Research Article

Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence

Volume: 9 Number: 2 October 29, 2026
TR EN

Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence

Abstract

This study assesses the sensitivity of gold and U.S. dollar returns to expected and unexpected inflation in Türkiye over January 2013 to December 2025 and evaluates the implications for inflation hedging. An augmented Fama-Schwert (1977) model is used to test for inflation sensitivity using survey-based inflation expectations published by the Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye. A combination of methods is employed, including full sample Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression with Newey-West standard errors, quantile regression with bootstrap standard errors, structural break-based subsample regression, and 36-month rolling-window regressions. Results indicate that gold exhibits broader inflation sensitivity than the U.S. dollar, as gold's returns show positive and significant relationships with expected inflation throughout much of the conditional return distribution, while the U.S. dollar is only found to exhibit a narrow lower-tail-specific sensitivity. Unexpected inflation is generally found to have little or no impact on either gold or the U.S. dollar. After a structural break in late 2021, the subsample analysis demonstrates a regime shift, with the sensitivity of gold shifting away from expected toward unexpected inflation; however, there is no similar adjustment for the U.S. dollar. Because the post-break subsample contains only 50 monthly observations, the post-2021 findings are indicative rather than definitive. Rolling-window estimates confirm that both relationships are time-varying and episodic, with major disruptions concentrated in two periods, namely 2018 and 2021–2022. The evidence suggests that inflation hedging in Türkiye is regime-dependent and that gold provides broader but still conditional protection against inflation risk relative to the U.S. dollar.

Keywords

Inflation Sensitivity, Inflation Hedging, Expected Inflation, Unexpected Inflation, Regime Dependence, Quantile Regression

Ethical Statement

Ethical committee approval and/or legal/special permission are not required, since the study uses published and publicly available secondary data.

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APA
Sak, A. F. (2026). Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 110-125. https://doi.org/10.38057/bifd.1926468
AMA
1.Sak AF. Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026;9(2):110-125. doi:10.38057/bifd.1926468
Chicago
Sak, Ahmet Furkan. 2026. “Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence”. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 9 (2): 110-25. https://doi.org/10.38057/bifd.1926468.
EndNote
Sak AF (October 1, 2026) Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 9 2 110–125.
IEEE
[1]A. F. Sak, “Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence”, Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 110–125, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.38057/bifd.1926468.
ISNAD
Sak, Ahmet Furkan. “Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence”. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi 9/2 (October 1, 2026): 110-125. https://doi.org/10.38057/bifd.1926468.
JAMA
1.Sak AF. Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026;9:110–125.
MLA
Sak, Ahmet Furkan. “Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence”. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 9, no. 2, Oct. 2026, pp. 110-25, doi:10.38057/bifd.1926468.
Vancouver
1.Ahmet Furkan Sak. Expected and Unexpected Inflation Sensitivity of Gold and the U.S. Dollar in Türkiye: Regime-Dependent Evidence. Bucak İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026 Oct. 1;9(2):110-25. doi:10.38057/bifd.1926468