Effects of Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) on seed germination and development in Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) and Cress (Lepidium sativum L.)

Abstract

Rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) is cultivated throughout the year. Thanks to the rich metabolites of its leaves, it has a wide usage area in pharmacy. Cress (Lepidium sativum) is in the group of annual vegetables and has a herbaceous structure. Due to its fragrant and slightly spicy structure, it is a vegetable that is used as an appetizer. Its seeds and green parts are very beneficial for health. Rocket is a short-day plant whose leaves are considered to be rich in many minerals and vitamins. The present research was conducted to investigate the effects of doses of Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) (0 (control), 15, 30, 45, 60 mg L-1 on the germination and development of seeds of rocket and cress plants grown in pot experiments. In order to determine the effect of DOT on the development and yield of rocket and cress plants, the percentage of germinated seeds, cotyledon length and dry matter amounts were determined. ANOVA test was used to analyze the data obtained in the present study. Tukey test was used to determine which groups were insignificant differences between the groups. Overall, it was seen that there were significant growth differences between the doses used statistically, the dose of 45 mg L-1 DOT positively affected the germination and dry matter content of rocket and cress seeds.

Keywords

• Rocket
• Cress
• Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT)
• seed germination
• Rocket, Cress, Disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT), seed germination

Disodyum oktaborat tetrahidratın (DOT) Roka (Eruca sativa Mill.) ve Tere (Lepidium sativum L.)'de tohum çimlenmesi ve gelişimi üzerine etkileri

Abstract

Roka (Eruca sativa Mill.) yıl boyunca yetiştirilebilen bir bitkidir. Roka, yaprakları birçok mineral ve vitamin açısından zengin olduğu düşünülen kısa gün bitkisidir. Yapraklarının zengin metabolitleri sayesinde eczacılıkta geniş bir kullanım alanına sahiptir. Tere (Lepidium sativum) tek yıllık sebzeler grubundan olup otsu bir yapıya sahiptir. Kokulu ve hafif baharatlı yapısından dolayı meze olarak kullanılan bir sebzedir. Tohumları ve yeşil kısımları sağlık için çok faydalıdır. Bu araştırma, saksıda yetiştirilen roka ve tere bitkilerinin tohumlarının çimlenmesi ve gelişimi üzerine Disodyum oktaborat tetrahidrat (DOT) (0 (kontrol), 15, 30, 45, 60 mg L-1 dozlarının etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. DOT'un roka ve tere bitkilerinin gelişimi ve verimi üzerine etkisini belirlemek için çimlenen tohum yüzdesi, kotiledon uzunluğu ve kuru madde miktarları belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada elde edilen verilerin analizinde ANOVA testi kullanılmıştır. Gruplar arasında hangi grupların anlamlı farklılık gösterdiğini belirlemek için Tukey testi kullanılmıştır. Genel olarak, roka ve tere tohumları için kullanılan dozlar arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı büyüme farklılıkları olduğu, 45 mg L-1 DOT dozunun çimlenme ve kuru madde içeriğini olumlu etkilediği görülmüştür.

Keywords

• Roka
• Tere
• Disodyum oktaborat tetrahidrat (DOT)
• tohum çimlenmesi

References

1. Ajdanian, L., Babaei, M., Aroiee, H. (2019). The growth and development of cress (Lepidium sativum) affected by blue and red light. Heliyon, 5(7), e02109.
2. Alvarez-Tinaut, M.C., Leal, A., Agui, I., Recalde-Martinez, L. (1979). Physiological effects of B-Mn interaction in tomato plants, II. The uptake and translocation of macro elements. Analse de Edafologia Agrobiologia, 38(5-6), 991-1012.
3. Attia, E.S., Amer, A.H., Hasanein, M.A. (2019). The hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seed on alloxan-induced diabetic male rats. Natural Product Research, 33(6), 901-905.
4. Barillari, J., Canistro, D., Paolini, M., Ferroni, F., Pedulli, G.F., Iori, R., Valgimigli, L. (2005). Direct antioxidant activity of purified glucoerucin, the dietary secondary metabolite contained in rocket (Eruca sativa Mill.) seeds and sprouts. Journal of Agricultural And Food Chemistry, 53(7), 2475-2482.
5. Barlas, N.T., Irget, M. E., Tepecik, M. (2011). Mineral content of the rocket plant (Eruca sativa). African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(64), 14080-14082.
6. Behrouzian, F., Razavi, S.M., Phillips, G.O. (2014). Cress seed (Lepidium sativum) mucilage, an overview. Bioactive Carbohydrates and Dietary Fibre, 3(1), 17-28.
7. Bell, L., Wagstaff, C. (2014). Glucosinolates, myrosinase hydrolysis products, and flavonols found in rocket (Eruca sativa and Diplotaxis tenuifolia). Journal of agricultural and Food Chemistry, 62(20), 4481-4492.
8. Bell, L., Oruna-Concha, M.J., Wagstaff, C. (2015). Identification and quantification of glucosinolate and flavonol compounds in rocket salad (Eruca sativa, Eruca vesicaria and Diplotaxis tenuifolia) by LC–MS: Highlighting the potential for improving nutritional value of rocket crops. Food Chemistry, 172, 852-861.

