Effect of altitude on polysaccharide and lignin contents of brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) wood and kraft pulp

Abstract

This study investigated the chemical properties of Brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) wood samples collected at altitudes of 800 m, 900 m, and 1000 m and the behaviors of the chemical components of the same materials during kraft pulping. Chemical component analysis indicated that the wood and pulp sample from 1000 m contained higher quantities of holocellulose and α-cellulose, and a lower quantity of lignin. For both wood and pulp samples, a continuous increase in holocellulose and α-cellulose contents and a continuous decrease in lignin content were observed with increasing altitude. Gas chromatography analysis of monosaccharides determined that the highest cellulose and hemicellulose contents were obtained from the wood and pulp sample from 1000 m. Quantity of these components increased with increasing altitude. Lastly, kraft pulping degraded 14.10-15.70% of cellulose, 56.49-61.35% of galactoglucomannan, 65.75-69.61% of arabinoglucoronoxylan, and 92.42-93.48% of lignin in the samples.

Keywords

• Brutian pine
• Chemical composition
• Kraft pulping
• Altitude

Yükseltinin kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) odunu ve kraft hamurunun polisakkarit ve lignin içerikleri üzerine etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, 800 m, 900 m ve 1000 m’lik yükseltilerden elde edilen kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) odun örneklerinin kimyasal özellikleri ve aynı materyallerin kimyasal bileşenlerinin kraft kağıt hamuru üretimi sırasındaki davranışları incelenmiştir. Kimyasal bileşen analizi, 1000 m'den alınan odun örneği ve üretilen kağıt hamurunun diğerlerine kıyasla daha yüksek miktarlarda holoselüloz ve α-selüloz, bununla birlikte daha düşük miktarlarda lignin içerdiğini göstermiştir. Hem odun hem de kağıt hamuru örnekleri için, artan yükselti ile birlikte holoselüloz ve α-selüloz içeriklerinde sürekli bir artış, lignin içeriğinde ise sürekli bir azalma gözlenmiştir. Monosakkaritlerin gaz kromatografisi analizi, en yüksek selüloz ve hemiselüloz içeriğinin 1000 m'den alınan odun örneği ve üretilen kağıt hamurunda bulunduğunu ortaya koymuştur. Bu bileşenlerin miktarları yükselti arttıkça örneklerde artış göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak, kraft kağıt hamuru üretimi sırasında, selülozun %14.10-15.70, galaktoglukomannanın %56.49-61.35, arabinoglukoronoksilanın %65.75-69.61 ve ligninin %92.42-93.48'inin çözündüğü görülmüştür.

Keywords

• Kızılçam
• Kimyasal bileşim
• Kraft kağıt hamuru üretimi
• Yükselti

References

1. Beram, A., Yasar, S. (2020). Performance of brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) fibers modified with low concentration NaOH solutions in fiberboard production. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 29 (1), 70-78.
2. Bozkurt, Y. (1971). Önemli Bazı Ağaç Türleri Odunlarının Tanımı, Teknolojik Özellikleri ve Kullanış Yerleri. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul, Türkiye.
3. Bozkurt, Y. (1982). Ağaç Teknolojisi. İstanbul Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Yayınları, İstanbul, Türkiye.
4. Browning, B.L. (1967). Determination of sugars. In: Methods of Wood Chemistry, Volume I, Wiley, New York, USA.
5. Cao, B., Tschirner, U., Ramaswamy, S., Webb, A. (1997). A rapid modified gas chromatographic method for carbohydrate analysis of wood pulps. TAPPI Journal, 80 (9), 193-197.
6. Dill, I., Salnikow, J., Kraepelin, G. (1984). Hydroxyproline-rich protein material in wood and lignin of Fagus sylvatica. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 48 (6), 1259-1261.
7. Dönmez, İ.E., Hafızoğlu, H., Kılıç, A. (2013). Effect of Altitude on the Main Chemical Composition of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). In: International Caucasia Forestry Symposium; Artvin, Turkey, pp. 866-869.
8. Erten, P., Taşkın, O. (1985). Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten) Kabuklarında Tanen Miktarının Saptanmasına İlişkin Araştırmalar. Ormancılık Arştırma Ensitüsü Yayınları Teknik Bülten Serisi, No: 135.

