Claremont Journal of Religion, 3 (2).
  • Donaldson, G. A. (2007). The First Modern Campaign: Kennedy, Nixon, and the Election of 1960. Maryland: Rowman & Litlefiel Publishers.
  • Hall, G. M. (2007). Slavery and African ethnicities in the Americas: Restoring the Links. North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Thomas, H. (1997). The Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440-1870. New York: Touchstone.
  • Bennett, L. (1969). Before the Mayflower: A History of Black America. Chicago, IL: Johnson Publishing.
  • Wilmore, G.S. (1983). Black Religion and Black Radicalism: An Interpretation of the Religious History of African Americans. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books.
  • Appiah, K. A. & Gates, H. L. (1999). Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience. New York: Basic Civitas Books.
  • Hill, S. S. & Lippy (eds.) (2005). Encyclopedia of Religion in the South. Macon, GA: Mercer University Press.
  • Gomez, M. A. (1994). Muslims in Early America. The Journal of Southern History, 60 (4).
  • Quick, A. H. (1996). Deeper Roots: Muslims in the Caribbean Before Columbus to the Present. London: Ta-Ha Publishers.
  • Young, H. J. (1979). Major Black Religious Leaders since 1940. Nashville: Abingdon Press.
  • Borne, E. G. (ed.) (1906). The Northmen, Columbus and Cabot, 985-1503: The Voyages of the Northmen, The Voyages of Columbus and of John Cabot. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
  • Davenport, F. G. (1917). European Treaties Bearing on the History of the United States and Its Dependencies to 1648. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  • Thacher, J. B. (1903). Christopher Columbus: His Life, His Work, His Remains. Vol. 1. New York: G. P. Putman's Sons.
  • Latif, S. A. & Latif, N. (1994). Slavery: The African American Psychic Trauma. Chicago, IL: Latif Communications Group.
  • Cobb, T. R. R. (1858). An Inquiry into the law of Negro Slavery in the United States of America. Vol. 1. Philadelphia: T. & J. W. Johnson & Co..
  • Brown, I. C. (1936). The Story of the American Negro. Nev York: Friendship Press.
  • Sehat, D. (2011). The Myth of American Religious Freedom. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Thorndale, W. (1995). The Virginia Census of 1619. Virginia Magazine of Genealogy, 33.
  • Broom, L. & Glenn, N. D. (1965). The Transformation of the Negro American. New York: Harper & Row.
  • Reiss, O. (1997). Blacks in Colonial America. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co.
  • Lambert, F. (2003). The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religious Freedom in America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Catterall, H. T. (ed.) (1937). Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.
  • Blyden, E. W. (1887). Christianity, Islam, and the Negro Race. London. W. B. Whittingham & Co.
  • Gomez, M. A. (2005). Black Crescent: The Experience and Legacy of African Muslims in the Americas: New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Pildes, R. H. (2000). Democracy, Anti-Democracy, and the Canon. Constitutional Commentary, 17.
  • O'Donnell, P. (2006). Ku Klux Klan America's First Terrorists Exposed. North Charleston, SC: Book Surge LLC.
  • Martin, T. (1976). Race First: The Ideological and Organizational Struggles of Marcus Garvey and the Universal Negro Improvement Association: Massachusetts: The Majority Press.
  • Sadiq, M. M. (1921). The Only Solution of Color Prejudice. The Moslem Sunrise, 1 (2).
  • Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012, United States Census Bureau, ed. Jean F. Mullin, Maryland.
  • Hoffman, K. & Llagas, C. (2003). Status and Trends in the Education of Blacks. Washington: National Center for Education Statistics, 2003.
  • Clark, K. B. & Clark, M. P. (1947). Racial Identification and Preference in Negro Children. Readings in Social Psychology (eds. T. M. Newcamb & E. L. Hartley). New York: Henry Holt & Co.
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Philosophy
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Qasim Rashid This is me

Publication Date December 26, 2015
Published in Issue Year 2015 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Rashid, Q. (2015). Islam, Christianity, and the History of Religious Persecution of Enslaved Africans. Beytulhikme An International Journal of Philosophy, 5(2), 105-136. https://doi.org/10.18491/bijop.93406