9. Besheit, S.Y., Moustafa, Z.R., Abd-El-Naeem, F.M., El-Houssiny, M. (1992). Effect of micro nutrients on biochemical changes, yield, and quality of sugar beet. 1.-photosynthetic pigments and fresh, dry weight and enzymatic activity. Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research (Egypt). 70(4), 1227-1242.
10. Bin Abdullah Juma, A.B.H. (2007). The effects of Lepidium sativum seeds on fracture-induced healing in rabbits. Medscape General Medicine, 9(2), 23-29.
11. Bosker, T., Bouwman, L.J., Brun, N.R., Behrens, P., Vijver, M.G. (2019). Microplastics accumulate on pores in seed capsule and delay germination and root growth of the terrestrial vascular plant Lepidium sativum. Chemosphere, 226, 774-781.
12. Buss, W., Mašek, O. (2014). Mobile organic compounds in biochar–a potential source of contamination–phytotoxic effects on cress seed (Lepidium sativum) germination. Journal of Environmental Management, 137, 111-119.
13. Chang, A.C., Yang, T.Y., Riskowski, G.L. (2013). Ascorbic acid, nitrate, and nitrite concentration relationship to the 24 hour light/dark cycle for spinach grown in different conditions. Food Chemistry, 138(1), 382-388.
14. Datta, P.K., Diwakar, B.T., Viswanatha, S., Murthy, K.N., Naidu, K.A. (2011). Original Report Safety evaluation studies on Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds in Wistar rats. International Journal of Applied Research in Natural Products, 4(1), 37.
15. Diwakar, B.T., Dutta, P.K., Lokesh, B.R., Naidu, K.A. (2008). Bio-availability and metabolism of n-3 fatty acid rich garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seed oil in albino rats. Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, 78(2), 123-130.
16. Diwakar, B.T., Dutta, P.K., Lokesh, B.R., Naidu, K.A. (2010). Physicochemical properties of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seed oil. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 87(5), 539-548.
17. Doke, S., Guha, M. (2014). Garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seed‐an important medicinal source: A. Journal of Natural Products of Plant Resources, 4, 69-80.
18. Eddouks, M., Maghrani, M., Zeggwagh, N. A., Michel, J. B. (2005). Study of the hypoglycaemic activity of Lepidium sativum L. aqueous extract in normal and diabetic rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 97(2), 391-395.
19. Garg, G., Sharma, V. (2014). Eruca sativa (L.): Botanical description, crop improvement, and medicinal properties. Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants, 20(2), 171-182.
20. Gokavi, S.S., Malleshi, N.G., Guo, M. (2004). Chemical composition of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds and its fractions and use of bran as a functional ingredient. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition, 59(3), 105-111.
21. Guijarro-Real, C., Navarro, A., Esposito, S., Festa, G., Macellaro, R., Di Cesare, C., Fita, A., Rodríguez-Burruezo, A., Cardi, T., Prohens, J., Tripodi, P. (2020). Large scale phenotyping and molecular analysis in a germplasm collection of rocket salad (Eruca vesicaria) reveal a differentiation of the gene pool by geographical origin. Euphytica, 216(3), 1-20.
22. Hadi, M.Y., Hameed, I.H. (2017). Uses of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Chemical Compounds of Lepidium sativum: A Review. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 10(11), 4039-4042.
23. Hall, M., Jobling, J., Rogers, G. (2012). Some perspectives on rocket as a vegetable crop: A review. Vegetable Crops Research Bulletin, 76, 21.
24. Hichri, F., Omri, A., Hossan, A.S.M., Ben Jannet, H. (2019). Alpha-glucosidase and amylase inhibitory effects of Eruca vesicaria subsp. longirostris essential oils: synthesis of new 1, 2, 4-triazole-thiol derivatives and 1, 3, 4-thiadiazole with potential inhibitory activity. Pharmaceutical Biology, 57(1), 564-570.