9. Fenge,l D., Wegener, G. (1984). Wood Chemistry, Ultrastructure, Reactions. Walter de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, Germany. Filisetti-Cozzi, T.M., Carpita, N.C. (1991). Measurement of uronic acids without interference from neutral sugars. Analytical biochemistry, 197 (1), 157-162.
10. Güler, G., Yaşar, S. (2018). Investigation of Some Chemical Properties of Kermes Oak (Quercus coccifera L.) Wood and Its Use in the Particleboard Production. Journal of Bartin Faculty of Forestry, 20 (2), 184-193.
11. Güler, G., Yaşar, S. (2020). Properties of fiberboards produced from kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) and brutian pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) woods. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 44 (2), 189-197.
12. Gülsoy, S.K., Pekgözlü, A.K., Aktaş, A.C. (2015). Utilization of the pomegranate tree (Punica granatum L.) in the paper industry. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 39 (2), 295-299.
13. Hongzhang, C. (2015). Lignocellulose Biorefinery Engineering. Sawston, Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge, UK.
14. Huang, C., Chu, Q., Xie, Y., Li, X., Jin, Y., Min, D., Yong, Q. (2015). Effect of kraft pulping pretreatment on the chemical composition, enzymatic digestibility, and sugar release of moso bamboo residues. BioResources, 10 (1), 240-255.
15. Kapu, N.S., Trajano, H.L. (2014). Review of hemicellulose hydrolysis in softwoods and bamboo. Biofuels Bioproducts & Biorefining, 8, 857-870.
16. Kılıç, A., Sarıusta, S.E., Hafızoğlu, H. (2010). Chemical structure of compression wood of Pinus sylvestris, P. nigra and P. brutia. Journal of Bartın Faculty of Forestry, 12 (18), 33-39.
17. Krassig, H.A. (1993). Cellulose: structure, accessibility and reactivity. Gordon and Breach Publishers, Philadelphia, USA.
18. Kırcı, H. (1991). Alkali Sülfit Antrakinon Etanol (ASAE) Yöntemiyle Kızılçam (Pinus brutia Ten.) Odunundan Kağıt Hamuru Üretim Koşullarının Belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Trabzon, Türkiye.
19. Koljonen, K., Österberg, M., Kleen, M., Fuhrmann, A., Stenius, P. (2004). Precipitation of lignin and extractives on kraft pulp: effect on surface chemistry, surface morphology and paper strength. Cellulose, 11 (2), 209-224.
20. Liyama, K., Wallis, A.F. (1990). Determination of lignin in herbaceous plants by an improved acetyl bromide procedure. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 51 (2), 145-161.
21. Musule, R., Alarcón-Gutiérrez, E., Houbron, E.P., Bárcenas-Pazos, G.M., del Rosario Pineda-López, M., Domínguez, Z., Sánchez-Velásquez, L.R. (2016). Chemical composition of lignocellulosic biomass in the wood of Abies religiosa across an altitudinal gradient. Journal of Wood Science, 62 (6), 537-547.
22. Nemati, M., Samariha, A. (2011). Effect of altitude on fiber characteristics, chemical composition and efficiency of Eldar pine Kraft pulp. Middle East Journal of Scientific Research, 8 (5), 921-926.
23. OGM. (2015). Orman atlası, Ankara, Türkiye.
24. OGM. (2016). Ormancılık istatistikleri. Ankara, Türkiye.
25. Öktem, E. (1987). Brutian pine. Turkish Forestry Research Institute Publication Handbook Series No: 2 Ankara.
26. Öktem, Ö., Sözen, R. (1995). Effects of resin production on the physical and mechanical properties of Calabrian cluster pine wood. Central Anatolia Turkish Forestry Research Institute. Technical Bulletin, 3, 256.
27. Özdemir, H., Uçar, M.B. (2016). Tannin which obtained from red pine tree bark evaluated as adhesive. Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, 6 (4), 11-20.
28. Pekgözlü, A.K., Taş, M., Ceylan, E., Hemming, J .(2020). Effect of the height of the stem on the polysaccharide composition of Pinus brutia (Ten) wood and kraft-pulp. Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry, 44, 243-249.
29. Persson, T., Jönsson, A.S. (2017). Characterization of hemicelluloses in process streams in thermomechanical and chemithermomechanical pulp mills. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 37, 184-190.