25. Higdon, J.V., Delage, B., Williams, D.E., Dashwood, R.H. (2007). Cruciferous vegetables and human cancer risk: epidemiologic evidence and mechanistic basis. Pharmacological Research, 55(3), 224-236.
26. Hussain, M.H., Salih, A. H., Salih, R.H., Hassoon, A.S. (2020). Antibacterial activity of Eruca Sativa seeds aqueous extract against human pathogenic bacteria. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, 14(2), 460.
27. Kacar, B., Katkat, A. V., Öztürk, Ş. (2020). Bitki Fizyolojisi. Nobel Akademik Publisher, Ankara, Turkey.
28. Karazhiyan, H., Razavi, S. M., Phillips, G. O., Fang, Y., Al-Assaf, S., Nishinari, K., Farhoosh, R. (2009). Rheological properties of Lepidium sativum seed extract as a function of concentration, temperature and time. Food Hydrocolloids, 23(8), 2062-2068.
29. Karazhiyan, H., Razavi, S. M., Phillips, G.O. (2011a). Extraction optimization of a hydrocolloid extract from cress seed (Lepidium sativum) using response surface methodology. Food Hydrocolloids, 25(5), 915-920.
30. Karazhiyan, H., Razavi, S.M., Phillips, G.O., Fang, Y., Al‐Assaf, S., Nishinari, K. (2011b). Physicochemical aspects of hydrocolloid extract from the seeds of Lepidium sativum. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 46(5), 1066-1072.
31. Kasabe, P.J., Patil, P.N., Kamble, D.D., Dandge, P.B. (2012). Nutritional, elemental analysis and antioxidant activity of garden cress (Lepidium sativum L.) seeds. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(3), 392-395.
32. Kassie, F., Rabot, S., Uhl, M., Huber, W., Qin, H.M., Helma, C., Schulte-Hermann, R., Knasmüller, S. (2002). Chemoprotective effects of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) and its constituents towards 2-amino-3-methyl-imidazo [4, 5-f] quinoline (IQ)-induced genotoxic effects and colonic preneoplastic lesions. Carcinogenesis, 23(7), 1155-1161.
33. Kılıç, M. (2019). The Effects of Different Doses of Boron on Bitter Vetch (Vicia ervilia(L.) Willd). Master Thesis, Ankara, Turkey. 49 pp.
34. Kirthikar, K.R. (1952). Lepidium sativum L. In: Kirthikar, K.R., Basu, B.D. (eds), In: Indian Medicinal Plants 1: Lalith Mohan Basu. India.
35. Maghrani, M., Zeggwagh, N.A., Michel, J.B., Eddouks, M. (2005). Antihypertensive effect of Lepidium sativum L. in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 100(1-2), 193-197.
36. Mahassni, S.H., Al-Reemi, R.M. (2013). Apoptosis and necrosis of human breast cancer cells by an aqueous extract of garden cress (Lepidium sativum) seeds. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 20(2), 131-139.
37. Maila, M.P., Cloete, T.E. (2002). Germination of Lepidium sativum as a method to evaluate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) removal from contaminated soil. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 50(2), 107-113.
38. Mali, R.G., Mahajan, S.G., Mehta, A.A. (2007). Lepidium sativum (Garden cress): a review of contemporary literature and medicinal properties. Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine, 7(4), 331-335.
39. Manohar, D., Viswanatha, G.L., Nagesh, S., Jain, V., Shivaprasad, H.N. (2012). Ethnopharmacology of Lepidium sativum Linn (Brassicaceae): a review. International Journal of Phytotherapy Research, 2(1), 1-7.
40. Marschner, H. (1995). Mineral nutrition of higher plants. Academic press. London.
41. Moser, B.R., Shah, S.N., Winkler-Moser, J.K., Vaughn, S.F., Evangelista, R.L. (2009). Composition and physical properties of cress (Lepidium sativum L.) and field pennycress (Thlaspi arvense L.) oils. Industrial Crops and Products, 30(2), 199-205.
42. Moussa, H.R. (2006). Gamma irradiation regulation of nitrate level in rocket (Eruca vesicaria subsp. sativa) plants. Journal of New Seeds, 8(1), 91-100.
43. Naji, S., Razavi, S.M., Karazhiyan, H. (2012). Effect of thermal treatments on functional properties of cress seed (Lepidium sativum) and xanthan gums: A comparative study. Food Hydrocolloids, 28(1), 75-81.
44. Naji, S., Razavi, S.M. (2014). Functional and textural characteristics of cress seed (Lepidium sativum) gum and xanthan gum: Effect of refrigeration condition. Food Bioscience, 5, 1-8.
45. Nehdi, I.A., Sbihi, H., Tan, C.P., Al-Resayes, S.I. (2012). Garden cress (Lepidium sativum Linn.) seed oil as a potential feedstock for biodiesel production. Bioresource Technology, 126, 193-197.
46. Onuh, A.F., Miwa, K. (2021). Regulation, diversity and evolution of boron transporters in plants. Plant and Cell Physiology. Oracz, K., Voegele, A., Tarkowská, D., Jacquemoud, D., Turečková, V., Urbanová, T., Strnad, M., Sliwinska, E., Leubner-Metzger, G. (2012). Myrigalone A inhibits Lepidium sativum seed germination by interference with gibberellin metabolism and apoplastic superoxide production required for embryo extension growth and endosperm rupture. Plant and Cell Physiology, 53(1), 81-95.
47. Padulosi, S., Pignone, D. (1996). Rocket: a Mediterranean crop for the world. Report of a workshop. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Bioversity International Rome, Italy.
48. Pandey, A. (2012). Effect of boron on seed germination and biochemical changes in linseed at seedling stage. Indian Journal of Agricultural Biochemistry, 25(2), 167-170.
49. Paranjape, A.N., Mehta, A.A. (2006). A study on clinical efficacy of Lepidium sativum seeds in treatment of bronchial asthma. Iranian Journal of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 5(1), 55-59.
50. Pavel, V.L., Sobariu, D.L., Diaconu, M., Stătescu, F., Gavrilescu, M. (2013). Effects of heavy metals on Lepidium sativum germination and growth. Environmental Engineering & Management Journal, 12(4), 727-733.
51. Podsędek, A. (2007). Natural antioxidants and antioxidant capacity of Brassica vegetables: A review. LWT-Food Science and Technology, 40(1), 1-11.
52. Roma, M.I., Lampropulos, V.E.S., Ayllón-Cabrera, I., Sanabria, A.N.S., Nigro, M.M.L., Peroni, R.N., Carballo, M.A. (2019). Modulation of hepatic ABC transporters by Eruca vesicaria intake: Potential diet-drug interactions. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 133, 110797.
53. Shariatinia, F., Azari, A., Rahimi, A., Panahi, B., Madahhosseini, S. (2021). Germination, growth, and yield of rocket populations show strong ecotypic variation under NaCl stress. Scientia Horticulturae, 278, 109841.
54. Sharma, S., Agarwal, N. (2011). Nourishing and healing prowess of garden cress (Lepidium sativum Linn.)-A review. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 2(3), 292-297.
55. Studzińska, S., Buszewski, B. (2009). Study of toxicity of imidazolium ionic liquids to watercress (Lepidium sativum L.). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 393(3), 983-990.
56. Tahir, M., Tanveer, A., Shah, T.H., Fiaz, N., Wasaya, A. (2009). Yield response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to boron application at different growth stages. Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci, 7(1), 39-42.
57. Tanada, T. (1983). Localization of boron in membranes. Journal of plant nutrition, 6(9), 743-749.
58. Tounsi, N., Djerdjouri, B., Yahia, O.A., Belkebir, A. (2019). Pro-oxidant versus anti-oxidant effects of seeds aglycone extracts of Lepidium sativum and Eruca vesicaria Linn., in vitro, and on neutrophil nitro-oxidative functions. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56(12), 5492-5499.
59. Wadhwa, S., Panwar, M.S., Agrawal, A., Saini, N., Patidar, L.P.L. (2012). A Review on pharmacognostical study of lepidium sativum Lepidium sativum. Advance Research in Pharmaceuticals and Biologicals, 2(4), 316323.
60. Yaniv, Z., Schafferman, D., Amar, Z. (1998). Tradition, uses and biodiversity of rocket (Eruca sativa, Brassicaceae) in Israel. Economic Botany, 52(4), 394-400.