30. Rodrigues, J., Faix, O., Pereira, H. (1999). Improvement of the acetylbromide method for lignin determination within large scale screening programmes. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff, 57 (5), 341-345.
31. Shin, S.J., Schroeder, L.R., Lai, Y.Z. (2004). Impact of residual extractives on lignin determination in kraft pulps. Journal of wood chemistry and technology, 24 (2), 139-151.
32. Sjoström, E. (1993). Wood Chemistry, Fundamentals and Applications, Second Edition, Acedemic Press Inc., San Diego, USA. Sun, R.C., Fang, J.M., Tomkinson, J., Hill, C.A.S. (1999). Esterification of Hemicelluloses from Poplar Chips in Homogenous Solution of N, N-Dimethylformamide/Lithium Chloride. Journal of Wood Chemistry and Technology, 19 (4), 287–306.
33. Sun, R.C., Fang, J.M., Tomkinson, J. (2000). Characterization and esterification of hemicelluloses from rye straw. Journal Agricultural Food Chemistry, 48, 1247–1252.
34. Sun, X.F., Sun, R.C., Sun, J.X. (2004). Oleoylation of sugarcane bagasse hemicelluloses using N-bromosuccinimide as a catalyst. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture, 84, 800–810.
35. Teleman, A., Ek, M., Gellerstedt, G., Henkriksson, G. (2009). Wood Chemistry and Wood Biotechnology. Walter De Gruyter, Berlin, Germany.
36. Timell, T.E., Jabbar Mian, A. (1960). Studies on Ginkgo biloba L. III. The Constitution of a Glucomannan from The Wood. Svensk Papperstid, 63, 884-888.
37. Tutuş, A., Çiçekler, M., Deniz, İ. (2012). Using of Burnt Red Pine Wood for Pulp and Paper Production. KSU Jormanl of Engineering Science, Special Issue, 90-95.
38. Van Heiningen, A. (2006). Converting a kraft pulp mill into an integrated forest products biorefinery. PAPTAC 92nd Annual Meeting; pp. C167-C176.
39. Vila, C., Romero, J., Francisco, J.L., Garrote, G., Parajo, J.C. (2011). Extracting value from Eucalyptus wood before kraft pulping: Effects of hemicellulose solubilization on pulp properties. Bioresource Technology, 102, 5251-5254.
40. Wegener, G. (1982a). Die Rolle des Holzes als Chemierohstoff und Energieträger, Teil 1: Möglichkeiten der direkten Umwandlung von Holz, Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 40, 181-185.
41. Wegener, G. (1982b). Die Rolle des Holzes als Chemierohstoff und Energieträger, Teil 2: Verwertungsmöglichkeiten für Cellulose, Polyosen und Lignin, Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff, 40, 209-214.
42. Yaşar, S., Güller, B., Baydar, H. (2010). Studies on carbohydrate, lignin contents and some fiber properties of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) and poppy (Papaver somniferum L.) stalks. Journal of Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Forestry, 1 (1), 56-66.
43. Yaşar, S. (2014). Spectrophotometric determination of monosaccharide composition of wood (Pinus brutia Ten.) using artificial neural network modelling. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 26 (18), 6084-6088.
44. Yaşar, S. (2018). Esterification of Small-flowered Tamarisk (Tamarix parviflora) Hemicelluloses using Octanoyl, Decanoyl and Lauroyl chloride. The Journal of Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences of Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, 9 (1), 91-97.
45. Yaşar, S., Kılınç, G. (2018). Chemical characterization of kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) hemicelluloses esterified with palmitoyl, stearoyl and oleoyl chloride. Turkish Journal of Forestry, 19 (1), 98-102.
46. Yoon, S.H., Van Heiningen, A. (2008). Kraft pulping and paper making properties of hot-water pre-extracted loblolly pine in an integrated forest products biorefinery. Tappi Journal, 7 (7), 22-27.
47. Yuan, Z., Wen, Y., Kapu, N.S., Beatson, R., Martinez, D.M. (2017). A biorefinery scheme to fractionate bamboo into high-grade dissolving pulp and ethanol. Biotechnology for biofuels, 10 (1), 38.